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PubMed2006

[Inhibitory effects of saponins from Tribulus terrestris on alpha-glucosidase in small intestines of rats].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of saponins from Tribulus terrestris (STT) on small intestinal a-glucosidase and postprandial blood glucose levels in rats. METHOD: The inhibitory effects of STT on a-glucosidase extracted from small intestines in rats were carried out in vitro. The blood glucose levels were measured after 60 min when sucrose (2 g x kg(-1)) or glucose (2 g x kg(-1)) was administered orally with STT (100 mg x kg(-1)). After treated with STT (100 mg x kg(-1)) for 14 d, the activities of a-glucosidase were determined daily, as well as the postprandial blood glucose levels after oraly administered sucrose (2 g x kg(-1)). RESULT: STT at concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg x mL(-1) reduced significantly the activities of alpha-glucosidase with inhibitory rates of (20.83 +/- 1.66)%, (43.73 +/- 2.39)% and (52.62 +/- 2.69)%, respectively. In facts STT (100 mg x kg(-1)) considerably decreased the blood glucose levels which was 52.61% of that of the control in rats co-administered orally with sucrose (2 g x kg(-1)). However, it showed no such effect on the rats co-administered orally with glucose (2 g x kg(-1)). After orally administered of STT for 14 d, the activity of alpha-glucosidase was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) to (58.17 +/- 3.24)% of that those in control. Meanwhile, The rats were oral administered with sucrose, the increase of postprandial blood glucose levels were (69.50 +/- 4.28)% of that in control 60 min later ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was through inhibiting the activity of a-glucosidase in small intestines that STT significantly retarded the increase in postprandial blood glucose levels in rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Saponins from Tribulus terrestris L are less toxic for normal human fibroblasts than for many cancer lines: influence on apoptosis and proliferation.

The objective of the study was to explore the influence of saponins derived from Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) on normal human skin fibroblasts and to compare it with their anticancer properties. In this study, [3H]thymidine incorporation and MTT to assess cell proliferation and viability, respectively, and immunoblotting and HPLC analysis to explore intracellular signal transduction pathways have been used. We found that TT caused a dose-dependent decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of treated fibroblast compared to the untreated controls. Viability of treated cells remained within the control levels with treatment of up to 5 micro g TT/ml medium. It was significantly depressed with incubation in > or =6 micro g TT/ml medium with an IC50 of 12.6 micro g TT/ml of cultivating media. ERK1/2 was significantly dephosphorylated at 5 mins of incubation with TT until the 48th hour, when phosphorylation slightly recovered, but was still below the control levels. In contrast, p38 and JNK phosphorylation was positively influenced, with peaks at 1 hr and 24 hrs of incubation respectively. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events of SAPK/MAPK clearly correlated with Mkp-1 induction. Procaspase 3 was activated after 5 mins of incubation and coincided with a rapid actin cleavage. There was a significant decrease of putrescine concentration and a concomitant increase of spermidine and spermine at 2 mins of treatment. According to our results, TT is less toxic for normal human skin fibroblasts in comparison to many cancer lines investigated in previous studies. The molecular mechanism of this cytotoxicity involves up- and downregulation of polyamines' homeostasis, suppression of proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. Further research in this field using animal models would help to explore and interpret the potential properties of TT as an anticancer supplement.

Actins↗

PubMed2001

Determination of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection.

This paper describes the first analytical method suitable for the determination of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris. A separation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was achieved by using a reversed-phase (RP-18) column, evaporative light scattering (ELS) detection, and a water/acetonitrile gradient as the mobile phase. The marker compound, protodioscin, was detected at a concentration as low as 10.0 microg/mL. Several different samples of plant material were successfully analyzed, and depending on origin and plant part used for extraction, significant differences in the composition of the saponins were observed. The analysis of market products showed considerable variations of 0.17 to 6.49% in the protodioscin content.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1992

Cytotoxicity of Fusarium species mycotoxins and culture filtrates of Fusarium species isolated from the medicinal plant Tribulus terrestris to mammalian cells.

Ayurvedic medicine, which uses decoctions made of medicinal plants, is used to cure diseases in many Asian countries including Sri Lanka. Although proper storage facilities for medicinal plants are unavailable in Sri Lanka, neither the potential for growth of toxigenic fungi nor their ability to produce mycotoxins in stored medicinal plants has been investigated. We isolated three Fusarium species, F. culmorum, F. acuminatum and F. graminearum from the medicinal plant Tribulus terrestris. Culture extracts of the 3 Fusarium spp. were cytotoxic to mammalian cell lines BHK-21 and HEP-2. Three toxic metabolites produced by Fusarium spp; T-2 toxin, zearalenone, and diacetoxyscirpenol were also cytotoxic to the mammalian cell lines. The 3 Fusarium spp. grown on rice media produced zearalenone. Plant material destined for medicinal use should be stored under suitable conditions to prevent growth of naturally occurring toxigenic fungi prior to its use.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Cholestane- and pregnane-type glycosides from the roots of Tribulus cistoides.

From the methanolic extract of the roots of Tribulus cistoides the cardioactive saponin-3, which is known to occur in the leaves, was isolated along with tribulosin, a pregnane-type glycoside and eight new cholestane glycosides. D-(+)-Pinitol and sucrose were major constituents. The structures were established by spectroscopic studies of the isolated compounds, their acetylated derivatives and their hydrolysation products. Chemical conversions revealed the configurations at C-22 and C-25, respectively.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Steroidal saponins from fruits of Tribulus terrestris.

Further studies on the constituents of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris led to the isolation of five new steroidal saponins (terrestrosin A-E), (25R,S)-5 alpha-spirostan-3 beta-ol-3 -O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-2)-beta-D- glucopyranosyl(1-4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside, (25R,S)-5 alpha-spirostan-3 beta-ol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)-[alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyl(1-2)]-beta-D-galactopyranoside, (25R,S)-5 alpha-spirostan-12-on-3 beta-ol-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl (1-2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside, hecogenin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)1-2)-[beta-D- xylopyranosyl(1-3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside and (25R,S)-5 alpha-spirostane-2 alpha, 3 beta-diol-3- O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)-beta-D- galactopyranoside, together with five known steroidal saponins, desgalactotigonin, F-gitonin, desglucolanatigonin, gitonin and tigogenin 3-O-beta-D- xylopyranosyl)1-2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl)1-3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)1-4 )- [alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-2)]-beta-D-galactopyranoside. The structures of the new saponins were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including two-dimensional NMR techniques, and chemical reactions.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1996

Steroidal glycosides from Tribulus terrestris.

In addition to hecogenin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1--> 4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside, two new steroidal saponins were isolated from the aerial parts of Tribulus terrestris L. On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence, especially 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, the structures of the new saponins were established as 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-[-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1--> 3)--beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)--beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1--> 4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-5 alpha-furost-20(22)-en-12-one-3 beta,26-diol and 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-[{beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->3)--beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)--beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1 -->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-5 alpha-furostan-12-one-3 beta,22,26-triol.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed1994

Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats.

This study concerns the effect of an aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris on the metabolism of oxalate in male rats fed sodium glycolate. Glycolate feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased activities of oxalate synthesizing enzymes of the liver i.e. glycolate oxidase (GAO), glycolate dehydrogenase (GAD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and decreased kidney LDH activity. T. terrestris administration to sodium glycolate fed rats produced a significant decrease in urinary oxalate excretion, and a significant increase in urinary glyoxylate excretion, as compared to sodium glycolate fed animals. The supplementation of T. terrestris with sodium glycolate also caused a reduction in liver GAO and GAD activities, whereas liver LDH activity remained unaltered. The isoenzyme pattern of kidney LDH revealed that normalization of kidney LDH by T. terrestris feeding was mainly due to an increase in the LDH 5 fraction. The LDH 1 isoenzyme remained unchanged in all the groups.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats.

Tribulus terrestris (TT) has long been used in the traditional Chinese and Indian systems of medicine for the treatment of various ailments and is popularly claimed to improve sexual functions in man. Sexual behaviour and intracavernous pressure (ICP) were studied in both normal and castrated rats to further understand the role of TT containing protodioscin (PTN) as an aphrodisiac. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups of 8 each that included distilled water treated (normal and castrated), testosterone treated (normal and castrated, 10 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously, bi-weekly) and TT treated (castrated, 5 mg/kg body weight, orally once daily). Decreases in body weight, prostate weight and ICP were observed among the castrated groups of rats compared to the intact group. There was an overall reduction in the sexual behaviour parameters in the castrated groups of rats as reflected by decrease in mount and intromission frequencies (MF and IF) and increase in mount, intromission, ejaculation latencies (ML, IL, EL) as well as post-ejaculatory interval (PEI). Compared to the castrated control, treatment of castrated rats (with either testosterone or TT extract) showed increase in prostate weight and ICP that were statistically significant. There was also a mild to moderate improvement of the sexual behaviour parameters as evidenced by increase in MF and IF; decrease in ML, IL and PEI. These results were statistically significant. It is concluded that TT extract appears to possess aphrodisiac activity probably due to androgen increasing property of TT (observed in our earlier study on primates).

Androgens↗

PubMed1994

Cardioactive steroid saponins and other constituents from the aerial parts of Tribulus cistoides.

From the petrol extract of the aerial parts of Tribulus cistoides three steroid sapogenins and two N-acyltyramines were isolated, whereas the methanolic extract gave nine steroid saponins, among them the cardioactive cistocardin, saponin-3, saponin-4 and saponin-7. Furthermore, a furostanol diglycoside was isolated besides 5'-(hydroxysulphonyloxy) jasmonic acid, D-(+)-pinitol and sucrose. The structures were established by spectroscopic investigations of the isolated compounds and their hydrolysis products. 5'-(Hydroxysulphonyloxy) jasmonic acid has been prepared by partial synthesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

New steroidal glycosides from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris.

Three new steroidal saponins (1-3) were isolated from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris. Their structures were assigned by spectroscopic methods (IR, HRESIMS, 1D- and 2D-NMR) as 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(25S)-5beta-furost-20(22)-en-3bet a, 26-diol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1-->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(25S)-5beta-furost-20(22)-en-3bet a, 26-diol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -->4)]-beta-D-galactopyranoside (2), and 25(S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-( 1-->2)-[b eta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)]-beta-D-galactopyranoside (3). Compound 3 showed cytotoxicity against a human malignant melanoma cell line (SK-MEL).

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Three new saponins from Tribulus terrestris.

Three new steroidal saponins 1-3, together with five known steroidal saponins, L-mannitol and an inorganic salt were isolated from Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae). The structures of the new steroidal saponins were elucidated as hecogenin 3-O-beta-xylopyranosyl(1-->3)-beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->4)-beta-galactopyr anoside (1), hecogenin 3-O-beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->4)- beta-galactopyranoside (2) and 3-O-[beta-xylopyranosyl(1-->2)-[beta-xylopyranosyl(1-->3)]-beta- glucopyranosyl(1-->4)-[alpha-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-galactopyranos yl]- 26-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-22-methoxy-(3 beta,5 alpha,25R)-furostan-3,26-diol (3). Structure elucidation was accomplished by 1D and 2D NMR spectra (13C-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, TOCSY, and NOESY), mass spectrometry (FABMS, ESIMS) and chemical methods.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris.

Three new steroidal saponins were isolated from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris, and their structures were elucidated as (25R,S)-5 alpha-spirostane-12-one-3 beta-ol-3-O-beta-xylopyranosyl(1-->2)- [beta-xylopyranosyl(1-->3)]-beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->4)-[alpha-rhamno- pyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-galactopyranoside; 26-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-(25S)-5 alpha-furostane-12-one-3 beta,22 alpha,26-triol-3-O-beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-galactopyranoside; 26-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-(25S)-5 alpha-furostane-12-one-3 beta,22 alpha,26-triol-3-O-beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->4)-[alpha- rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-galactopyranoside, respectively, by spectroscopic analysis and color reaction.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Tribulusamide A and B, new hepatoprotective lignanamides from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris: indications of cytoprotective activity in murine hepatocyte culture.

Tribulusamides A (1) and B (2), new lignanamides embracing two cinnamic amide parts joined in a cis configuration, were isolated from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris, together with four known compounds, N-trans-feruloyltyramine (3), terrestriamide (4), N-trans-coumaroyltyramine (5), and beta-sitosterol. The structures were elucidated by 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Addition of compounds 1-5, especially 1 and 2, to primary cultured mouse hepatocytes significantly prevented cell death induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model.

OBJECTIVE: Apart from its claims for improvement of sexual functions in men, the puncturevine plant (Tribulus terrestris: TT) has long been considered as an energizer and vitalizer in the indigenous system of medicine. Sexual behavior and intracavernous pressure (ICP) measurements were taken in rats to scientifically validate the claim of TT [containing protodioscin (PTN)] as an aphrodisiac. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty sexually mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each. Group I served as a control group and groups II, III, and IV were treated with three different doses of TT extract (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively), orally, once daily for 8 weeks. Weight was recorded and the rats from all four groups were subjected to sexual behavior studies with primed females and various parameters namely mount and intromission frequencies (MF and IF, respectively), mount, intromission and ejaculation latencies (ML, IL, and EL, respectively) as well as postejaculatory interval (PEI) were recorded. In addition, blood pressure and ICP were recorded for all rats at the end of study. RESULTS: Increases in body weight (by 9, 23, and 18% for groups II, III & IV) and ICP (by 43% and 26% for groups III and IV) were statistically significant compared to the control group. Increases in MF (by 27% and 24%) and IF (by 19% and 22%) for the groups III and IV were statistically significant. Decreases in ML (by 16%, 23%, and 22% for groups II, III, and IV) and PEI (by 20% for group III) were statistically significant compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS: The weight gain and improvement in sexual behavior parameters observed in rats could be secondary to the androgen increasing property of TT (PTN) that was observed in our earlier study on primates. The increase in ICP which confirms the proerectile aphrodisiac property of TT could possibly be the result of an increase in androgen and subsequent release of nitric oxide from the nerve endings innervating the corpus cavernosum.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1984

A syndrome of hepatogenous photosensitisation, resembling geeldikkop, in sheep grazing Tribulus terrestris.

Two outbreaks of photosensitivity disease occurred in weaner sheep in south western New South Wales during early autumn 1982. In each instance there was a history of access to the annual herb, Tribulus terrestris and both the clinical and pathological findings were consistent with geeldikkop, a major disease in the Republic of South Africa. The prevalence rates of clinical cases were 21 and 37%, while the case fatality rates approached 70%. Clinical signs were dominated by jaundice and photosensitisation. Ochre and khaki discolouration were present in the liver and kidneys, respectively. Histopathologically, the most characteristic lesion was the presence of acicular, cholesterol-like clefts in the lumens of bile ducts and in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Similar structures were also evident in the lumens of nephrons in association with segmental hyperplasia of the neighbouring tubular epithelium. The possible pathogenesis of the hepatogenous photosensitisation and its resemblance to geeldikkop are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Staggers in sheep associated with the ingestion of Tribulus terrestris.

The history of an unusual locomotory disturbance of sheep is traced from its first recognition in 1937 through to the most recent outbreak in 1981-83. The condition occurred only at certain times and in restricted areas of the central and northern slopes districts of New South Wales. Outbreaks were repeatedly associated with drought periods during which sheep grazed large areas of Tribulus terrestris for many months at a time. Many thousands of sheep were affected, but the prevalence varied greatly between flocks. The course of the disease was characterised by a slowly developing, irreversible, asymmetrical, weakness of the hindlimbs. The clinical signs suggested that a lesion of the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord region was present. The macroscopic and microscopic examination of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems failed to demonstrate abnormalities which would account for the clinical signs. Haematological, biochemical and toxicological test results supported the concept of a neuromuscular disease process being present, but failed to indicate its aetiology.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Two new sulfated furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris.

The known furostanol saponins methylprotodioscin and protodioscin and two new sulfated saponins, sodium salt of 26-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-22alpha-methoxy-(25R)-furost-5-ene-3beta,26-diol-3-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-4-O-sulfo-glucopyranoside (methylprototribestin) and sodium salt of 26-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-22alpha-hydroxy-(25R)-furost-5-ene-3beta,26-diol-3-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-4-O-sulfo-glucopyranoside (prototribestin) have been isolated from the aerial parts of Tribulus terrestris L. growing in Bulgaria. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D (DQF-COSY, TOCSY, HSQC-TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, ROESY) NMR data, ESI mass spectra and chemical transformation.

Bulgaria↗