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PubMed1999

Effects of a composite Indian herbal preparation on combat effectiveness in low-intensity-conflict operations.

The efficacy of a composite Indian herbal preparation (CIHP) in sustaining the mental performance of soldiers engaged in prolonged low-intensity-conflict operations has been evaluated. For this purpose, a cohort of 56 soldiers acted as volunteers in combat situations. After recording their initial responses to psychological tests such as the d2 test, the trail-making test, the serial addition test, the short-term memory test, and the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, they were randomly given either CIHP or placebo in a double-blind fashion for 8 days while they performed their usual combat duties. The final 3 days of assignments included physically exhausting and life-threatening events. On day 8, they were withdrawn from combat duties and the psychological tests were readministered immediately. After 7 days of rest, the tests were repeated once again. The results indicate comparatively better performance immediately after the mission by the CIHP group. CIHP was effective at sustaining the mental abilities of soldiers in a low-intensity-conflict environment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The benefits of pass-fail grading on stress, mood, and group cohesion in medical students.

OBJECTIVE: To objectively measure the effect of a pass-fail grading system on stress, mood, group cohesion, and test anxiety in medical students. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Beginning with the class of 2006, the Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minn, changed the grading system for first-year courses from a 5-interval grading system to a pass-fail grading system. Students in the previous class of 2005, who were graded using a 5-interval system during their first year of medical school, were compared with students in the class of 2006. Using a prospective study design, the 2 groups were compared at the end of both the first year and the second year of medical school on the Perceived Stress Scale, Profile of Mood States, Perceived Cohesion Scale, Test Anxiety Inventory, and (after year 2) the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1. Data collection occurred in 2002 and 2003 with the class of 2005 and in 2003 and 2004 with the class of 2006. RESULTS: Students graded with the pass-fail system had less perceived stress (median, 15.0 vs 21.0; P-.01) and greater group cohesion (median, 34.5 vs 30.0; P=.02) at the end of their second year of coursework than their 5-interval graded peers. The pass-fail group had better mood (median, 46.5) than the graded group (median, 64.0), but this difference was not statistically significant (P=.07). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in test-taking anxiety or in United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 board scores. CONCLUSION: Pass-fail grading may reduce stress and increase group cohesion in medical students compared with traditional 5-interval grading.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Role of psychological factors as a determinant of the hypercapnic ventilatory response and dyspnea sensation].

We examined, in 38 healthy adult subjects (male 15, female 23), the relationship between psychological background as assessed by manifest anxiety scale test and Yatabe-Guillford test, and the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR), which was tested twice with and without inspiratory resistive loading (17 cmH2O/L/sec). In addition, we attempted to evaluate the possible role of psychological factors in dyspnea sensation felt during HCVR, which was simultaneously assessed by visual analogue scaling (VAS). The slope value of HCVR was positively correlated with the social extraversion score in the male group (r = 0.55, p less than 0.05) only when the test was conducted without resistive loading. In the female group, it was positively correlated with emotional instability in both conditions (r = 0.46, p less than 0.05) without resistive loading and r = 0.47, p less than 0.05 with resistive loading). With respect to dyspnea sensation, manifest anxiety score alone had a positive correlation with VAS score evaluated in relation to ventilation only in the male group (r = 0.61, p less than 0.05). From these findings, we conclude that psychological factors may play a role as a determinant of HCVR, regardless of the presence of inspiratory resistive loading, as well as a determinant of the sensation of dyspnea during HCVR.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Measurement of anxiety in a population of prisoners].

The Cattle's IPAT anxiety scale test has been used in a population of prisoners during a three years period. The specific features of these subjects suggest great caution in the interpretation of this tests, that was originally validated on different populations. For psychodiagnostic and therapeutic purposes each score should be specifically checked. Other observations are made and some suggestions are also given.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cranial electrotherapy stimulation as a treatment for anxiety in chemically dependent persons.

Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is reported to be an effective treatment for anxiety, a major presenting symptom among chemically dependent patients. In this study, 40 inpatient alcohol and/or polydrug users were given CES or sham CES in a double blind design. An additional 20 patients served as normal hospital routine controls. Dependent measures of anxiety were the Profile of Mood States, the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, and the State/Trait Anxiety Index. CES-treated patients showed significantly greater improvement on all anxiety measures than did either control group. There were no differences in response between older and younger patients, or between the primarily drug or alcohol abusers. No placebo effect was found on any of our measures. It is concluded tht CES is a clinically significant addition to the treatment regimen for this patient population.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Specificity of psychological profiles of irritable bowel syndrome patients.

The aim of the study was to investigate the specificity of psychological profiles in female Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) patients by a comparison with a gastrointestinal patient control group and with a normal population control group. The results showed that the IBS patients scored significantly higher than the normal population sample on three test scales: Anxiety, Phobic and Somatisation. Our results thus support the conclusion of earlier authors that a moderate degree of psychoneurotic disorder exists amongst IBS patients. However, the patient control group also scored significantly higher than the normal control group on two factors (Phobic and Somatisation), and the comparison between the IBS group and the patient control group did not reveal any significant differences. It is suggested that attention to the psychological needs of both IBS and other gastrointestinal disease patients should form an important part of the management strategy, particularly in the former--where a consistently clear benefit for any particular therapy has yet to be shown.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1996

Evaluating the efficacy of a biofeedback intervention to reduce children's anxiety.

This study explored the reduction of anxiety with children using a combination of electromyograph and thermal biofeedback techniques. One hundred and fifty children (7th and 8th graders) were identified by teachers as anxious and randomly assigned to biofeedback intervention and no-intervention groups. Biofeedback intervention subjects received 6 sessions of thermal training and 6 sessions of electromyographic training over a 6 week period. A post-test anxiety scale demonstrated a significant reduction in both state and trait anxiety. This study suggested biofeedback as a viable intervention which might be coordinated and provided by psychologists to reduce anxiety in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Psychological characteristics of males with secondary erectile failure.

This study was designed to obtain objective data on the personality profiles of two groups of males with a primary complaint of erectile failure and compare them to a group of psychiatric patients unselected for sexual dysfunction and to a sexually "normal" control group. Utilizing the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Institute of Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, Symptom Checklist, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, it was determined that males applying to a university/county hospital sex-dysfunction clinic appeared similar to patients seen in the same clinic who were unselected for sex dysfunction and more psychologically disturbed than patients with the same complaint applying for treatment at a private clinic. All three groups showed more psychopathology than sexually normal males. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The structure of evaluative anxiety among children differing in socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and sex.

Following Anastasi and Thurstone, the factor structure of evaluative anxiety was examined among six groups of primary age boys and girls (N = 8064). A factor matching technique was used to study hypotheses about the effects of group differences in socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity, and sex on the pattern of the children's responses to the Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC). Hypotheses about the congruence of factor patterns were based on both demographic differences and results of developmental research. The hypothesis of an SES X ethnicity X sex interaction was strongly supported. Implications for comparing factor structures, measuring evaluative anxiety, and future research of evaluative anxiety are discussed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

Polysomnographic, performance, and personality differences of sleepy and alert normals.

The nocturnal sleep, performance, and personality of healthy, asymptomatic, normal young men, 18 who had unusually short sleep latencies on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (average latency, less than or equal to 6 min) and 20 with unusually long latencies (average latency, greater than or equal to 16 min) were compared. On the nocturnal sleep recording, sleepy subjects had a shorter sleep latency, less waking time, and overall greater sleep efficiency than alert subjects. During the day, sleepy subjects performed more poorly than alert subjects on divided attention and vigilance performance tasks. The sleepy and alert subjects did not differ appreciably on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Jenkins Activity measures of personality. On the Institute of Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, the sleepy subjects showed higher levels of anxiety than the alert subjects. The data were interpreted as indicating that the sleepy subjects had a sleep debt due to chronic sleep restriction.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Personality characteristics of South African Navy submarine personnel.

This study aimed to determine the extent to which the Institute of Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale and the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire can be used to describe successful submariners in the South African Navy. The Anxiety Scale scores were within normal limits when the profiles of 85 submariners were analyzed to describe the personality characteristics of submarine personnel. Although no significant factors were found, the results indicate that four personality factors appeared to be most descriptive of the sample. They were adventurousness, confidence, group orientation, and self-sentiment. These factors appeared appropriate when discussed from an environmental demand perspective.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

The effect of social support on educational outcomes.

A review of the social support literature identified the theoretical framework for this prospective descriptive correlational study. The relationship of social support to educational outcomes was investigated in a convenience sample of 67 junior and 60 senior nursing students. Social support was measured by the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behavior (ISSB), indicating the frequency with which respondents were recipients of supportive actions from their total support network. Outcomes included the cumulative grade point averages of all participants and the NCLEX scores of graduating seniors. Social Support was also examined in relation to self-esteem, measured by the Coopersmith Self-Concept scale and test anxiety, measured by the Spielberger Test Anxiety Inventory. Hypotheses tested were: (1) There is a positive relationship between social support and both cumulative grade point average and NCLEX scores. (2) There is a positive relationship between social support and self-esteem. (3) Social support will have greater influence on outcomes under conditions of stress, defined as high test anxiety. Hypotheses 1 and 3 were not supported. Hypothesis 2 was supported at the .05 significance level, using a Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Additional information included a significant inverse correlation for test anxiety and both grade point average (p = .01) and NCLEX results (p = .05). Implications for educational experiences and future research are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

[Psychological disorders encountered during the post-transplantation period of bone marrow].

Psychological issues encountered during the procedure of a bone marrow transplantation (BMT) have already been described. Anxiety, depressive behaviour and anger are reactions usually observed. For inpatients, the psychological status seems to follow the somatic status. Among patients with a kidney transplant, some authors have observed psychological problems related to the patient's impression of acquiring some of the donor's characteristics through the graft. Little is known about psychological issues following bone marrow transplantation, which requires a donor in the case of allogeneic transplantation. Thirty-nine patients (12 auto, 27 allogeneic) are included in this study. Patients had been undergoing BMT for six to eighteen months at the time of the study. All patients were in complete remission of their disease. To conduct our study, we used interviews, a rating scale of depression and anxiety, vocabulary testing, and a Rotter's scale. The patients were not suffering specifically from depression or anxiety. After BMT, they experienced both objective and subjective changes in their way of life. The majority appear to be well adapted to their new situation, and some patients have received some benefit from their experience. For a minority, the transplantation was disruptive. Psychological problems encountered in such cases were related to the personality and personal history of the patients. After an allogeneic BMT, some patients approached, by means of a complaint or a joke, the theme of transformation induced by the transplanted marrow. This suggests that psychological integration of an allogeneic marrow transplant is a complex procedure. The various components of this elaboration could be studied further by using more sophisticated means to analyse interviews.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Does psychological stress improve physical performance?

The purpose of this study is to determine whether psychological stress enhances physical performance and how personality traits affect it. The annual physical test was chosen as the psychological stressor. Ninety three students ran 50 meters as part of the test and one week after that as a control. The pulse rate and time were measured and pulse rate was used as an indicator of psychological stress. All students took the anxiety-trait scale test of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The pulse rate was higher and the time record was better in the annual physical test compared with that of control. When we categorized the subjects by the anxiety-trait scale test, only the high anxiety-trait students could run faster when faced with higher stress. In conclusion, psychological stress can enhance the physical performance of certain students. It is possible that psychological stress and personality traits interact and both of them affect physical performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Test-retest reliability of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children.

We examined the test-retest reliability of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) in a school-based sample of children and adolescents. One classroom at each grade from 3 to 12 was randomly selected to participate. Teachers were trained to administer the MASC at baseline and again 3 weeks later. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to estimate stability of the MASC over time. For both single case and mean ICCs, the MASC exhibited satisfactory to excellent stability across all factors and subfactors. Stability was unaffected by age or gender, but was lower for African American than Caucasian subjects. Satisfactory test-retest reliability also was demonstrated for two empirically derived subscales, the MASC-10 and Anxiety Index.

Adolescent↗