Butyltin compounds distribution in the coastal waters of Bohai Bay, People's Republic of China.
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China↗
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Results for “Trialkyltin Compounds”
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Determination of butyltin compounds in environmental samples by isotope-dilution GC-ICP-MS.
Isotope-dilution analysis in combination with GC-ICP-MS detection has been applied to the determination of butyltin species in environmental samples. Different spikes containing the isotopically labeled butyltin species have been synthesized in the laboratory after optimization of the reaction conditions. The isotopic compositions of the tin species in the different spike solutions were determined by GC-ICP-MS after derivatization by aqueous ethylation with sodium tetraethylborate. Reverse isotope-dilution analysis was used for quantitation of the spike solutions by means of natural MBT, DBT, and TBT standards. The mixed spikes were used for simultaneous analysis of MBT, DBT and TBT in the certified reference materials, PACS-2, CRM 462, and CRM 646, with satisfactory results. The excellent agreement of the different speciation results obtained by use of the different spikes is a good indicator of the precision, accuracy, and reliability which can be achieved by using isotope-dilution analysis for trace metal speciation. Application of a double spike containing (119)Sn-enriched MBT (79.7 At%), (118)Sn-enriched DBT (86.7 At%), and (119)Sn-enriched TBT (83.1 At%) also enabled evaluation of the conditions resulting in quantitative extraction of the species from the solid matrix, in combination with possible alterations depending on the different extraction procedures used (mechanical shaking, ultrasounds, and microwaves). Mathematical equations used for this purpose computed the correct species concentrations directly and, additionally, the decomposition factors (from TBT to DBT and from DBT to MBT) after precise measurement of the (119)Sn/(120)Sn and (118)Sn/(120)Sn ratios for all butyltin species by GC-ICP-MS.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
Organotin analysis by gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (GC-PFPD).
Monobutyltin (MBuT), dibutyltin (DBuT), and tributyltin (TBuT) mixtures have been separated and quantified by gas chromatography with pulsed flame-photometric detection (GC-PFPD). The compounds were first derivatized with NaBEt4, then extracted with hexane and injected into the GC in splitless mode. Optimum GC and detector conditions were established. For GC, various injector temperatures and oven temperature programs were tested. For the PFPD detector, gate settings (gate delay and gate width) and detector temperature were optimized. A very good linearity was obtained up to 100-150 ppb for all organotin compounds. The detection limits obtained were: MBuT (0.7 ppb), DBuT (0.8 ppb), and TBuT (0.6 ppb). RSD for repeatability and reproducibility were well below 20% when the instrument was in routine operation. A biological sample (CRM 477) was also analyzed for organotins. Extraction from the biological matrix was performed with TMAH. Besides the increased risk of contamination, the derivatization step seemed to be critical. pH and amount of derivatizing agent were tested. When using an internal standard (TPrT) between 90% and 110% of the certified amounts of organotin were recovered.
Animals↗
Trends in certified reference materials for the speciation of trace elements.
The measurement of the chemical species of elements (instead of the total element concentration) has become an irreversible trend in analytical chemistry. The motivation lies in the fact that the biochemical and geochemical behaviour of an element is governed by its species. Quality assurance of the analytical procedures used for speciation analysis requires the analysis of representative reference materials, certified for the relevant species. Up to now the number of existing certified reference materials for trace element species is very limited. The most important ones are environmental CRMs certified for trialkyltin compounds, methylmercury, Cr(III)/Cr(VI) and food CRMs certified for arsenic species and methylmercury. Major developments are to be expected in CRMs focussed on environmental problems, including waste treatment, on bioavailability of trace elements in food and on bio-monitoring in occupational health and hygiene. It is, however, unlikely that the producers of CRMs will ever be able to cover all needs. Add to this that many, very active species are notoriously unstable and/or short living and require in-situ analysis. This will lead to different analytical developments, such as analyses in-situ, where the classical concept of CRMs may not stand firm anymore.
Animals↗
Inorganic tin and organotin interactions with Candida maltosa.
As a consequence of the widespread industrial and agricultural applications of organotins, contamination of various ecosystems has occurred in recent decades. Understanding how these compounds interact with microorganisms is important in assessing the risks of organotin pollution. The organotins, tributyltin (TBT), trimethyltin (TMT) and inorganic tin, Sn(IV), were investigated for their physical interactions with non-metabolising cells and protoplasts of the yeast Candida maltosa, an organism that is often associated with contaminated environments. Uptake, toxicity and membrane-acting effects of these compounds, at concentrations approximating those found in polluted environments, were assessed. Sn(IV) and TBT uptake occurred by different mechanisms. Uptake of Sn(IV) was 2-fold greater in intact cells than protoplasts, underlining the importance of cell wall binding, whereas TBT uptake levels by both cell types were similar. TBT uptake resulted in cell death and extensive K+ leakage, while Sn(IV) uptake had no effect. TMT did not interact with cells. Of the three compounds, TBT alone altered membrane fluidity, as measured by the fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene incorporated into cells. Anisotropy of 1-(4-trimethylaminophenyl-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene) was not affected, implying that TBT is not confined to the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, but acts within membrane lipids. These results indicate that the cell wall is the dominant site of Sn(IV) interactions with yeast, while lipophilic interactions play an important role in uptake and toxicity of TBT.
Candida↗
Butyltin compounds in sediments of the Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina.
Systematic measurements of both Tributyltin (TBT) and Dibutyltin (DBT) in sediments along different locations in the inner zone of Bahía Blanca estuary were done. Two samples were taken near the main dry dock facility, at Puerto Belgrano naval base, in Argentina. TBT concentrations from non-detected to 170.3 ng Sn g(-1) were measured in the inner region of the estuary, and higher one of 3,288 ng Sn g(-1) near the dry dock at Puerto Belgrano. DBT values ranging between non-detected and 75.2 ng Sn g(-1) were obtained along the principal channel, but extreme concentration of 1,645 ng Sn g(-1) was measured at Puerto Belgrano. These values show that this estuary is affected by organotin pollution, mainly in areas of heavy shipyard activities.
Argentina↗
Interaction of triethyltin with cat hemoglobin: identification of binding sites and effects on hemoglobin function.
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Animals↗
Differential inhibition of F0F1-ATPase-catalysed reactions in bovine-heart submitochondrial particles by organotin compounds.
Preincubation of coupled submitochondrial particles with low concentrations of triorganotin compounds results in complete inhibition of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity without any significant effect on the rate of succinate-driven ATP synthesis. The residual ATP synthetic activity is inhibited by oligomycin and uncouplers. The differential inhibition of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis by the triorganotin compounds examined suggests that the two processes are not 'mirror images' of each other, but that they occur through different routes and that the F1F0-ATPase is at least bifunctional.
Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
Supercritical fluid extraction of organotins from biological samples and speciation by liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Supercritical fluid extraction is used to extract tributyltin and triphenyltin from biological samples. The extraction conditions with carbon dioxide as supercritical fluid (methanol modifier used) are optimized for the organotins from fish tissue certified reference material. The total extraction time is found to be approximately 15 min. The recovery studies at the optimal conditions shows a recovery of 44% for tributyltin and 23% for triphenyltin. The reproducibilities for both the compounds extracted are within 2% R.S.D. The optimum conditions obtained are also used to extract tributyltin and triphenyltin from tuna fish obtained from a local grocery store.
Animals↗
Organotin compounds induce aneuploidy in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro.
In vitro exposure of PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes to organotin compounds resulted in statistically significant increases in the frequencies of hyperdiploid cells. When taken together with our previous study demonstrating spindle inhibiting effects of the same organotin compounds by an indirect method (Jensen et al., 1989), the present study strongly indicates that organotin compounds are able to induce aneuploidy, probably by affecting spindle function.
Adult↗
7 alpha-Methyl-17 alpha-(E-2'-[125I]iodovinyl)-19-nortestosterone: a new radioligand for the detection of androgen receptor.
We have synthesized two gamma-emitting, 125I-labeled steroids, E- and Z-7 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-(2'-[125I]iodovinyl)-19-nortestosterone [125I](E- and Z-MIVNT) for specific labeling of androgen receptors. [125I]E- and [125I]Z-MIVNT were synthesized stereospecifically from E- and Z-7 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-(2'-tri-n-butylstannyl-vinyl)-19-nortestosterone. The tin adducts were prepared by addition of tri-n-butyltin hydride to 7 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone, and after purification they were converted in high yield to the [125I]MIVNT isomers by reaction with 125I (generated in situ by oxidation of [125I]iodide with chloramine T). The 125I-labeled products were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and their mass determined with an ultraviolet detector (specific activity of both, approximately 2,200 Ci/mmol). In rat prostate cytosol, [125I]E-MIVNT bound with high affinity to a single class of binding sites. Nonspecific binding in the presence of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone was relatively low, and compared favorably with that obtained in parallel studies with [3H]methyltrienolone (R1881). The E-isomer bound prostate cytosol with at least twice the affinity of the Z-isomer; therefore, the interaction of the E-isomer with the androgen receptor as well as other steroid receptors was studied in greater detail. Complexes of the androgen receptor with [125I]E-MIVNT as well as [3H]R1881 dissociate very slowly at 4C (kdiss for both = 0.04 h-1). Displacement studies showed that the interaction of [125I]E-MIVNT with the androgen receptor is highly specific. Competition studies showed that unlabeled E-MIVNT binds poorly to other steroid receptors in rat tissue cytosols. These binding properties make [125I]E-MIVNT a promising ligand for study of the androgen receptor, and [123I]E-MIVNT a potential imaging agent for the detection of androgen-dependent tumors, such as prostate cancer.
Animals↗
Effect of trimethyltin on hepatic and extra-hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl levels in the mouse.
Administration of trimethyltin (TMT) ip to mice lowered non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) levels in a tissue-specific and dose-dependent manner. Incubation of TMT with GSH and mouse hepatic cytosol did not result in conjugation of TMT, as evidenced by the lack of reduction of GSH levels. Additionally, TMT in vivo did not increase oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, nor did it alter hepatic ATP content. These results suggest that TMT decreased NPSH levels in vivo by either directly inhibiting GSH synthesis or by inhibiting uptake of precursor amino acids.
Animals↗
Acute ototoxicity of trialkyltins in the guinea pig.
Two trialkyltin compounds, trimethyltin chloride (TMT) and triethyltin bromide (TET) were evaluated for their acute effects on cochlear function in pigmented guinea pigs. Compound action potential (CAP) thresholds and 1 microV RMS cochlear microphonic (CM) isopotential curves were generated for 25 subjects following ip injection of TMT (2 mg/kg), TET (12 or 24 mg/kg) or inert vehicle (0.9% saline or 15% ethanol). The CAP is generated by the release of neurotransmitters from the inner hair cells and the subsequent depolarization of spiral ganglion cells. However, the sensitivity of the CAP is influenced by other cochlear structures including the outer hair cells which are thought to influence sensitivity of the inner hair cells. By contrast, CM reflects electromechanical function of the outer hair cells. CAP function was severely disrupted by organotin exposure while CM was unaffected by these agents. TMT administration impaired CAP thresholds at all frequencies within 30 min of administration. Thresholds deteriorated slightly more between 30 and 60 min. TET also reduced the sensitivity of the CAP to all frequencies. At the lower dose moderate impairments of function were observed at 30 min which became more noticeable at 60 min. Following 24 mg/kg TET injection, CAP sensitivity was markedly impaired even at 30 min. The CM isopotential values were not significantly altered 30 min or 60 min after either TMT or TET treatment at any of the 11 frequencies tested. These data document far more rapid toxic effects of TMT and TET than have been seen in most intact neuronal systems. They indicate that both organotins initially disrupt the functional integrity of either inner hair cells or spiral ganglion cells within the cochlea such that depolarization occurs only following a significant increase in stimulus intensity.
Action Potentials↗
Increasing effect of tri-n-butyltins and triphenyltins on the frequency of chemically induced chromosome aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells.
Organotins have been widely used as anti-fouling coatings for fishing nets and ship bottoms, and marine pollution by them has become a serious environmental problem. In this communication, the potentiating effects of three kinds of tri-n-butyltins and three thiphenyltins on chromosome aberrations were studied in Chinese hamster CHO K1 cells. None of the organotins studied showed any clastogenic activity under the experimental conditions without rat liver S9. Post-treatment with organotins, however, increased the number of breakage-type (but not exchange-type) chromatid aberrations induced by five kinds of S-phase-dependent clastogens: MMC, cisPt, 4NQO, MMS, and AMD). Enhancement of the induction of chromosome aberrations by MMC was observed when cells were treated with organotins during the G2 phase. These results suggest that organotin G2 effect causes potentiating effects. Organotins also enhanced the induction of breakage-type chromatid aberrations by clastogenic pollutants in chlorinated tap water, indicating their potential for a more realistic health risk.
Animals↗
Inhibition of human lymphocyte coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity by metals, bilirubin and haemin.
Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase activity in human lymphocytes was found to be inhibited by cadmium and mercury but not by lead. The organo-metal compounds tributyltin and methylmercury were effective inhibitors of this haem biosynthetic pathway enzyme. Haemin (the ultimate product of the pathway) and bilirubin (a product of haem catabolism) were also shown to be inhibitory. Kinetic studies performed under initial velocity conditions showed that bilirubin was a non-competitive inhibitor and that one bilirubin molecule was bound to both the enzyme and enzyme substrate complex. The analysis also showed haemin to be a non-competitive inhibitor in which two haemin molecules bind to the enzyme whereas the enzyme substrate complex accepts only one haemin molecule. The possible physiological significance of the inhibition of coproporphyrinogen III oxidase activity by haemin and bilirubin is discussed.
Bilirubin↗
The effect of tributyltin chloride on vascular responses to atrial natriuretic peptide.
The effects of tributylin chloride (TBT) on vascular smooth muscle responses to norepinephrine, nitroprusside (SNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were studied in isolated aortic rings of rats. TBT did not interfere with norepinephrine-induced contraction or SNP-induced vasorelaxation. However, TBT produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ANP-induced vasorelaxation. Inhibition was not observed with inorganic tin chloride, SnCl2. The inhibition of vasorelaxation was accompanied by a parallel inhibition of ANP-induced cGMP generation. SNP-induced generation of cGMP was not affected by TBT. TBT did not interfere with binding of ANP to its receptor in bovine adrenal glands suggesting that the effects of TBT were mediated by direct interaction with membrane-bound guanylate cyclase.
Animals↗
Flow cytometric analysis of the effects of tri-n-butyltin chloride on cytosolic free calcium and thiol levels in isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes.
The toxic effects of tri-n-butyltin chloride (TBT) were investigated on isolated trout hepatocytes by flow cytometry (FCM). We developed a procedure permitting the study of cytosolic free calcium in these cells using the new fluorescent probe Fura Red. In parallel, changes in thiol levels upon exposure to TBT were also followed by FCM with the probe 5-chloromethylfluorescein-diacetate. Cell viability was monitored through FCM analysis using propidium iodide. Treatment of hepatocytes with TBT caused a time- and concentration-dependent loss of viability. The results show that TBT induced a sustained elevation of cytosolic free calcium in isolated trout hepatocytes before loss of viability was detectable. Data for the viable cells remaining after incubation with TBT were selected after appropriate gating with the flow cytometer. When this was performed, the data revealed that changes in cytosolic free calcium were not dependent upon TBT concentration and duration of exposure. Moreover, TBT induced a rapid and important depletion of thiols in cells which survived TBT exposure. The present results suggest that alterations in calcium homeostasis and intracellular thiols are involved in the mechanism of trout hepatocyte injury by TBT. FCM is a powerful tool to study metabolic disturbances caused by toxic agents on cells at an individual level.
Animals↗
Separation of urinary thiols as tributyltinmercaptides and determination using capillary isotachophoresis.
The essential steps in the assay included electrolytic reduction of disulphides, neutralization, extraction of thiols with 0.1 M tributyltin hydroxide in octane, stripping of the extract with 2% acetic acid, fixing the washed-out amino thiols to a cation exchanger, elution with 2 M hydrochloric acid, oxidation with bromine and evaporation. The remaining octane extract was decomposed by dodecanethiol, the mercapto acids were washed out, oxidized with bromine and evaporated. Both residues were dissolved in water and analysed using capillary isotachophoresis at pH 3.0. Cysteamine was extracted from reduced urine at ca. pH 10, decomposed by dodecanethiol and re-extracted to boric acid followed by determination as a cation. The presence of the following thiols in urine has been confirmed: mercaptoacetic acid, 3-mercaptolactic acid, 2-mercaptopropionic acid, acetylcysteine, mercaptoethanol, cysteine, homocysteine and an un-identified amino thiol. Cysteamine and 3-mercaptopropionic acid could not be detected. Captopril, homocysteine and cysteine were determined quantitatively.
Antidotes↗