SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Toothpastes”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

The relation between toothpaste usage and fluorosis: a cause for concern?

Fluoride-containing toothpaste is by far the most widespread source of fluoride in the world and after fluoridated water the most cost-effective at reducing dental caries. Of the seven current issues in the development of fluoride-containing toothpaste described by Holt & Murray (1997), five are either directly or indirectly related to the risk of developing fluorosis, a phenomenon which is on the increase in the industrialised world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fluoride-containing toothpaste available to the South African public regarding the issues described by Holt & Murray (1997) and to relate the results to the possible development of fluorosis. The amount of fluoride ingested from toothpaste was calculated using the total fluoride concentration present in toothpaste, quantity of toothpaste used per brushing, mean percentage of toothpaste ingested and the 90th percentile of body weight. Results indicate that the "threshold" level of fluoride intake of 0.05 to 0.07 mg F/kg body weight/day beyond which dental fluorosis might occur (Burt, 1992), is exceeded when a ribbon of toothpaste was placed on a child's toothbrush at ages 2-3 years. 'Threshold' levels were ingested when placing a ribbon of toothpaste on the brush at ages 4 and 5 for all toothpaste as well as for a children's formulation containing 1000 microg F/g. Of all pastes studied, 41.9% of the packaging has information for the prevention of swallowing of paste and/or the supervision of children by adults when brushing. The dental profession, manufacturers of toothpaste and government all have a role to play in the prevention of fluorosis in the toothbrushing population of South Africa.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

In vitro microhardness studies on a new anti-erosion desensitizing toothpaste.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in vitro the efficacy of a new anti-erosion desensitizing toothpaste to inhibit enamel surface softening by a dietary acid, and promote re-hardening of artificial erosive lesions. METHODOLOGY: The ability of the toothpaste to inhibit formation and promote repair of erosive lesions in human enamel has been investigated. In an enamel surface softening study, sound human enamel was pre-treated with one of four toothpaste slurries for two minutes, before exposure to 1.0% citric acid, pH 3.8, for a total of 30 minutes. The surface microhardness (SMH) of the specimens was determined at baseline and at 10-minute intervals using a Struers Duramin-1 microindentor. In an enamel re-hardening study, the erosive lesions were prepared by exposure of the specimens to 1.0% citric acid, pH 3.8, for 30 minutes. After two minutes treatment with a toothpaste slurry, lesion repair was monitored by SMH after 4, 24, and 48 hours incubation in artificial saliva. This remineralizing phase was modified by the addition of an aliquot of the relevant toothpaste slurry, to mimic in vivo carryover of the formulation. RESULTS: The new test formulation, Elmex Sensitive, and Colgate Sensitive exhibited statistically significant inhibition of citric acid-mediated enamel surface softening versus a fluoride-free placebo at all time points. The test toothpaste gave statistically superior protection against the erosive challenge compared to Elmex Sensitive and Colgate Sensitive after 20- and 30-minute exposures. In the remineralization studies, erosive lesions treated with the test toothpaste exhibited statistically superior re-hardening versus lesions treated with Elmex Sensitive and Colgate Sensitive after 24- and 48-hour incubation in the artificial saliva. Lesions treated with Elmex Sensitive re-hardened to a statistically significant extent versus the fluoride-free placebo toothpaste. A re-hardening study, in which a series of the new toothpaste-base formulations containing increasing concentrations of NaF were evaluated, showed a clear fluoride dose response. CONCLUSION: The present microhardness studies show that treatment with fluoride-containing toothpastes helps protect sound enamel from acid-mediated surface softening, and promotes re-hardening of erosive lesions. The new test toothpaste exhibited statistically superior efficacy to Elmex Sensitive and Colgate Sensitive in both in vitro models.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1997

A short-term clinical study design to investigate the chemical plaque inhibitory properties of mouthrinses when used as adjuncts to toothpastes: applied to chlorhexidine.

The removal of plaque by toothbrushing with toothpaste is the most common form of plaque control in the developed world. However, the use of chemical adjuncts such as mouthrinses is increasing. In practice mouthrinses and toothpaste are used together, however, in many clinical trials, employed to assess mouthrinse activity, toothpaste use is suspended. This fails to measure the effect of chemical interactions which are known to occur between toothpaste ingredients and mouthrinses. The objective of this trial was to develop a methodology which would assess the adjunctive chemical plaque inhibitory action of mouthrinses, when used with toothpaste but without the indeterminate variable of toothbrushing. The study was a single blind, randomised, 7-way crossover design, based on a variation of a 4 day plaque regrowth model. The 2 x daily rinsing regimens produced increasing plaque scores in the following order: (1) water/chlorhexidine, (2) chlorhexidine/water, (3) chlorhexidine/toothpaste slurry, (4) toothpaste slurry/chlorhexidine, (5) water/toothpaste slurry, (6) toothpaste slurry/water, (7) water/water. Chlorhexidine and water or chlorhexidine and toothpaste slurry combinations produced significantly lower plaque scores than water alone. Slurry and water combinations resulted in less plaque than water alone, but differences were not significant. Toothpaste slurry and chlorhexidine produced significantly increased plaque scores compared to chlorhexidine and water. The study suggests that, outside the Hawthorne effect, chlorhexidine rinses would be less effective in reducing plaque when used with toothpaste than when used alone. The methodology could be employed as a screening tool for the evaluation of mouthrinses expected to be used as adjuncts to normal oral hygiene methods. The same could be used to optimise oral hygiene regimens which include the use of mouthrinses.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Oral mucosal desquamation caused by two toothpaste detergents in an experimental model.

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), the most widely used detergent in toothpastes, has been reported to cause adverse effects on oral soft tissues. This double-blind cross-over study describes the oral mucosal effects of SLS-containing toothpastes and pastes containing a zwitterionic detergent, cocoamidopropyl-betaine (CAPB) in an experimental model in 28 healthy females. Seven toothpastes, differing only in detergent concentration and/or type, were used: SLS (0.5, 1.0, 1.5%), CAPB (0.64, 1.27, 1.90%) and a placebo. Each participant applied 1 cm of assigned test toothpaste via a cap splint to the teeth and the mucosa of the upper jaw. The splints were used twice daily for 2 min during a period of 4 d, after which the participants were examined for oral desquamation. No other oral hygiene was allowed during the test periods. Ten days brushing with a detergent-free toothpaste was performed between each test period. Forty-five desquamative reactions were observed in 21 of 27 subjects (one was excluded) during the trial. Forty-two reactions were recorded during the SLS periods and the remaining three during the CAPB periods. The detergent-free toothpaste did not result in oral desquamation. SLS in toothpastes significantly increased the incidence of desquamation of the oral mucosa compared with toothpastes containing the detergent CAPB. The model used is not directly relevant to normal toothbrushing with toothpaste, but indicates that sensitive patients may contract mucosal irritation through SLS in toothpastes. Less toxic detergents, e.g. CAPB, are desirable in oral hygiene products.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The measurement of enamel wear of two toothpastes.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the enamel abrasivity of a whitening toothpaste with a standard silica toothpaste. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polished human enamel blocks (4 x 4 mm) were indented with a Knoop diamond. The enamel blocks were attached to the posterior buccal surfaces of full dentures and worn by adult volunteers for 24 hours per day. The blocks were brushed ex vivo for 30 seconds, twice per day with the randomly assigned toothpaste (n = 10 per treatment). The products used were either a whitening toothpaste containing Perlite or a standard silica toothpaste. After four, eight and twelve weeks, one block per subject was removed and the geometry of each Knoop indent was re-measured. From the baseline and post-treatment values of indent length, the amount of enamel wear was calculated from the change in the indent depth. RESULTS: The mean enamel wear (sd) for the whitening toothpaste and the standard silica toothpaste after four weeks was 0.20 (0.11) and 0.14 (0.10); after 8 weeks was 0.44 (0.33) and 0.18 (0.17), and after 12 weeks was 0.60 (0.72) and 0.67 (0.77) microns respectively. After four, eight and twelve weeks, the difference in enamel wear between the two toothpastes was not of statistical significance (p > 0.05, 2 sample t-test) at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: The whitening toothpaste did not give a statistically significantly greater level of enamel wear as compared to a standard silica toothpaste over a 4-, 8- and 12-weeks period.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Treatment of cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth with azithromycin-containing toothpaste.

OBJECTIVES: Gingival overgrowth is a complication of cyclosporine therapy following organ transplantation. Oral azithromycin is frequently used to treat this complication. This study examined the efficacy of local azithromycin, in the form of toothpaste, against cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty stable renal transplanted patients (10 men and 10 women) with gingival hyperplasia were randomly assigned to a test group and a control group. Azithromycincontaining toothpaste had 85 mg azithromycin per gram of toothpaste. Both toothpastes were prescribed b.i.d., each time using 1.5 cm, for 1 month. All participants received scaling, root planing, polishing, and oral hygiene instructions, at least 4 weeks prior to initiation of the study. Gingival overgrowth index, bleeding on probing, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and serum cyclosporine levels were measured at baseline, and then again in the second and fourth weeks after tooth brushing. Patient satisfaction with the toothpastes was evaluated by a visual analogue scale. The stability of clinical responses was followed for 3 months after cessation of the toothpastes. RESULTS: Gingival overgrowth index decreased significantly in the azithromycin-containing toothpaste group (from 1.1+/-0.56 to 0.51+/-0.47, P<.001); however, in the control group, this decrease was not significant (P=.22). Bleeding on probing also decreased significantly in patients in the azithromycin-containing toothpaste group compared with controls (P=.001). When compared with baseline levels, trough levels of cyclosporine, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine did not change in either of the groups. Patients in the control group were more satisfied with the toothpaste than were patients in the test group (53 vs 38). CONCLUSIONS: Azithromycin-containing toothpaste is an effective, simple, and noninvasive treatment for cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Toothpaste technique. Studies on fluoride delivery and caries prevention.

The aim of the investigations was to evaluate the cariostatic effects of a modified toothpaste technique using fluoride (F) toothpaste. The modification consisted of an active mouthrinse with the toothpaste slurry and a sip of water for one minute after brushing. Toothpaste technique and salivary F concentration after toothbrushing were recorded in a caries active and a caries inactive group. The level of F in whole saliva, the concentration of F in plasma, the effect on demineralised enamel and dentine samples, and the accumulation of F in interdental plaque when using the modified toothpaste technique were studied. In a 3-year clinical trial, 4-year old children were trained in the toothpaste technique. The results showed that in the caries active group, the water rinsing was more thorough and more water was used compared to a caries inactive group. Rinsing with water and eating immediately after toothbrushing decreased the F level in whole saliva. Mouthrinsing with either a NaF solution or a slurry of toothpaste foam and water increased the F concentration in saliva compared to when a single or double water rinse was performed. The degree of F absorption in plasma, the accumulation of F in approximal plaque and the interdental clearance after toothbrushing were strongly related to the mode of water rinsing. The degree of demineralisation of enamel and dentine at approximal sites was also related to the mode of water rinsing. The clinical study showed that the cariostatic effect of the modified toothpaste technique resulted in 26% less approximal caries in the test group. It is concluded that a toothpaste technique where a slurry rinse was carried out after brushing increased the efficacy of F toothpaste.

Absorption↗

PubMed2003

Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Fluoride toothpastes have been widely used for over three decades and remain a benchmark intervention for the prevention of dental caries. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and safety of fluoride toothpastes in the prevention of caries in children and to examine factors potentially modifying their effect. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (May 2000), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2000), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2000), plus several other databases. We handsearched journals, reference lists of articles and contacted selected authors and manufacturers. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials with blind outcome assessment, comparing fluoride toothpaste with placebo in children up to 16 years during at least one year. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (D(M)FS). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Inclusion decisions, quality assessment and data extraction were duplicated in a random sample of one third of studies, and consensus achieved by discussion or a third party. Authors were contacted for missing data. The primary measure of effect was the prevented fraction (PF) that is the difference in caries increments between the treatment and control groups expressed as a percentage of the increment in the control group. Random effects meta-analyses were performed where data could be pooled. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined in random effects meta-regression analyses. MAIN RESULTS: Seventy-four studies were included. For the 70 that contributed data for meta-analysis (involving 42,300 children) the D(M)FS pooled PF was 24% (95% confidence interval (CI), 21 to 28%; p<0.0001). This means that 1.6 children need to brush with a fluoride toothpaste (rather than a non-fluoride toothpaste) over three years to prevent one D(M)FS in populations with caries increment of 2.6 D(M)FS per year. In populations with caries increment of 1.1 D(M)FS per year, 3.7 children will need to use a fluoride toothpaste for three years to avoid one D(M)FS. There was clear heterogeneity, confirmed statistically (p<0.0001). The effect of fluoride toothpaste increased with higher baseline levels of D(M)FS, higher fluoride concentration, higher frequency of use, and supervised brushing, but was not influenced by exposure to water fluoridation. There is little information concerning the deciduous dentition or adverse effects (fluorosis). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Supported by more than half a century of research, the benefits of fluoride toothpastes are firmly established. Taken together, the trials are of relatively high quality, and provide clear evidence that fluoride toothpastes are efficacious in preventing caries.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Topical fluoride therapy (TFT) in the form of toothpastes, mouthrinses, varnishes and gels are effective caries preventive measures. However, there is uncertainty about the relative value of these interventions when used together. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of two TFT modalities combined with one of them alone (mainly toothpaste) when used for the prevention of dental caries in children. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (May 2000), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2000), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2000), plus several other databases. We handsearched journals, reference lists of articles and contacted selected authors and manufacturers. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials with blind outcome assessment, comparing fluoride varnish, gel, mouthrinse, or toothpaste in combination with each other in children up to 16 years during at least 1 year. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (D(M)FS). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Inclusion decisions, quality assessment and data extraction were duplicated in a random sample of one third of studies, and consensus achieved by discussion or a third party. Authors were contacted for missing data. The primary measure of effect was the prevented fraction (PF) that is the difference in mean caries increments between the 'treatment' and 'control' groups expressed as a percentage of the mean increment in the control group. Random effects meta-analyses were performed where data could be pooled. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven of the 12 included studies contributed data for the meta-analyses. For the nine trials that provided data for the main meta-analysis on the effect of fluoride mouthrinses, gels or varnishes used in combination with toothpaste (involving 4026 children) the D(M)FS pooled PF was 10% (95% CI, 2% to 17%; p = 0.01) in favour of the combined regimens. Heterogeneity was not substantial in these results (I square = 32%). The separate meta-analyses of fluoride gel or mouthrinse combined with toothpaste versus toothpaste alone favour the combined regimens, but differences were not statistically significant; the significant difference in favour of the combined use of fluoride varnish and toothpaste accrues from a very small trial and appears likely to be a spurious result. Not all other combinations of possible practical value were tested in the included studies. The only other statistically significant result was in favour of the combined use of fluoride gel and mouthrinse in comparison to gel alone (pooled DMFS PF 23%; 95% CI, 4% to 43%; p = 0.02), based on two trials. No other combinations of TFT were consistently superior to a single TFT. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Topical fluorides (mouthrinses, gels, or varnishes) used in addition to fluoride toothpaste achieve a modest reduction in caries compared to toothpaste used alone. No conclusions about any adverse effects could be reached, because data were scarcely reported in the trials.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

The antibacterial effect of toothpastes on the salivary flora.

Both past and presently available toothpastes contain potential antimicrobial agents which could have a beneficial effect in the prevention of plaque and gingivitis. If these preparations were to be effective clinically, some effect on salivary bacteria would also be expected. This cross-over study measured salivary bacterial counts and the presence or absence of residual antibacterial activity in saliva following tooth brushing with 7 commercially available toothpastes, and moreover, compared their effect with that produced by a chlorhexidine gel. Generally, all toothpaste products produced a reduction in aerobic, anaerobic and streptococcal counts with a hexetidine containing toothpaste producing the largest and longest lasting reduction. In contrast, an enzyme containing toothpaste and an amine fluoride toothpaste, had little effect on bacterial counts. The chlorhexidine gel produced the largest reduction in salivary counts, which was evident for at least 5 h following brushing. Residual antibacterial activity in saliva was only evident immediately following brushing with the hexetidine toothpaste, but for the chlorhexidine gel, was present up to 90 min following brushing. The findings of this study have illustrated the limited antibacterial activity of presently available toothpastes on the salivary flora compared to chlorhexidine, and as such, would tend to question the relative benefit of toothpaste in preventing periodontal disease through an antimicrobial effect.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Studies on the effect of toothpaste rinses on plaque regrowth. (II). Triclosan with and without zinc citrate formulations.

Encouraging findings have been reported for the effects of Triclosan/zinc citrate toothpastes on plaque regrowth and in some studies gingival health. To date, commercially-available toothpastes contain 0.2% Triclosan with or without 0.5% zinc citrate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on 4-day plaque regrowth, of a number of 0.2% Triclosan toothpastes with or without zinc citrate. All of the toothpastes contained varying levels of anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate and were compared with a commercially available toothpaste without Triclosan or zinc citrate and a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The toothpastes were used as slurry twice a day and plaque regrowth scored by area and the criteria of the debris index. Plaque inhibition was significantly greater with the chlorhexidine mouthrinse than with all of the toothpastes. There were no significant differences in plaque scores between any of the toothpastes. It would appear that at the concentration of 0.2% Triclosan with or without 0.5% zinc citrate provides little if any additional benefit to plaque inhibition to that produced by a conventional toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulphate.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Development of a standardized method for comparing fluoride ingested from toothpaste by 1.5-3.5-year-old children in seven European countries. Part 1: Field work.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a standardized method for measuring the variables affecting fluoride ingestion from toothpaste in young children between the ages of 1.5 and 3.5 years, and to use the method at seven European sites. METHODS: Random samples of children were invited to take part in the study. Parents who gave consent were visited at home. The children brushed their teeth using the toothpaste brand and toothbrush type currently in use. Variables measured were: type of toothpaste used, fluoride concentration of toothpaste used, weight of toothpaste used, frequency of brushing and body weight of the child. RESULTS: It was not possible to follow the agreed protocol in all seven countries and in three countries appropriate alternative methods were employed. There was considerable variation between countries in the variables investigated. Use of children's toothpaste ranged from 69% in Ireland to 98% in Portugal. In the Netherlands up to 60% of the children were using toothpaste containing <400 ppm F and in Finland up to 27% of children were using toothpaste containing >1200 ppm F. Over half of the children used <0.25 g of toothpaste per brushing and the majority of children brushed once or twice per day. CONCLUSION: Although adherence to the agreed protocol was not possible at all study sites there was a clear picture of considerable variation in the oral hygiene practices of young children throughout Europe.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Fluoride ingestion from toothpaste: fluoride recovered from the toothbrush, the expectorate and the after-brush rinses.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of rinsing and spitting on fluoride ingestion from toothpaste during normal oral-hygiene procedures of younger children, and hence to make recommendations on rinsing during toothbrushing. METHODS: The brushing habits of 166 Dutch and 185 Irish children between 1.5 and 3.5 years were observed during home visits. The weight of the toothpaste tube was determined before and after use. After brushing, the toothbrush and any associated expectorate and rinses, combined with any toothpaste spilled during the brushing procedures, were collected. The amounts of fluoride retained on the toothbrush and in the associated expectorate and rinses were measured. RESULTS: Over 90% of the Dutch children used a special toddlers' toothpaste with < or =500 ppm F. Eleven per cent of the younger (<2.5 years) Dutch children and 22% of the older children rinsed after brushing. Of the Irish children approximately 52% used a children's toothpaste containing around 500 ppm F. Of the younger Irish children 31% spat without rinsing, while another 31% rinsed during or after brushing. For the older Irish children, these percentages were 14 and 70%, respectively. On average, 22% of the fluoride dispensed on the toothbrush was retained on the brush after brushing irrespective of the rinsing and spitting behaviour of the children. The maximum ingestible amount of fluoride from toothpaste assuming no rinsing or spitting was calculated. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride ingestion from toothpaste is significantly reduced by rinsing and/or spitting during toothbrushing. Recommendations that younger children use small amounts of toothpaste (< 0.5 g) and that children using toothpaste with > or = 1000 ppm F rinse their mouths after brushing continue to be valid.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed2004

Relationship between area deprivation and the anticaries benefit of an oral health programme providing free fluoride toothpaste to young children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of providing free toothpaste containing either 1450 or 440 ppm F on caries experience in 5-year-old children living in areas with different levels of material deprivation. DESIGN: Five-year, examiner-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, clinical trial. Children were randomly assigned to three groups. SETTING: Health Districts in the north-west of England with high levels of dental caries. Clinical examinations were performed in schools during the period October 1999 to April 2000 when the children were 5-6 years old. PARTICIPANTS: Children from 3-month birth cohorts resident in nine, nonfluoridated health districts. INTERVENTIONS: Toothpaste containing either 440 or 1450 ppm F and dental health literature posted at 3-month intervals and toothbrush provided annually from the age of 1-5 years. Comparison group received no intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean dmft and proportion of participants with dmft > 0, dmft > or = 4, upper primary incisor caries and extraction of one or more primary teeth. Outcomes tabulated for quartiles of participants based on the distribution of the Townsend index of material deprivation. RESULTS: A total of 3467 children were included in the final data analysis. The Townsend index was found to be useful in identifying groups of children with increased caries risk. Overall, participants in the programme using the high-fluoride toothpaste had significantly (P < 0.002) less caries than the comparison group with similar absolute reductions in mean dmft for the most- and least-deprived groups. Relative to the comparison group the association between deprivation and dental caries was changed so that in the most-deprived quartile those using the low-fluoride toothpaste tended to have less dental caries than the comparison group whereas in the least deprived they tended to have more. This difference in the association (slope) was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Provision of both low- and high-fluoride toothpaste appeared to reduce the risk of extractions for participants in the most-deprived quartile (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The relative benefits of the programmes supplying the two toothpastes considered in this study are different depending on the deprivation status of the participants. For the most-deprived groups postal provision of either a low- or high-fluoride toothpaste provides similar levels of benefit. In the less deprived groups only provision of the high-fluoride toothpaste provided a benefit. The absolute caries reduction seen for provision of the high-fluoride toothpaste was not related to the deprivation status and hence the programme did not reduce deprivation-related health inequalities. Targeting the programme using the methods employed in this study is unlikely to improve the effectiveness of the programme.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed2006

Effect of stannous fluoride toothpaste on erosion-like lesions: an in vivo study.

It has recently been shown that stannous fluoride (SnF(2)), in the form of aqueous solutions and as toothpaste, can reduce the dissolution of enamel in erosive acids in vitro and in situ. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of toothpastes containing SnF(2) or NaF on enamel dissolution using an in vivo model. Four healthy anterior teeth in each subject (n = 20) were exposed to diluted citric acid (100 mmol l(-1) or 10 mmol l(-1)) applied using a peristaltic pump (5 ml @7 ml min(-1)) and the acid was collected in a test tube before and after application of the respective toothpastes (etch I and etch II). Toothpaste was applied to the labial surfaces with a soft brush (four applications, each of 1-min duration), with gentle water rinsing between applications. Each subject had one pair of teeth treated with each of the test toothpastes. Enamel dissolution was examined by assessment of calcium content in the citric acid applied before and after the treatment with toothpaste. The results indicate that the SnF(2) toothpaste markedly reduced the dissolution of teeth in vivo (etch II < etch I), whereas the NaF toothpaste provided no protection (etch II > etch I). Toothpaste appears to be an acceptable vehicle for SnF(2) and maintains the dissolution-reducing effect exhibited by aqueous solutions of this fluoride salt.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The effect of a calcium carbonate/perlite toothpaste on the removal of extrinsic tooth stain in two weeks.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a calcium carbonate/perlite toothpaste on the levels of extrinsic stain removed at two weeks compared to a silica control toothpaste. DESIGN: In this parallel group, double-blind study, subjects were stratified by natural baseline stain and tobacco use and allocated at random to one of the two study toothpastes. Subjects brushed with their allocated toothpaste twice daily for two weeks before extrinsic tooth stain was again assessed. SETTING: The study was performed at 4-Front Research UK Limited, Maldon, UK. PARTICIPANTS: 152 adult subjects with at least eight assessable incisors/ canines with natural extrinsic tooth stain completed the study. METHODS: The extrinsic tooth stain on the facial surfaces of incisors and canines was measured using the Macpherson modification of the Lobene Stain Index. RESULTS: Both of the toothpaste groups had significantly less stain after two weeks of use compared to the baseline value (p<0.001). Analysis of covariance on the sum of the whole mouth stain scores showed that the calcium carbonate/perlite toothpaste removed significantly more stain over the two week study than the silica control toothpaste (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Twice daily brushing for two weeks with a calcium carbonate/perlite toothpaste removes more extrinsic stain than a silica control toothpaste.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Effect of brushing with fluoride toothpastes on the fluoride, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus concentrations in approximal plaque of young adults.

A within-subject cross-over study was carried out to examine whether brushing with fluoride toothpastes would alter the composition of approximal plaque. Approximal plaque was collected from 22 subjects following brushing with toothpastes containing sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate with calcium glycerophosphate and a fluoride-free control toothpaste. Concentrations of plaque calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and fluoride were estimated. Toothbrushing with the fluoride toothpastes resulted in significantly greater concentrations of fluoride in approximal plaque when compared with the control toothpaste. However, there was no significant difference between the two fluoride toothpastes. The use of the sodium monofluorophosphate containing toothpaste resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in approximal plaque when compared to both sodium fluoride and control toothpastes. It was concluded that the use of a fluoride toothpaste can alter the chemical composition of approximal plaque.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effect of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste and mouthrinsings on dental plaque, gingivitis, plaque and enamel F-accumulation.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis, plaque F- accumulation, F- content and acid solubility of dental enamel. Participants in the 12-week double-blind study were 92 schoolchildren, with a mean age of 12.4 years, randomly distributed to four groups: (1) AmF/SnF2 toothpaste, (2) placebo toothpaste, (3) AmF/SnF2 toothpaste plus AmF/SnF2 mouthwash, (4) placebo toothpaste plus AmF/SnF2 mouthwash. Analyzing the results, the mean values of dental plaque (Silness-Löe index) and of the sulcus bleeding index decreased statistically significantly in all groups except the placebo toothpaste users. Plaque F- and enamel F- content increased considerably only in the two groups using the AmF/SnF2 toothpaste. A decrease in acid solubility was significant only in the group of both test toothpaste and test mouthwash users. Thus the clinical efficacy of the tested AmF/SnF2 toothpaste might be increased by the combined use of mouthrinsings containing the same substances.

Amines↗