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PubMed2005

Ventilatory support during training improves training benefit in severe chronic airway obstruction.

BACKGROUND: One mechanism that may limit training effect in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the ventilatory limitation and associated dyspnea. OBJECTIVES: To minimize ventilatory limitation during training of patients with severe COPD by applying bi-level positive pressure ventilation during training in order to augment training intensity (and effect). METHODS: The study group comprised 19 patients (18 males, 1 female) with a mean age of 64 +/- 9 years. Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 32 +/- 4% of predicted, and all were ventilatory-limited (exercise breathing reserve 3 +/- 9 L/min, normal > 15 L/min). The patients were randomized: 9 were assigned to training with BiPAP and 10 to standard training. All were trained on a treadmill for 2 months, twice a week, 45 minutes each time, at maximal tolerated load. Incremental maximal unsupported exercise test was performed before and at the end of the training period. RESULTS: BiPAP resulted in an increment of 94 +/- 53% in training speed during these 2 months, as compared to 41 +/- 19% increment in the control group (P < 0.005). Training with BiPAP yielded an average increase in maximal oxygen uptake of 23 +/- 16% (P < 0.005), anaerobic threshold of 11 +/- 12% (P < 0.05) and peak O2 pulse of 20 +/- 19% (P < 0.05), while peak exercise lactate concentration was not higher after training. Interestingly, in the BiPAP group, peak exercise ventilation was also 17 +/- 20% higher after training (P < 0.05). Furthermore, contrary to our expectation, at any given work rate, ventilation (and tidal volume) in the BiPAP group was higher in the post-training test as compared to the pre-training test, and the end tidal partial pressure of CO2 at 55 watts was lower, 40 +/- 4 and 38 +/- 4 mmHg respectively (P < 0.05). No improvement in exercise capacity was observed after this short training period in the control group. CONCLUSION: Pressure-supported ventilation during training is feasible in patients with severe COPD and it augments the training effect. The improved exercise tolerance was associated with higher ventilatory response and therefore lower P(ET)CO2 at equal work rates after training.

Exercise Therapy↗

PubMed1994

Superiority of treadmill walking exercise versus strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Implications for the mechanism of the training response.

BACKGROUND: In patients with intermittent claudication, a supervised walking exercise program increases peak exercise performance and community-based functional status. Patients with peripheral arterial disease also have muscle weakness in the affected extremity that may contribute to the walking impairment. However, the potential benefits of training modalities other than walking exercise, such as strength training, have not been critically evaluated in this patient population. The present study tested the hypothesis that a strength training program would be as effective as treadmill walking exercise and that combinations of strengthening and walking exercise would be more effective than either alone in improving exercise performance. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients with disabling claudication were randomized to 12 weeks of supervised walking exercise on a treadmill (3 h/wk at a work intensity sufficient to produce claudication), strength training (3 h/wk of resistive training of five muscle groups of each leg), or a nonexercising control group. Graded treadmill testing was performed to maximally tolerated claudication pain to define changes in peak exercise performance. After 12 weeks, patients in the treadmill training program had a 74 +/- 58% increase in peak walking time as well as improvements in peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and the onset of claudication pain. Patients in the strength-trained group had a 36 +/- 48% increase in peak walking time but no change in peak VO2 or claudication onset time. Control subjects had no changes in any of these measures over the 12-week period. After the first 12 weeks, patients in the initial walking exercise group continued for 12 more weeks of supervised treadmill training. This resulted in an additional 49 +/- 53% increase in peak walking time (total of 128 +/- 99% increase over the 24 weeks). After the initial 12 weeks, patients in the strength-trained group began 12 weeks of supervised treadmill training, and patients in the control group participated in a 12-week combined program of strengthening and treadmill walking exercise. The combined strength and treadmill training program and treadmill training after 12 weeks of strength training resulted in increases in peak exercise performance similar to those observed with 12 weeks of treadmill training alone. CONCLUSIONS: A supervised treadmill walking exercise program is an effective means to improve exercise performance in patients with intermittent claudication, with continued improvement over 24 weeks of training. In contrast, 12 weeks of strength training was less effective than 12 weeks of supervised treadmill walking exercise. Finally, strength training, whether sequential or concomitant, did not augment the response to a walking exercise program.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Long-term metabolic and skeletal muscle adaptations to short-sprint training: implications for sprint training and tapering.

The adaptations of muscle to sprint training can be separated into metabolic and morphological changes. Enzyme adaptations represent a major metabolic adaptation to sprint training, with the enzymes of all three energy systems showing signs of adaptation to training and some evidence of a return to baseline levels with detraining. Myokinase and creatine phosphokinase have shown small increases as a result of short-sprint training in some studies and elite sprinters appear better able to rapidly breakdown phosphocreatine (PCr) than the sub-elite. No changes in these enzyme levels have been reported as a result of detraining. Similarly, glycolytic enzyme activity (notably lactate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase and glycogen phosphorylase) has been shown to increase after training consisting of either long (>10-second) or short (<10-second) sprints. Evidence suggests that these enzymes return to pre-training levels after somewhere between 7 weeks and 6 months of detraining. Mitochondrial enzyme activity also increases after sprint training, particularly when long sprints or short recovery between short sprints are used as the training stimulus. Morphological adaptations to sprint training include changes in muscle fibre type, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and fibre cross-sectional area. An appropriate sprint training programme could be expected to induce a shift toward type IIa muscle, increase muscle cross-sectional area and increase the sarcoplasmic reticulum volume to aid release of Ca(2+). Training volume and/or frequency of sprint training in excess of what is optimal for an individual, however, will induce a shift toward slower muscle contractile characteristics. In contrast, detraining appears to shift the contractile characteristics towards type IIb, although muscle atrophy is also likely to occur. Muscle conduction velocity appears to be a potential non-invasive method of monitoring contractile changes in response to sprint training and detraining. In summary, adaptation to sprint training is clearly dependent on the duration of sprinting, recovery between repetitions, total volume and frequency of training bouts. These variables have profound effects on the metabolic, structural and performance adaptations from a sprint-training programme and these changes take a considerable period of time to return to baseline after a period of detraining. However, the complexity of the interaction between the aforementioned variables and training adaptation combined with individual differences is clearly disruptive to the transfer of knowledge and advice from laboratory to coach to athlete.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease.

BACKGROUND: Strength training or aerobic exercise programmes might maximise muscle and cardiorespiratory function and prevent additional disuse atrophy in patients with muscle disease. However, over-exerting might cause more rapid disease progression. OBJECTIVES: To examine the efficacy and safety of strength training and aerobic exercise training in patients with muscle diseases. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group register (October 2002 and May 2004), the Cochrane Collaboration Rehabilitation and Related Therapies Field register (October 2002), MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 2002), EMBASE (January 1973 to October 2002), and CINAHL (January 1982 to August 2002) for randomised trials. We reviewed the bibliographies of trials identified and reviews covering the subject. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing strength training and/or aerobic exercise programmes lasting at least 10 weeks. Types of outcome measures: FOR STRENGTH TRAINING. Primary: static or dynamic muscle strength. Secondary: muscle strength (endurance or fatigue), functional assessments, quality of life, muscle membrane permeability, pain, and fatigue. FOR AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING. Primary: aerobic capacity expressed as work capacity. Secondary: aerobic capacity (oxygen consumption, parameters of cardiac or respiratory function), functional assessments, quality of life, muscle membrane permeability, pain, and fatigue. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted the data. MAIN RESULTS: We identified two randomised trials fulfilling all inclusion criteria. The first trial compared the effect of strength training versus no training in 36 patients with myotonic dystrophy. The other trial compared strength training versus no training combined with albuterol or placebo in 65 patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Methodological quality and training programmes were graded adequate. In the myotonic dystrophy trial there were no significant differences between training and non-training groups for the primary outcome measure. In the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy trial static muscle strength did not show significant differences between training and non-training groups. Only a +1.2 kg difference (95% confidence interval 0.2 to 2.1) in dynamic strength of elbow flexors in favour of the training group, reached statistical significance. For both trials there were no significant differences between groups for most of the secondary outcome measures, including those covering adverse effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In myotonic dystrophy and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy moderate-intensity strength training appears not to do harm but there is insufficient evidence to establish that it offers benefit. Limitations in the design of studies in other muscle diseases prevent general conclusions in these disorders.

Exercise↗

PubMed2000

Training in virtual environments: transfer to real world tasks and equivalence to real task training.

Virtual environments (VEs) are extensively used in training but there have been few rigorous scientific investigations of whether and how skills learned in a VE are transferred to the real world. This research aimed to measure and evaluate what is transferring from training a simple sensorimotor task in a VE to real world performance. In experiment 1, real world performances after virtual training, real training and no training were compared. Virtual and real training resulted in equivalent levels of post-training performance, both of which significantly exceeded task performance without training. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated whether virtual and real trained real world performances differed in their susceptibility to cognitive and motor interfering tasks (experiment 2) and in terms of spare attentional capacity to respond to stimuli and instructions which were not directly related to the task (experiment 3). The only significant difference found was that real task performance after training in a VE was less affected by concurrently performed interference tasks than was real task performance after training on the real task. This finding is discussed in terms of the cognitive load characteristics of virtual training. Virtual training therefore resulted in equivalent or even better real world performance than real training in this simple sensorimotor task, but this finding may not apply to other training tasks. Future research should be directed towards establishing a comprehensive knowledge of what is being transferred to real world performance in other tasks currently being trained in VEs and investigating the equivalence of virtual and real trained performances in these situations.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1995

Innovation in general practice: is the gap between training and non-training practices getting wider?

BACKGROUND: Training practices are more developed than non-training practices in terms of a wide range of educational and clinical activities, facilities and staff. If training practices are also adopting new innovations at a faster rate than non-training practices the gap between them will increase. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether, between 1982 and 1990, training practices did develop at a faster rate than non-training practices. METHOD: In 1982 a questionnaire was sent to 153 practices in Gloucestershire, Avon and Somerset which all had one or more partners who were members of the Royal College of General Practitioners. A second questionnaire was sent to the same practices in 1990. Information was sought about practice features including organization, size, facilities, staff and clinical and educational activities. A total of 124 practices (62 training and non-training) completed questionnaires on both occasions. RESULTS: There were substantial changes in the cohort between the surveys in 1982 and 1990, with many practices gaining, for example, a practice manager, practice nurse and purpose built premises, and introducing audits, screening activities and specific clinics. For each feature of practice a logistic regression was undertaken with training used as an explanatory variable. Training practices were more likely to develop than non-training practices for a number of features including personnel, aspects of practice organization, educational activities, clinical activities and equipment. CONCLUSION: Training practices are not only more developed than non-training practices but are also more innovative. The gap between training and non-training practices did grow wider between 1982 and 1990. This may be because the members of training practices are inherently more innovative, face fewer obstacles to innovation or that the scheme for approval of practices for training has encouraged specific innovations. Any future accreditation scheme for general practices must be organized to encourage accelerated development in less developed practices rather than only stimulate innovation in already advanced practices.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗

PubMed2006

Combinatory effects of high-intensity-strength training and sensorimotor training on muscle strength.

It has been shown in classical strength training studies using high loads that improvements in rate of force development are mainly due to adaptations in the intramuscular coordination. Adaptations following sensorimotor training were also characterized by improvements in the rate of force development during maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The purpose of the present study was to investigate neuromuscular adaptations of combined sensorimotor and classical strength training. Eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 (SMT-HST) had to perform a period of sensorimotor training at first and a high-intensity strength training afterwards. Group 2 (HST-SMT) performed the high intensity strength training at first and the sensorimotor training after. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction and neuromuscular activation were measured at three occasions: Before training, after the first, and after the second period. The results after the first period confirmed the positive effects of both training regimen on rate of force development (13 % [SMT-HST] and 27 % [HST-SMT], p < 0.05) and on maximum strength (9 % [HST-SMT] and 12 % [SMT-HST], p < 0.05) during maximum voluntary contraction. Improvements caused by sensorimotor training could only be achieved, when it was performed at first. It is supposed that classical strength training with high loads basically improves the mechanical efficiency of the effectors, whereas sensorimotor training alters the afferent input on the central nervous system. In combination, the sensorimotor training can have preconditioning effects on the strength training. A combination of both training methods can thus be recommended, if the sensorimotor training is performed at first.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

Influence of training volume and acute physical exercise on the homocysteine levels in endurance-trained men: interactions with plasma folate and vitamin B12.

The interrelation between physical exercise and plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B(12), and folic acid has not been examined. Therefore, we investigated the influence of extensive endurance training and acute intense exercise on plasma concentrations of total Hcy, vitamin B(12), and folic acid in 42 well-trained male triathletes. Examinations and blood sampling took place before and after a 30-day endurance training period as well as before and 1 and 24 h after a competitive exercise (sprint triathlon). Following the training period, no significant change in Hcy levels could be detected for the whole group. Subgroup analysis in quartiles of training volume revealed that - as compared with the lowest quartile (low-training group: 9.1 h training/week) - athletes in the highest training quartile (high-training group: 14.9 h training/week) exhibited a significant decrease in Hcy levels (from 12.7 +/- 2.3 to 11.7 +/- 2.4 micromol/l as compared with levels of 12.5 +/- 1.5 and 12.86 +/- 1.5 micromol/l in the low-training group; p < 0.05). The plasma folate levels were significantly higher in the high-training group at all points of examination (p < 0.05). 1 h and 24 h after competition, the Hcy concentration increased in all athletes independent of the previous training volume (24 h: 12.3 +/- 1.8 vs. 13.5 +/- 2.6 micromol/l; p < 0.001), although the increase was decisively stronger in the low-training group. 1 h after competition, the plasma folate concentration increased (7.03 +/- 2.1 vs. 8.33 +/- 2.1 ng/ml; p < 0.05) in all athletes. Multivariate analysis showed that the exercise-induced increase in the Hcy levels was dependent on baselines levels of folate and training volume, but not on the vitamin B(12) levels. In conclusion, although intense exercise acutely increased the Hcy levels, chronic endurance exercise was not associated with higher Hcy concentrations. Moreover, athletes with the highest training volume, exhibiting also the highest plasma folate levels, showed a decrease in Hcy levels following the training period as well as a much lower increase of the Hcy concentration after acute intense exercise. The combined effect of training and higher plasma folate levels to reduce Hcy should be investigated in future studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Effects of cross-training. Transfer of training effects on VO2max between cycling, running and swimming.

Cross-training is a widely used approach for structuring a training programme to improve competitive performance in a specific sport by training in a variety of sports. Despite numerous anecdotal reports claiming benefits for cross-training, very few scientific studies have investigated this particular type of training. It appears that some transfer of training effects on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) exists from one mode to another. The nonspecific training effects seem to be more noticeable when running is performed as a cross-training mode. Swim training, however, may result in minimum transfer of training effects on VO2max. Cross-training effects never exceed those induced by the sport-specific training mode. The principles of specificity of training tend to have greater significance, especially for highly trained athletes. For the general population, cross-training may be highly beneficial in terms of overall fitness. Similarly, cross-training may be an appropriate supplement during rehabilitation periods from physical injury and during periods of overtraining or psychological fatigue.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of supervised exercise training and home-based exercise training in chronic heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: This study was planned to compare the outcomes between supervised and home-based exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS: The study was conducted at the Department of Physical Therapy in Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Turkey between 2000 and 2001. Twenty-two patients with stable chronic heart failure were randomly assigned to the supervised exercise training group (n=11) or the home-based exercise training group (n=11). Symptom-limited maximal exercise tests with gas exchange analysis were carried out before randomization. Work load equivalent to 60% of achieved peak heart rate at the tests was determined as exercise training work load for each subject. Both groups participated in a program of 3 exercise training sessions per week for 3 months. The exercise tests were repeated after 3 months. RESULTS: After training, peak exercise duration increased significantly in the supervised exercise training group and the home-based exercise training group (p<0.05). There was substantial improvement in peak VO2 with exercise training in the supervised exercise training group (p<0.05) but, peak VO2 did not change significantly in the home-based exercise training group (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Supervised and home-based exercise training enhanced exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. The training program must be tailored to each patient's specific limitations, individual needs and possibilities. Home-based exercise training may be a training alternative to stable chronic heart failure patients who prefer not to participate in an outpatient supervised training program.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1995

Guidelines for training in adult cardiovascular medicine. Core Cardiology Training Symposium (COCATS). Task Force 7: training in cardiovascular research.

It is vital to the future intellectual health of cardiovascular medicine and the welfare of patients with cardiovascular disease that all future cardiologists be familiar with the principles and tools of research. Training in research requires the intense involvement of productive and established investigators. Those trainees preparing for a career in investigative cardiology require a carefully developed but flexible educational plan that will permit them to be successful in their research careers over an extended period.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Whichever the initial training status, any increase in velocity at lactate threshold appears as a major factor in improved time to exhaustion at the same severe velocity after training.

The first purpose of this study was to assess the eventual training adaptations in the time to exhaustion at the same severe velocity occurring after severe interval-training programs in few- and well-trained subjects. In the event of such training adaptations, the second purpose was to identify the discriminant factors of performance improvement according to the initial training status. Seven few- and six well-trained subjects performed: firstly, an incremental test to determine the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), the energy cost of running (ECR), the velocity associated with the achievement of VO2max (vVO2max) and the lactate threshold (LT expressed in VO2, km x h(-1), % vVO2max); secondly, an all-out test at the velocity corresponding to the midway between vLT and vVO2max (vdelta50) to determine the time to exhaustion (tmax); such tests were carried out before and after 4- and 8-week severe interval-training programs. In the few-trained subjects, all factors of performance (i.e., VO2max, ECR, vVO2max, LT expressed in VO2, km x h(-1), % vVO2max) and tmax at the pre-training vdelta50 were improved after training (+8, -8, +7, +9, +14, +6% and +79%, respectively); only the increase in vLT was related to the one in tmax (r = 0.714, p < or = 0.05, n = 7). In the well-trained subjects, only vVO2max was improved (+3%) due to the decrease in ECR (-3%), tmax at the pre-training vdelta50 did not vary after training; only the three subjects (over six) who improved their vLT (+0.5, +0.5, +0.8 km x h(-1), respectively) improved their tmax (+10, +24, +101%, respectively) (r = 0.895, p < or = 0.01, n = 6). So, whichever the initial training status, any training-induced adaptation in vLT appeared as a major factor of performance improvement especially at supra-LT velocities.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2002

Effects of training frequency on the dynamics of performance response to a single training bout.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an increase in training frequency on exercise-induced fatigue by using a systems model with parameters free to vary over time. Six previously untrained subjects undertook a 15-wk training experiment composed of 1) an 8-wk training period with three sessions per week (low-frequency training), 2) 1 wk without training, 3) a 4-wk training period with five sessions per week [high frequency training (HFT)], and 4) 2 wk without training. The systems input ascribed to training loads was computed from interval exercises and expressed in arbitrary units. The systems output ascribed to performance was evaluated three times each week using maximal power sustained over 5 min. The time-varying parameters of the model were estimated by fitting modeled performances to the measured ones using a recursive least squares method. The variations over time in the model parameters showed an increase in magnitude and duration of fatigue induced by a single training bout. The time needed to recover performance after a training session increased from 0.9 +/- 2.1 days at the end of low-frequency training to 3.6 +/- 2.0 days at the end of HFT. The maximal gain in performance for a given training load decreased during HFT. This study showed that shortening recovery time between training sessions progressively yielded a more persistent fatigue induced by each training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

EUS training and practice patterns among gastroenterologists completing training since 1993.

BACKGROUND: EUS training and practice patterns vary widely. The aim of this study was to assess EUS training methods, volumes, and practice patterns, and to obtain subjective assessment of endoscopic competence from endosonographers. METHODS: A survey was sent to over 1400 U.S. and international gastroenterologists who completed training since 1993. We assessed demographics, whether EUS is performed, how EUS training was obtained, and volume and type of EUS procedures performed in training and at present. Subjective assessment of adequacy of training was also obtained. RESULTS: A total of 157 physicians responded, including 76 EUS performers, of whom 67% completed advanced endoscopy fellowship, 14% were EUS trained during GI fellowship, and 19% learned via other means. EUS performers were subgrouped into those who had and had not completed advanced endoscopy fellowship, and those within and outside of an academic practice. There were significant associations between the number of upper EUS, pancreaticobiliary, and EUS-guided FNAs performed during training (p < 0.001 for all 3 groups) and completion of advanced endoscopy fellowship. Physicians in academic practice performed more EUS and FNAs per month than physicians in other types of practice (p values <0.001 and 0.001, respectively); 93.3% of respondents felt they received adequate instruction in diagnostic EUS, regardless of type of training; 88.9% of EUS performers felt they received adequate instruction in performing FNA. CONCLUSIONS: Most EUS performers are in academic practice. Those with advanced training obtained higher training volumes and perform higher volumes of EUS. The majority of respondents felt well trained regardless of training type and the number of procedures performed during training. This is the first analysis to assess these aspects of EUS training and practice.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2005

Training with the compactEASIE biologic endoscopy simulator significantly improves hemostatic technical skill of gastroenterology fellows: a randomized controlled comparison with clinical endoscopy training alone.

BACKGROUND: The Erlangen Active Simulator for Interventional Endoscopy (EASIE) was introduced in 1997 for interventional endoscopy training. compactEASIE developed in 1998 is a modified, light-weight version of the original model. Objective evidence of the benefits of training with these models is limited. A randomized controlled study, therefore, was conducted to compare the effects of intensive 7-month, hands-on training in hemostatic techniques by using the compactEASIE model (in addition to clinical endoscopic training) vs. pure clinical training in endoscopic hemostatic methods. METHODS: Thirty-seven fellows in gastroenterology in New York City area training programs were enrolled. Baseline skills were assessed on the simulator for the following techniques: manual skills, injection and electrocoagulation, hemoclip application, and variceal ligation. Twenty-eight fellows were then randomized into two comparable groups. Those randomized to Group A received purely clinical training in endoscopic hemostatic techniques at their hospitals. Those in Group B, in addition, were trained by experienced tutors in 3 full-day hemostasis workshops over 7 months. Both groups underwent a final evaluation on the compactEASIE simulator conducted by their tutors and additional evaluators who were blinded to the method of training. Initial and final evaluation scores were compared for each group and between groups. Outcomes of actual clinical hemostatic procedures performed during the study period also were analyzed. RESULTS: Ten of 14 fellows randomized to Group A (standard training) and 13 of 14 in Group B (intensive training) returned for the final evaluation. For Group B, scores for all techniques were significantly improved. In Group A, a significant improvement was noted for variceal ligation alone. CONCLUSIONS: compactEASIE simulator training (3 sessions over 7 months), together with clinical endoscopic training resulted in objective improvement in the performance by fellows of all 4 endoscopic hemostatic techniques, whereas significant improvement was noted for variceal ligation alone for fellows who had standard clinical training. In clinical practice, fellows who had intensive simulator/clinical training had a significantly higher success rate and a nonsignificant reduction in the frequency of occurrence of complications.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Training content and potential impact on performance: a comparison of young male and female endurance-trained runners.

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the content of 8 weeks of training in young endurance-trained male and female runners and study the potential impact of this training content on performance. Fourteen men and 11 women performed two criterion exercises until exhaustion on an outdoor track before and after the 8-week training period. The first test was a graded exercise to determine maximal aerobic velocity (Mav), the velocity at the lactate concentration threshold (v-Tlac), and the velocity at delta 50 (v delta50: the velocity halfway between Mav and v-Tlac). The second test was a constant run at v delta50 to determine the time to exhaustion at this velocity (tlimv delta50). Training logs were used to monitor the self-directed training sessions. The results showed that the women had a lower training volume but trained at higher exercise velocities than the men. However they presented similar values as the men for expected temporary performance capacity and did not improve their performance (Mav and tlimv delta50) over the 8-week period. After the training period, only v-Tlac (absolute and relative values) was slightly but significantly increased by training. These results could be due to the fact that both men and women did not train more than 10% of the total distance run at exercise velocities equal to or higher than their Mav and did not increase their training load during the 8-week training period. We suggest that changes in training content during the season, such as severe (long-duration or high-intensity) training sessions, may have improved their performance capacity.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The effects of a sensorimotor training and a strength training on postural stabilisation, maximum isometric contraction and jump performance.

Previous studies revealed that adaptations following sensorimotor training, performed to improve functional joint or postural stability, were characterized by improvements in the rate of force development during maximum voluntary isometric contraction. In classical strength training studies using intense loads it has been shown that improvements in rate of force development is mainly due to adaptations in the intramuscular coordination. The purpose of the present study was to compare possible neuromuscular adaptations in two training groups following either sensorimotor or classical strength training over a period of four weeks. Additionally a control group was investigated to contrast the adaptations seen after training. Postural stability, maximum voluntary isometric contraction and performance in squat-jump and in drop-jump were measured before and after training. The results confirmed the positive effects of both training regimen on rate of force development and on maximum strength during maximum voluntary contraction as well as on jump performance, while only the improvements after the strength training were significant. Strength training reduced iMEG, while it was enhanced after sensorimotor training in most testing situations. Strength training had positive effects also on concentric contractions like squat-jump. The sensorimotor training improved performance in reactive drop-jump by enhanced neuromuscular activity immediately after ground contact. It is concluded that classical strength training with high loads basically improves the mechanical efficiency of the efferent drive on the motoneurons, whereas sensorimotor training alters the afferent input on the central nervous system. Both adaptations yield to specific effects during force development.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs. training once daily.

Low muscle glycogen content has been demonstrated to enhance transcription of a number of genes involved in training adaptation. These results made us speculate that training at a low muscle glycogen content would enhance training adaptation. We therefore performed a study in which seven healthy untrained men performed knee extensor exercise with one leg trained in a low-glycogen (Low) protocol and the other leg trained at a high-glycogen (High) protocol. Both legs were trained equally regarding workload and training amount. On day 1, both legs (Low and High) were trained for 1 h followed by 2 h of rest at a fasting state, after which one leg (Low) was trained for an additional 1 h. On day 2, only one leg (High) trained for 1 h. Days 1 and 2 were repeated for 10 wk. As an effect of training, the increase in maximal workload was identical for the two legs. However, time until exhaustion at 90% was markedly more increased in the Low leg compared with the High leg. Resting muscle glycogen and the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase increased with training, but only significantly so in Low, whereas citrate synthase activity increased in both Low and High. There was a more pronounced increase in citrate synthase activity when Low was compared with High. In conclusion, the present study suggests that training twice every second day may be superior to daily training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗