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PubMed1992

Developments and trends in Social Security, 1990-1992: overview of principal trends.

The article that follows is a reprint of Part I of a report presented by Dalmer D. Hoskins, Secretary General of the International Social Security Association (ISSA), to the organization's XXIVth General Assembly (November 1992, Acapulco). It identifies and interprets the major trends currently influencing the evolution of social security programs around the world, and analyzes these developments against the backdrop of the current economic, demographic, and social environment in which these programs operate. (Part II of the report analyzes the changes according to each major branch of social security; an annex to the report provides more detailed information and source citations in reference to these changes.) The ISSA is a nongovernmental international organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It is made up of 321 social security-related institutions, including the U.S. Social Security Administration, in 122 countries. The Association's aim is to protect, promote, and develop social security worldwide.

International Agencies↗
PubMed2000

Trends in the rate of emergency room admissions for preventable cardiovascular conditions among african american men and women over the past decade. Continuation of negative trends.

PURPOSE: The objective of this retrospective analysis was to compare secular changes in the rate of emergency room admissions (per 100,000) for selected acknowledged preventable cardiovascular conditions among African Americans (AA) men and women aged >/=21 from 1991-1998, and rate of change for Caucasian (Cau), Hispanic (Hisp), and Asian (Asi) men and women aged >/=21; conditions included angina, congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes, and hypertension.METHODS: Results are derived from calendar-year California hospital data based on a selection of specified ICD-9 codes that correspond to the principal diagnosis for admission. The combined study sample size included a total of 21,016 individuals who were admitted to a hospital via the ER. Separate standardized and age-adjusted Poisson regression models were employed for each condition to assess race and time main effects and race x time interaction terms (P </= 0.01). Age and payer-source were entered as covariates to control for confounding effects. Men and women were analyzed separately.RESULTS: Mean overall rates of ER admission due to angina were significantly lower among AA men compared to Cau men (17.8 vs 18.2); however, rates were higher among Hisp and Asi men (6.03 and 7.1, respectively). Rates for CHF were higher among AA men compared to Cau, Hisp, and Asi men (23.7 vs, 11.0, 3.7, 4.8, respectively); similar results were observed for diabetes (8.6 vs 2.7, 2.3, 1.2, respectively) and hypertension (5.1 vs, 1.6, 0.9, 1.5, respectively). Differentials in 1991 resulted in widening disparities overtime for each condition. For women, mean overall rates due to angina were significantly higher among AA women compared Cau, Hisp, and Asi women (17.0 vs 13.5, 5.7, 5.7, respectively). Similar patterns were observed for CHF (23.1 vs, 11.0, 3.7, 4.8, respectively), diabetes (6.4 vs 2.0, 1.8, 1.1, respectively) and hypertension (5.8 vs 1.9, 1.1, 1.5), respectively). As observed among AA men, differentials in 1991 resulted in widening disparity overtime.CONCLUSIONS: Findings reveal higher rates of ER admissions for preventable cardiovascular conditions among AA men and women during the 1990s with evidence of widening health status disparities into the new millennium.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Suicide and suicide attempts in the European Economic Community: an analysis of trends, with special emphasis upon trends among the young.

An attempt is made to explain the increase in adolescent suicidal behavior reported for most countries in the European Economic Community over the last two decades, within the framework of a social learning theory. A typology of suicidal acts based on an outcome-expectancy model is proposed that would make intelligible the observed positive correlation between the incidence of lethal and nonlethal suicidal acts, the latter having grown to epidemic proportions among the young. This epidemic can be attributed to the interplay of three groups of factors, namely, the socialization of a specific problem-solving behavior repertoire, socioeconomic conditions, and attitudes toward suicide. The implications for suicide prevention are briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗