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Results for “Temporal change”

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PubMed1999

[The temporal changes in the diffusion coefficients in stroke].

PURPOSE: Analysis of temporal changes of ADC values at different stages after stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The original images of all scans were evaluated and a region of interest analysis was performed on ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient) maps. 92 patients with symptoms of ischemic stroke were examined at 1.5 Tesla (ACS-NT, Philips Medical Systems). The study protocol included a navigated multishot SE-EPI DWI (b = 0, 189, 750 s/mm-2, TE = 120/140 ms, delta/delta = 49/60 ms), a GraSE (TR/TE = 3500/90 ms) and a FLAIR-TSE (TR/TE/TI = 6000/150/2000 ms) sequence. 8 patients had regular follow-ups. All patients had an additional CT scan. RESULTS: In hyperacute stroke (< 6 h, n = 10) the relative ADC of the infarct core dropped to about 50% and reached a minimum in the acute state (6-48 h, n = 14) during the next few hours. In subacute stroke (< 3 weeks, n = 29) the ADC began to rise significantly (p = 0.001) back to normal values and reached (p < 10(-4)) values similar to cerebrospinal fluid in the chronic state (> 3 weeks, n = 20). The combined use of DWI and conventional MRI improved the diagnostic information in 16% of all MR examination beyond the hyperacute assessment. CONCLUSION: By means of the ADC-values the age of stroke can be determined. Infarcts at different stages can be readily diagnosed with the combined use of DWI, FLAIR-TSE and GraSE. Pitfalls of DWI and conventional imaging can be avoided.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Informal confidential voting interview methods and temporal changes in reported sexual risk behaviour for HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.

OBJECTIVES: Reliable data on sexual behaviour trends are needed to evaluate HIV interventions in sub-Saharan Africa but are difficult to obtain due inter alia to social desirability bias. The objective of this paper is to assess whether the use of informal confidential voting interviews (ICVI) was associated with greater reporting of socially proscribed behavioural risk factors for HIV infection than were conventional interviewing methods. METHODS: Comparison of changes in reports of risk behaviours for HIV infection in ICVI versus face to face interviews (FTFIs) between the first two rounds of a large scale, longitudinal, population based survey in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. Examination of factors that could contribute to observed changes in the effect of ICVI, including temporal changes in response error and social desirability, and factors affecting statistical power to detect differences between methods-that is, reductions in the prevalence of risk behaviours and sample size. RESULTS: Enhanced reporting of HIV associated risk behaviours in ICVI interviews was not so apparent in the second round as in the first round of the survey, particularly for less frequently reported behaviours. Levels of reported HIV associated risk behaviour and sample sizes both declined between the two survey rounds. The level of response error was higher in ICVI interviews than in FTFI interviews but did not alter over time. CONCLUSION: ICVI interviews can reduce social desirability bias in data on HIV associated risk behaviours. The extent and direction of change in net reduction in bias over time remains uncertain and will depend on local circumstances.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Temporal changes of cytokines and nitric oxide products in urine from renal transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Acute rejection and urinary tract infection (UTI) both increase nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in urine from renal transplant patients. Also, with rejection, a regulatory interplay between nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines has been suggested. Thus, measurement of the temporal changes of NOS products and cytokines in urine will provide a strategy for the diagnosis of acute rejection and for its differentiation from UTI. METHODS: Soluble interleukins (ILs) and NOS-related products, cyclic GMP (cGMP), nitrate, and nitrite were measured in 192 urine samples consecutively collected from 13 patients within the first three months of transplantation. Sixty-seven additional urine specimens were collected randomly from 24 patients for follow-up analysis of the nitrate test. RESULTS: Among patients who experienced rejection, the percentage (%) binding of IL-2 increased within the first five days (P = 0.0004) after transplantation and one to five days prior to the clinical diagnosis (dx) of rejection (P = 0.02). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 increased at the time of rejection dx (P < or = 0.01). With UTI, IL-2 (P = 0.01) decreased one to five days prior to dx, and IL-10 (P = 0.003) increased one to five days after dx. Although cGMP and nitrate are dependent variables, cGMP increased (P < or =0.0009) with both rejection and UTI, and nitrate increased (P = 0.0001) with rejection and decreased (P = 0.0001) with UTI. Prior to formal dx (1 to 5 days), urine nitrate clearly differentiated rejection (3004 to 7451 micromol/L) from UTI (90 to 885 micromol/L) and controls (1059 to 3235 micromol/L). The additional 67 urines demonstrated that the sensitivity of the nitrate test for rejection and UTI was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: In renal transplant patients, specific temporal changes in urine cytokine levels do occur with acute rejection and UTI, but urine nitrate levels are the most precise at differentiating rejection from UTI.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Temporal changes in metabolism of norepinephrine in rats following administration of estrogen.

1. Temporal changes in the metabolism of norepinephrine (NE) were found in female rats following the administration of estrogen (15 micrograms biweekly) for 3 weeks, in regions of the brain believed to be involved in the control of blood pressure. 2. While treatment with a relatively low dose of estrogen did not have any significant overall effect on the release of hypothalamic NE it was previously found that synthesis of NE in this region of the brain in estrogen-treated rats occurs only in the late-dark period when the maximum level in blood pressure occurs. 3. Although it is known that NE synthesis takes place in the medial lower brainstem during the late-dark period in estrogen-treated and control rats, no significant release of NE from this region of the brain was found at any of the 3 times sampled, 1 1/2 h following the administration of amphetamine. 4. Estrogen appears to abolish the release of cerebellar NE which occurs at the late-dark phase in control rats. This finding is consistent with the previously reported absence of NE synthesis at late-dark and early-light phases following estrogen administration, and 1 1/2 h after the injection of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. 5. No temporal differences in the release of adrenal NE at the sampled times were found, although such changes have been observed to occur in adrenal NE biosynthesis in estrogen-treated rats. 6. Following administration of amphetamine, temporal differences were found in cardiac NE levels at late-dark and mid-light phases in both estrogen-treated and control rats.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Temporal changes in soil partitioning and bioaccessibility of arsenic, chromium, and lead.

The hazard imposed by trace element contaminants within soils is dependent on their ability to migrate into water systems and their availability for biological uptake. The degree to which a contaminant may dissociate from soil solids and become available to a target organism (i.e., bioaccessibility) is therefore a determining risk factor. We used a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) to estimate the bioaccessible fraction of arsenic-, chromium-, and lead-amended soil. We investigated soils from the A and B horizons of the Melton Valley series, obtained from Oak Ridge National Laboratory site, to address temporal changes in bioaccessibility. Additionally, common extractions that seek to define reactive pools of metals were employed and their correlation to PBET levels evaluated. With the exception of Pb amended to the A horizon, all other treatments exhibited an exponential decrease in bioaccessibility with incubation time. The bioaccessible fraction was less than 0.2 mg kg(-1) within 30 d of incubation for As and Cr in the A horizon and for As and Pb within the B horizon; Cr in the B horizon declined to nearly 0.3 mg kg(-1) within 100 d of aging. The exchangeable fraction declined with incubation period and, with the exception of Pb, was highly correlated with the decline in bioaccessibility. Our results demonstrate limited bioaccessibility in all but one case and the need to address both short-term temporal changes and, most importantly, the soil physiochemical properties. They further reveal the importance of incubation time on the reactivity of such trace elements.

Arsenic↗

PubMed1999

Spatial and temporal changes in chondroitin sulfate distribution in the sclerotome play an essential role in the formation of migration patterns of mouse neural crest cells.

We have examined the roles of pertinent extracellular matrix molecules in the formation of the neural crest cell migration patterns in the sclerotome of the mouse embryo. The present data indicate that permissiveness for migration is inversely correlated with chondroitin sulfate content. Experimental removal of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the embryo causes neural crest cells to migrate even within the posterior half of the somite, which they do not invade ordinarily. Moreover, three different sclerotomal regions defined by the presence or absence of the ventromedial and/or ventrolateral pathways are present along the anteroposterior axis and undergo systematic temporal changes that affect migration patterns. The most anterior portion of the sclerotome is conducive to both ventromedial and ventrolateral migration (Anterior Region). The intermediate portion is conducive to ventromedial migration only (Intermediate Region). No neural crest cells are seen within the posterior portion of the sclerotome (Posterior Region). At this level, they are observed exclusively in the dorsolateral space adjacent to the roof of the neural tube. With advancing embryonic development, the rostrocaudal length of the Anterior Region decreases and is accompanied by a corresponding enlargement of the Intermediate Region. These results suggest that temporal and regional differences in the sclerotome contribute to the neural crest cell migration patterns in the mouse. To refine our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, regional differences and temporal changes in the distribution of extracellular matrix molecules have been examined during migration. In the sclerotome, chondroitin sulfate displays distinct distribution patterns that are closely correlated with the migration patterns of mouse neural crest cells. Furthermore, their migration patterns are altered in embryos treated with the inhibitors of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis, sodium chlorate, and beta-D-xyloside. In inhibitor-treated embryos, neural crest cell migration occurs even in the posterior portion of the sclerotome. The metameric organization of dorsal root ganglia is disturbed in these embryos. Our observations provide novel evidence for the importance of sclerotomal chondroitin sulfate distribution patterns in mouse crest cell migration patterns. We conclude that systematic spatiotemporal changes in the distribution of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are a key requisite for the formation of migration patterns of mouse neural crest cells in the sclerotome.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Two new species and temporal changes in the prevalence of eimerians in a free-living population of Townsend's ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendii) in Idaho.

More than 1,180 fecal samples were collected from 253 juvenile and 384 adult Townsend's ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendii) at the Snake River Birds of Prey Area near Boise, Idaho, from February to June 1992. Oocysts of 7 eimerians were observed. Five are new host records (Eimeria beecheyi, Eimeria bilamellata, Eimeria callospermophili, Eimeria lateralis, and Eimeria morainensis), 2 species are described here as new, and new structural information on E. morainensis is added. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria adaensis n. sp. are ovoidal, 19.6 x 22.7 (16-22 x 18-26) microns with sporocysts ellipsoidal 7.2 x 11.9 (6-10 x 9-15) microns. No micropyle or oocyst residuum, but polar bodies, Stieda bodies, and sporocyst residua are present. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria pseudospermophili n. sp. are ovoidal, 24.7 x 28.5 (21-27 x 25-32) microns with sporocysts ellipsoidal 8.8 x 14.2 (8-10 x 12-17) microns. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but polar bodies and Stieda bodies are present. Sporulated oocysts of E. morainensis are more variable in size and shape than originally described and contain 2 distinctly different residua not previously described. Temporal changes in the prevalence of eimerians of all 7 species combined in adult squirrels showed significant decline (r2 = 0.79, P < 0.001). We hypothesize that this decline was due to drought during the period of squirrel activity. No significant temporal change in the prevalence of eimerians in juvenile squirrels was observed. The prevalence of E. callospermophili, E. adaensis, and all eimerians combined in adults was significantly greater than in juveniles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Spatial distribution and temporal changes of pulmonary thallium uptake in myocardial perfusion studies.

Spatial distribution and temporal changes in pulmonary thallium uptake were assessed in 24 normal subjects and 35 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In studies carried out directly after stress and 3 h later, pulmonary Tl uptake was assessed as body surface area corrected absolute pulmonary uptake in the upper, middle and lower right lung regions, and in the total right lung and upper left lung. Pulmonary/myocardial (PM) uptake ratios for these 5 regions were calculated as mean pulmonary/mean background-corrected myocardial uptake. Additionally, wash-out was assessed for each region and for the myocardium. In normal subjects, the initial pulmonary Tl uptake, the PM ratios and Tl wash-out were greater in the lower lung regions than in the upper. In the late studies, no significant differences in Tl content or PM ratios were found among the regions. In patients with CAD, initial pulmonary Tl uptake and PM ratios were greater in the lower than in the upper regions, and higher than for the normal subjects in all pulmonary regions (P less than 0.001). Tl wash-out was significantly higher in the low and middle regions versus the upper region (P less than 0.001) and higher in all regions than in normal subjects (P less than 0.001). In the late studies no significant differences in Tl content or PM ratios were found between any pulmonary regions. Pulmonary Tl content was, in all regions, higher in CAD than in normal subjects (P less than 0.01), as were the PM ratios (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed1999

Using maximum likelihood to estimate population size from temporal changes in allele frequencies.

We develop a maximum-likelihood framework for using temporal changes in allele frequencies to estimate the number of breeding individuals in a population. We use simulations to compare the performance of this estimator to an F-statistic estimator of variance effective population size. The maximum-likelihood estimator had a lower variance and smaller bias. Taking advantage of the likelihood framework, we extend the model to include exponential growth and show that temporal allele frequency data from three or more sampling events can be used to test for population growth.

Alleles↗

PubMed1987

Temporal changes in effectiveness of an inspiratory inhibitory electrical pontine stimulus.

We determined the temporal changes in effectiveness of inspiratory-shortening expiratory-prolonging stimulus trains delivered in the region of the nucleus parabrachialis medialis and compared the responses to those observed during trains delivered to the vagus in the same animals (pentobarbital, sodium-anesthetized paralyzed cats). The inspiratory inhibitory effect of the pontine stimulus was assessed from the effect the stimulus has on threshold for terminating inspiration. Stimulus effect increased gradually, reached a peak at 0.2-0.4 s, and declined thereafter. The time of occurrence of peak effect was different from that observed in the course of vagal stimulus trains. With long stimulus trains (19-40 s), the initial effect on inspiratory duration (TI) (i.e., shortening) rapidly subsided and, in six of eight animals, was replaced by TI prolongation. The initial effect on expiratory duration (TE) (i.e., prolongation) also gradually declined with time but TE remained above control throughout. The time constant of adaptation was very similar with vagal and pontine stimulus trains (12.2 and 11.0 s, respectively), but the gain of the adapting response was much more pronounced with pontine stimuli, resulting in a paradoxical effect while stimulation continued. We conclude that the response to pontine stimuli, as with vagal stimuli, displays both integrative and adaptive characteristics. The similarity of the time constants for vagal and pontine adaptation responses suggests that these two inputs share common processing pathways.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Rho-dependent agonist-induced spatio-temporal change in myosin phosphorylation in smooth muscle cells.

Agonist-induced translocation of RhoA and the spatio-temporal change in myosin regulatory light chain (MLC20) phosphorylation in smooth muscle was clarified at the single cell level. We expressed green fluorescent protein-tagged RhoA in the differentiated tracheal smooth muscle cells and visualized the translocation of RhoA in a living cell with three-dimensional digital imaging analysis. The stimulation of the cells by carbachol initiated the translocation of green fluorescent protein-tagged wild type RhoA to the plasma membrane within a minute. The change in MLC20 phosphorylation level after carbachol stimulation was monitored by using phospho-Ser-19-specific antibody recognizing the phosphorylated MLC20 in single cells. Cells expressing the dominant negative form (T19N) of RhoA significantly suppressed sustained MLC20 phosphorylation during the prolonged phase (>300 s), whereas the maximum phosphorylation level (reached at 10 s after stimulation) of these cells was not significantly different from the control cells. The kinetics of RhoA translocation was consistent with that of sustained myosin phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement of a RhoA pathway. Carbachol stimulation increased myosin phosphorylation within a minute both at the cortical and the central region. On the other hand, during prolonged phase, myosin phosphorylation was sustained at the cortical region of the cells but not at the central fibers. A myosin light chain kinase-specific inhibitor, ML-9, diminished myosin phosphorylation at the central region of the cells after the stimulation but not at the cortical area. On the other hand, Y-27632, a Rho kinase-specific inhibitor, diminished myosin phosphorylation at the cortical region but not the central region. The results clearly show that the myosin light chain kinase pathway and the Rho pathway distinctly change myosin phosphorylation in smooth muscle cells in both a temporal and spatial manner.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Temporal changes in blood lead levels of children in east Germany.

This analysis investigates the temporal changes in blood lead levels (BLL) in repeated cross-sectional surveys of 5-7 year old children conducted in 1992-93, 1995-96 and 1998-99 and in a prospective cohort from a smelter town and an agricultural control region in east Germany. The region of Hettstedt has a long history of mining and smelting resulting in high levels of heavy metal pollution whereas the region of Zerbst has no known industrial sources of heavy metals. In the region of Hettstedt lead content in ambient dust fall declined since the early 1990s due to the closure of many factories, whilst in Zerbst lead in ambient dust fall was constantly low in the 1990s. Blood lead levels decreased during the observation period both in children from the smelter town and in children from the agricultural control region. From 1992-93 to 1998-99 the mean BLLs of school entrants fell by 20% (41.6 to 33.3 micrograms/l) in Hettstedt and by 30% (34.2 to 23.8 micrograms/l) in Zerbst. In the same observation period mean BLLs of cohort children declined by 35% (41.9 to 27.3 micrograms/l) in Hettstedt and by 39% (32.3 to 19.8 micrograms/l) in Zerbst. At the beginning of the observation period cohort children were 5-7 years of age and were followed up to the age of 11-14. Adjustment for sociodemographic factors, city area and environmental uptake of lead did not influence the percentage changes in BLL of school-entrants. It seems that the decline in ambient lead fall had an impact on the body burden of lead, but the overall decrease in BLL in these two regions is caused by the overall decrease of lead in gasoline and thus in food.

Body Burden↗

PubMed2004

Spatio-temporal changes in neurofilament proteins immunoreactivity following kainate-induced cerebellar lesion in rats.

1. Spatio-temporal changes in phosphorylated (pNFP) and nonphosphorylated (npNFP) neurofilament proteins were assessed immunocytochemicaly in adult rat cerebellum, 2-30 days following unilateral injection of kainic acid (KA) or physiological saline (s.c.). 2. Analysis of the staining intensity and pattern demonstrated that injection of both KA and physiological saline elicited significant and long-lasting increase of pNFP and npNFP immunoreactivity, at the ipsilateral, and to lesser extent at the contralateral side of lesion. 3. Kainate intoxication induced abundant expression of pNFP and npNFP in cerebellar white matter, as well as in all layers of perilesioned cortex. Higher pNFP expression was evidenced in the Purkinje cell layer, particularly at cell bodies, initial segments, and proximal dendrites, which normally do not contain pNFP. In addition, synaptophysin immunocytochemistry was used as a marker of synaptogenesis and plasticity. 4. Spatio-temporal pattern of NFP and synaptophysin expression suggests that perilesioned cortex undergoes dynamic changes following brain demage and possess a reparative capacity to abridge the consequences of brain trauma.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Temporal changes in word revisions by children and adults.

A study was conducted to investigate the temporal changes that occur when a speaker attempts to revise words for a listener. Specifically, the study was designed to examine whether adults and children modify the timing of vowel and consonant production in response to listener miscomprehension. Four adults and sixteen 5-year-old boys and girls served as subjects. They were asked to repeat words that differed in voicing of initial and final stop consonants (back, pack, cab, cap), and to respond to either specific revision requests focused on initial or final sound segments, or to a general revision request. The speech waveform was used to measure the following: Voice Onset Time, vowel duration, final closure duration, and total word duration. Results revealed that children and adults made segmental changes in duration while preserving total word length in revised speech. The effect was a decrease in vowel duration and an increase in final closure duration for revised responses, regardless of the source of miscomprehension. These durational changes result in an apparent enhancement of the final consonantal portion of the misperceived word. All linguistic distinctions in voicing were maintained in the revised words. There were no major differences between adults and children in the type of revision responses produced.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Temporal change in the reproducibility of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire.

The authors studied temporal change in the reproducibility of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. During 1988-1994, 492 residents of a rural Japanese town completed five questionnaires including 27 food items, with intervals ranging from 2 weeks through 5.5 years. The reproducibility decreased steadily over time for pairs of the questionnaires administered in the same season (median Spearman's r at 2 weeks and 5 years = 0.62 and 0.28, respectively). The reduction was less marked for those surveyed in different seasons (median r at 5 months and 5.5 years = 0.35 and 0.28, respectively). The short-term, different season correlation at 5 months was lower than the short-term, same season correlation at 1 year. For individual food items, a lower initial reproducibility, infrequent consumption, and a larger difference in seasonal intake were associated with a greater reduction in reproducibility over time. The results indicate that reproducibility studies should deliberately choose the intervals and the seasons for surveys.

Epidemiologic Methods↗

PubMed1998

MR of denervated tongue: temporal changes after radical neck dissection.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temporal changes of MR imaging in the denervated tongue after a radical neck dissection. METHODS: One hundred seventy-four consecutive MR studies in 116 patients with radical neck dissections for malignant tumors of the head and neck were evaluated retrospectively. Patients with tumors involving the tongue or hypoglossal nerve were not included in this study. RESULTS: Abnormal signal intensity and/or hemiatrophy on the side of the tongue operated on was seen in 22 patients who had hypoglossal paralysis after radical neck dissection. The denervated side of the tongue appeared hypointense to hyperintense relative to the normal side on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Signal intensity ratios of the abnormal to normal muscles were 0.9-1.6 on T1-weighted images and 1.3-2.8 on T2-weighted images. High signal intensity on T1-weighted images appeared 5 months or more after the dissection, whereas on T2-weighted images, the most prominent increases in signal intensity appeared in the first several months after denervation. Hemiatrophy of the tongue was observed on MR images obtained more than 6 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: MR findings in the denervated tongue are compatible with histologic changes and are characterized by an enlarged extracellular fluid space or fatty infiltration. The pattern of signal intensity and the degree of hemiatrophy suggest the duration of denervation.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Temporal changes in cancellous bone structure of rats immediately after ovariectomy.

To understand the structural changes accompanying estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss, we examined the temporal changes in cancellous bone structure in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Matured rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy, and groups of eight animals were sacrificed at 5-day intervals. Histomorphometric and trabecular strut analyses of the excised proximal tibia, and bone mineral density measurement of the distal femur, were used to investigate cancellous bone loss as a result of estrogen deficiency. There was an immediate increase in bone turnover after ovariectomy, as evidenced by rapid increases in osteoclast surface (400%) and bone formation rate (270%). The resultant time-dependent decrease in cancellous bone volume was highly related to a decrease in trabecular plate number and connectivity parameters, but was not related to the thickness of the remaining cancellous plates. Our results suggest that cancellous bone loss due to estrogen deficiency is the result of decreased connectivity, likely due to osteoclast perforation of trabecular plates, followed by complete removal of the plate without prior generalized thinning.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Pharmacokinetic profiles and temporal changes in quantitative EEG after imipramine administrations.

A study of the relationship between pharmacokinetic profiles and temporal changes in quantitative EEG following imipramine administrations showed that a single dose of imipramine administered by different routes decreased the alpha-power spectra of healthy subjects. The EEG changes were time-related and their latent period and duration depended not on the plasma levels, but on the pharmacokinetic parameters. These effects were produced by imipramine without the influence of its desmethylated product, desipramine. Also, both single and multiple doses after oral or intramuscular imipramine administrations to depressive patients led to two types of EEG responses, with Type 1 patients exhibiting fast improvement of their symptoms. Therefore, chronologically-recorded quantitative EEG should be useful in judging the clinical prognosis of depressive patients after the imipramine treatment. At a steady state, however, neither the EEG recording nor the evaluation of the plasma level is adequate for the judgment.

Adult↗