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PubMed1987

Development and validation of an adjective check list to assess the Millon personality types in a normal population.

A 405-item experimental Personality Adjective Check List (PACL) was refined into a 153-item form to assess the personality types outlined by Millon (1969, 1981) in a normal population. Scale construction and validation followed a method outlined by Loevinger (1957, 1972). Nine scales were developed based on the responses of 459 men and women, one for each of Millon's eight basic personalities plus an Experimental scale measuring aspects of his three more severe types. Extensive reliability and validity analyses were conducted involving over 2,200 men and women from across the United States, including a factor analysis of scales. These revealed good internal consistency for each scale, good test-retest reliability over a 3-month period, adequate factor structure, and good convergent and discriminant validity based on self-report data. Results indicated that Millon's basic types exist in normal form much as they are postulated to exist as disorders. Research efforts focusing on Millon's theory as it applies to normals may bring a more complete understanding of the entire spectrum of personality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Learning preference and personality type: their association in paediatric residents.

The objective of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the learning preferences and personality types of residents in paediatrics. As part of a study to teach residents in paediatrics how to teach, the authors administered the Learning Preference Inventory (LPI) and Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation (FIRO-B) instruments to 55 residents in paediatrics at all three levels of training. The instruments provided data that were used to provide feedback to residents on their learning preferences and interaction styles, as well as how these factors might affect teaching and learning in the clinical setting. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine relationships between the LPI and the FIRO-B. Fifty-two of the 55 residents (95%) completed the instruments. The results revealed that residents' learning preferences were significantly related to their personality types. For example, residents with high inclusion and affection scores on the FIRO-B preferred learning with others, which was significantly related to their high interpersonal scores on the LPI. Residents with low inclusion and affection scores were more likely to prefer independent learning (high individual and student-structured scores on the LPI) and abstract learning at statistically significant levels. The scores obtained by residents in paediatrics on the LPI were strongly correlated with those obtained on the FIRO-B. These data may have important implications for the way in which staff recruit, counsel and teach residents. The fact that the LPI is easy to administer and does not purport to measure personality styles makes it an acceptable educational tool that can be used in many areas of training.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

Personality types, lifestyle, and sensitivity to mental stress in association with NK activity.

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 302 healthy Japanese male workers to make a mechanistic approach to the association between personality types and cancer; two types of personality, the emotionally unstable-introvert and the emotionally stable-extravert, were compared with each other in lifestyle, mental stress status, and biological markers such as plasma levels of neurotransmitters and NK activity of peripheral lymphocytes. We first found that emotionally unstable-introverts have a more unhealthy lifestyle associated with low NK activity than among stable-extraverts, along with higher sensitivity to mental stress (also known to suppress NK activity) than stable-extraverts. Second, emotionally unstable-introverts were found to have in fact decreased NK activity along with higher plasma levels of noradrenaline, when compared with stable-extraverts. Our results thus demonstrate that emotionally unstable-introverts have a decreased capacity of immunological host defense against cancer, which is possibly due to two factors, unhealthy lifestyle and high sensitivity to mental stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Field tests of a permeation-type personal monitor for vinyl chloride.

A passive dosimeter-type personal monitor for vinyl chloride has undergone extensive field testing. Collaborative studies by a number of laboratories confirm the accuracy, reliability, convenience and general acceptability of personal monitors utilizing gas permeation for sample collection and quantification. Data are generated as timeweighted averages and response is linear from 5 ppb to 50 ppm. The monitors which weigh only 35 g are unaffected by variations in environmental conditions.

Charcoal↗
PubMed2005

Personality types of entrepreneurs.

85 German entrepreneurs were psychometrically assessed on 12 primary trait characteristics. The sample consisted of 49 men and 36 women whose mean age was 45.6 yr. (SD= 10.3). Occupational domains were production (40%) and services (60%). The mean duration of entrepreneurship within these domains was 13.1 yr. (SD=9.3). By factor analysis five personality types of entrepreneurs could be identified: Creative Acquisitor, Controlled Perseverator, Distant Achiever, Rational Manager, and Egocentric Agitator. These types correspond with types found in research by Miner and with the Myer-Briggs Indicator. In addition, correlations between general type potential and both job and life satisfaction of entrepreneurs were found. The results are discussed with regard to intercultural stability of personality types and implications for research and application.

Entrepreneurship↗
PubMed1992

P300, probability, and introverted/extroverted personality types.

Extreme introverted and extroverted subject groups (n = 24 each) containing equal numbers of male and females were assessed with the P300 (P3) component of the event-related potential (ERP). A two-tone auditory discrimination task in which the probability of the target stimulus varied systematically in different conditions (.20, .40, .60, .80) was used to elicit the ERPs. The P3 amplitude demonstrated a significant interaction between personality type, probability, and subject gender and was generally smaller for introverts than for extroverts. Female subjects tended to have larger overall P3 components than male subjects. P3 latency was not affected by the personality variable. The results support previous findings for ERP differences between introverts and extroverts and suggest that personality type differentially influences target stimulus probability effects. The findings are discussed in terms of individual differences in cortical activity on P3 amplitude and personality measures.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

From Nutty Professor to Buddy Love--Personality types in modern science.

People often suggest that scientists should have a specific personality type, usually conscientious and self-critical. But this is a mistake. Science as a social system needs to be conscientious and self-critical, but scientists as people do not necessarily have to conform to that stereotype. Since science works by a process of selection, it makes sense to have a wide range of personalities in science. It takes all types. However, the selection pressures within science have changed over recent decades. In the past, a successful scientist often resembled the white-coated, bespectacled and introverted Nutty Professor in Jerry Lewis's movie of that name. But the modern science superstar is more like the Nutty Professor's alter ego, nightclub singer 'Buddy Love': a sharp-suited, good-looking and charismatic charmer. While Nutty was dull but impartial, Buddy is compelling but self-seeking. Our attitude towards public scientific pronouncements should be adjusted accordingly.

Culture↗
PubMed1979

Empirically derived personality types among male and female college students.

Data on the 16 PF obtained from 130 male and female college students were cluster analyzed to produce an empirical personality typology. Two different clustering algorithms were compared. Seven personality types emerged: 1) Well-Adjusted Conservative, 2) Ego-Involved Neurotic, 3) Norm Independent, 4) Socially-Detached Neurotic, 5) Superego Controlled, 6) Self-Assured Experimenter, and 7) Tough-Minded Controlled. Not only did the types differ significantly in personality, but they also were found to be significantly different on nine different measures of interpersonal orientation. Since the types did give intuitive insight into the nature of personality as particular combinations of personality traits and also were different on variables other than those used for the classification, the scientific utility of the typological approach received support.

Ego↗
PubMed1982

Personality types as measured by the 16 PF.

The possibility of isolating personality types using 16 PF profiles was studied by utilizing a Q-type factor analytic procedure. Four modal profiles, characteristic of major clusters of subjects, were derived and cross validated. These four major types successfully classified approximately 2/3 of the 16 PF protocols (n = 1037), and classified similar proportions of previously published profiles. Variation of classification rates as a function of race and sex was described, and strategies for utilizing the profiles for research and interpretive purposes were outlined.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Psychoanalytical personality types and agoraphobia.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychoanalytical personality types and agoraphobia. Thirty-two panic disorder with agoraphobia patients and 18 agoraphobia without panic disorder patients attending an inpatient 11-week behavioral-psychodynamic treatment program were assessed repeatedly from pretreatment to 2 years after the end of treatment. On personality scales measuring oral, obsessive, hysterical, and reality-weak traits, there were no differences between agoraphobic patients with and without panic disorder. The examined traits correlated across the period from pretreatment to 2-year follow-up, although the potential influence of symptoms were controlled for. Higher scores on the oral scale predicted poorer course of symptoms in the year immediately after treatment. Scores on the oral scale decreased with the improvements of agoraphobic and general symptoms, but did not attain a normal level. The results supported a combined predisposition-state model for the relationship between oral traits and agoraphobia.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

MMPI-based personality types among juvenile sexual offenders.

The MMPIs of 262 adolescent males who committed sexual offenses were categorized by means of cluster analysis into four distinct groups. Each of these groups was found to contain different two-point code types. Referral offense, historical and clinical data were compared for each of the four cluster groups and for each of the two-point code types; the latter provided more reliable discrimination among groups. The four modal personality types suggested by the cluster analysis indicate, contrary to previous research, that juvenile sexual offenders are a heterogeneous group who represent a wide variety of personality traits and levels of adaptation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Course of duodenal ulcer disease depending on personality type and effectiveness of differential psychotropic therapy].

AIM: To determine features of duodenal ulcer (DU) course as regards personality traits and to validate a differentiated approach to psychopharmacological correction of such patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The personality type was determined in 102 DU patients using an experimental psychological examination. RESULTS: Among the examinees, submissive and excitable personalities predominated (56.9 vs 43.1%, respectively). Submissive personalities were anxiously accentuated, moderately psychically rigid and moderately neurotic. Morphologically, they had diffuse fundal and antral gastritis with moderate H. pylori dissemination, intact acid production, ulcer size > 1 cm. Excitable personalities had antral gastritis with moderate H. pylori dissemination, high acid production, ulcer defect 0.6-0.9 cm. CONCLUSION: Anti-acid and eradication therapy in combination with individual psychotropic therapy (amitriptilin in submissive and nozepam in excitable personalities) reduced the time of DU healing and prevent recurrence for one year.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The effect of personality type on muscle coactivation during elbow flexion.

A great deal of interest has been generated recently regarding the influence that psychosocial factors may have on the reporting of and disability associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The current study considers the potential influence of one psychosocial factor--personality type--on basic neuromuscular control strategies and biomechanical loading. The study investigated the hypothesis that Type A people exhibit increased muscular antagonism relative to their Type B counterparts. Volunteers participated in an EMG-based biomechanical study to investigate the coactivation patterns of the major muscles that span the elbow joint during elbow flexion exertions. Results showed that, averaging across all conditions, the antagonist muscle activity was significantly higher for Type A individuals than for their Type B counterparts (10% of maximum for Type A, 5.5% of maximum for Type B). Although the study was somewhat limited in its size and scope, the results indicate that certain psychosocial factors may be more than a filter in postinjury response and may directly influence biomechanical loading. A potential application of this research is an increased awareness that certain individuals may be at greater risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Typus melancholicus personality type and the five-factor model of personality.

Personality traits are significant factors in the development and course of depression. Apart from the classical five-factor model of personality, other personality constellations, such as Tellenbach's Typus melancholicus, have been described in association with depressive disorder. Several instruments have been developed to assess the Typus melancholicus personality (TMP). A systematic comparison of these instruments has not been done to date. The goal of this study was the comparison of four questionnaires used in assessing TMP. Four TMP questionnaires were compared and their relationship to the five-factor model of personality was examined among 264 psychiatric patients and normal controls. It was found that the TMP type represents a trait distinct from those of the five-factor model. TMP inventories had only moderate concurrent validity. The single TMP scales focus on different aspects of the TMP, despite their common core. Both the five-factor personality traits and the TMP scales were able to differentiate a group of depressed patients from control groups. The results show that TMP is not one trait but a personality trait constellation. This leads to the conclusion that a number of dimensions must be taken into consideration in the construction of a TMP inventory. This multidimensionality contributes to the refinement of the TMP concept and differentiates its therapeutic implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Differentiation of personality types among opiate addicts.

A wide range of studies indicate that although sociopathic characteristics are predominant in opiate addiction, depressive and psychotic features are also frequently observed. To test the hypothesis that there are really three types of individuals who become addicted to opiates (rather than a single, predominant personality style), fifty-three opiate addicts were given the Loevinger Sentence Completion Test, the Bellak Ego Functions Interview, and the Rorschach. Variables derived from these three procedures were submitted to cluster and discriminant function analyses. Three groups of addicts were identified--those primarily with impaired interpersonal relationships and affective lability (42%), those primarily characterized by thought disorder and impaired ego functioning (30%), and a group with diminished ideational and verbal activity (28%). Comparison of the assessment of these three groups with independently defined normal, neurotic, and schizophrenic samples provided support for three opiate-addicted personality types, each respectively characterized as character disordered, borderline psychotic, and depressed. Although there seems to be a predominance of character-disordered individuals who become addicted to opiates, the data indicate several additional types of opiate addicts with different types of psychopathology who may require different approaches to management and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Concordance between self- and observer-ratings on Kasahara's Inventory for the Melancholic Type Personality.

The concordance between self- and observer-ratings was investigated for items on Kasahara's Inventory for the Melancholic Type Personality (KIMTP). Subjects consisted of 44 patients diagnosed with an ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for research (DCR) depressive episode (F32) or recurrent depressive disorder (F33) unipolar affective disorder, and 44 observers. Thirty-one of the 44 patients were diagnosed with endogenous depression. The observers consisted of five parents, eight children, thre siblings, 25 spouses, and three partners. Concordance was tested with Student's paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance intraclass correlation coefficient (ANOVA ICC). There was no statistical difference between the mean total self-rating score and the mean total observer-rating score in the endogenous depression group, but the mean total self-rating score was significantly higher than the mean total observer-rating score in the non-endogenous depression group. When the self and observer tests in this non-endogenous depression group were compared on an item-by-item basis, most items tended to receive higher scores from the self-raters than from the observer-raters. The ICC had good concordance for mean total self- and observer-ratings in the endogenous depression group but not the non-endogenous depression group. On an item-by-item basis, concordance was high between self- and observer-raters for more items in the endogenous depression group than in the non-endogenous depression group. There were some important differences between self- and observer-ratings for certain items in the non-endogenous depression group. Patients in this group tended to give higher scores to items representing Typus melancholicus in relation to scores given by observers.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

A pilot study of personality type change.

Three Developmentally Disabled adolescents and three counselors were administered the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator before and after token economy treatment was conducted in a half-way house. The first hypothesis that the personality type scores of the adolescents would become more similar to the personality of the counselors when comparing the pre-test and post-test measures had a proclivity to be supported. The second hypothesis that the personality scores of the adolescents would become more similar to the most extroverted counselor or an overall basis also had a proclivity to be supported. Suggestions for further research are provided.

Acting Out↗