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PubMed1986

Neurobehavioral screening in rats: validation study.

The usefulness of a neurobehavioral check-list for the detection and characterization of neurotoxic effects of chemical compounds was evaluated in rats. The animals were given single doses of the test compounds, and higher or lower doses of the substances were administered in subsequent weeks, depending on the outcome of the experiments. The testing procedure proved to be useful for detecting the neurobehavioral hazards of psychotherapeutics and other drugs with known neurobehavioral side-effects. However, the investigational technique was less satisfactory for evaluating alcohols and various neurotoxic agents. With these compounds, even repeated dosing did not improve the predictability of the testing scheme. Swimming performance was also investigated and was found to be impaired only in rats treated with neuroleptic drugs. Based on this validation study, the advantages and pitfalls of the neurobehavioral check-list approach are discussed.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1989

A murine local lymph node assay for the identification of contact allergens. Assay development and results of an initial validation study.

The development of an alternative predictive test for the identification of contact sensitizing chemicals is described. The method is based upon the fact that, following epicutaneous application, sensitizing chemicals initiate a primary immunological response in the draining lymph node(s) which is characterized by lymphocyte proliferation. Experimental conditions for the measurement in vitro of the induced lymph node cell proliferative response have been optimized. On the basis of the data presented a local lymph node assay was developed in which CBA/Ca strain mice were exposed daily, for 3 consecutive days, to various concentrations of the test chemical, or to vehicle alone, on the dorsum of the ear. Lymph node activation was measured subsequently as a function of increased node weight, the frequency of large pyroninophilic cells and lymphocyte proliferation in the presence or absence of an exogenous source of interleukin 2 (IL-2). The results of a validation study are reported in which 22 well-characterized sensitizing chemicals of varying potency were examined. With the exception of three chemicals where water was used as the application vehicle, positive responses, defined as a substantial increase in lymphocyte proliferative activity, were recorded with all these test materials. Under the conditions employed non-sensitizing chemicals, including non-sensitizing irritant chemicals, failed to influence the immunological status of the draining lymph node. Taken together, the data suggest that the local lymph node assay provides the basis for a rapid and cost-effective alternative to the currently available guinea pig predictive test methods. The local lymph node assay may be of particular value for the evaluation of coloured or irritant chemicals.

Allergens↗
PubMed1991

HLA class II (DR and DQ) antigen associations in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Validation study and meta-analysis of published HLA association studies.

We previously reported antigen frequency differences for HLA-DR4 and HLA-DRw6 between idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) patients and healthy controls in a pilot study. To confirm these findings, we undertook an independent study with a prospective hypothesis regarding the frequencies of DR4 and DRw6; typing for a second family of class II antigens (HLA-DQ) was included because of the proximity of the DQ loci to the DR loci and the strong linkage disequilibrium between some of the DR and DQ alleles. Comparing a new consecutive series of IDC patients (n = 41) and healthy blood bank controls (n = 53), we confirmed an increase of DR4 antigen frequency in patients (49% versus 21%, p less than 0.005). A trend toward decreased expression of DRw6 among patients was also noted (10% of patients versus 23% of controls). HLA-DQw4 was significantly elevated in patients compared with controls (27% versus 6%, p less than 0.005; relative risk, 6.1; etiologic fraction, 0.22). We identified the combined DR4-DQw4 haplotype in five of 41 Caucasian IDC patients (12%) and none of 53 controls (p less than 0.007). A comparison of specific antigen frequencies between the preliminary and validation studies did not reveal significant differences; therefore, the data from the two studies were examined in combination. For the combined studies, DR4 was elevated (51% versus 27% in controls, p less than 0.001), and DRw6 was decreased (9% versus 24% in controls, p less than 0.01). The relative risk for DR4 was 2.8, and the etiologic fraction was 0.33.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated↗
PubMed1990

Validity study of the Anxiety Symptoms Interview.

The Anxiety Symptoms Interview (ASI) is a diagnostic instrument designed to identify agoraphobia (with and without panic attacks), panic disorder, social phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder according to DSM-III criteria. The present study evaluated the diagnostic validity of this instrument by examining the extent to which ASI diagnoses assigned to 73 clinic patients agreed with diagnoses determined by clinicians. Most kappa coefficients and other concordance indicators were in the acceptable range or above, a finding that held for diagnoses overall and for specific diagnoses of agoraphobia with panic attacks, social phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder. However, none of the 73 patients had clinician-assigned diagnoses of panic disorder (that is, without agoraphobia) or agoraphobia without panic. Limitations and applications of the ASI are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The rorschach assessment of borderline defenses: a concurrent validity study.

This study assesses the concurrent validity of two Rorschach defense scales designed to identify borderline defensive structure. A Rorschach scale designed by Cooper and his colleagues was systematically compared to a defense scale constructed by Lerner and Lerner. Despite considerable overlap on a conceptual and operational level, the scales are based on divergent theoretical models (developmental arrest and fixation) and Rorschach units of analysis (all responses and human responses). Our results are based on the capacity of each scale to discriminate between independently diagnosed samples (neurotic, outpatient borderline, inpatient borderline, schizophrenic) and the relative discriminatory power of particular defenses within each scale to differentiate between groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Self-reported exercise behavior of employees: a validity study.

The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of different self-reported questions for measuring exercise behavior of 551 employees. Values of maximum oxygen intake, body mass index, muscular endurance, and a fitness profile, based on the individual results obtained from each of the three physiologic parameters, were used as validity criteria for the self-reported measures. The influence of fitness profile on the measures of exercise habits indicated that the fit employees reported a more active pattern of exercise behavior, participated in more strenuous physical activity, and expended a greater amount of energy in a typical week than the unfit employees. There was no gain obtained in explaining fitness categorization with a more elaborate method compared with a simple question in measuring exercise behavior. The results of the present study show that the suggested simple method (one question) for assessing exercise behavior of employees is valid and can be useful for nurses and company physicians when evaluating the baseline behavior of a group of employees to assess the impact of exercise promotion programs at the work site.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Death anxiety in cancer survival: a preliminary cross-validation study.

In an attempt to cross-validate the results with cancer survivors and to test its sensitivity to illness-related variables, the Death Anxiety Questionnaire (DAQ) was administered with measures of general anxiety, depression, somatization, and global psychological distress to 90 young adult men (60 Hodgkin's disease survivors, 30 testicular cancer survivors). There were no differences between groups on any of the dependent measures. Significant but weak to moderate intercorrelations confirmed that death anxiety is separate but related to general anxiety, depression, somatic distress, and global psychological distress. The DAQ was the most highly correlated with time elapsed since diagnosis, but no measure was significantly associated with extent of the disease at diagnosis (i.e., prognosis). Factor analysis of the DAQ provided confirmation of its multidimensionality and lent partial support to the presence of previously reported specific dimensions. The factor structure of the DAQ in cancer survivors may be different from that in the general population. Further study is needed to examine this aspect.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A validity study of four empathy instruments.

The construct validity of four empathy instruments were evaluated through examining group differences and correlations between tests. Subjects were 18 registered nurses (RNs) and 32 nursing assistants (NAs). Instruments used were the Empathy Test (Layton, 1979), the Carkhuff (1969a, 1969b) Empathic Understanding in Interpersonal Processes Scale, the empathy subtest of the Barrett-Lennard (1962) Relationship Inventory, and LaMonica's (1981) Empathy Construct Rating Scale (ECRS). The first hypothesis, that RNs would score significantly higher than NAs on all empathy measures, was confirmed (p less than .0003 to p less than .027). The second hypothesis, that the various empathy measures would be positively related, was partially confirmed. The Carkhuff scale was significantly correlated with the ECRS (r = .25, p less than .05). The ECRS and the Barrett-Lennard also were correlated (r = .78, p less than .001). Results are interpreted using Barrett-Lennard's (1981) theory of empathy.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1986

Chinese diagnostic interview schedule. II. A validity study on estimation of lifetime prevalence.

The validity of DIS-CM (Chinese modified version of Diagnostic Interview Schedule) was examined by analyzing lifetime prevalence of each age group, age at onset, and recency of illness. The magnitude of the discrepancy between the empirical and the estimated data was adopted as the criterion of the degree of deviation. Manic and depressive episodes were found to be seriously underestimated. Schizophrenic, panic, phobic and antisocial personality disorders were probably underestimated. The observed lifetime prevalence figures with DIS-CM are rather conservative for these disorders. The prevalence data of a recent 1-year period are less biased and more reliable. The nature of the disease, recall effect, active or passive psychological resistance, mortality, and uncooperative attitude are considered factors that induce an underestimate of lifetime prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Elizur test of psycho-organicity (adults). A cross-validation study.

In an effort to cross-validate the Elizur Test of Psycho-Organicity (performed on adults), a combined test used for the diagnosis of organic brain condition, 96 subjects were tested. The test can differentiate the "organic" and "non-organic" groups in a statistically significant manner. Eighty-five percent of the organics and 81% of the non-organics can be correctly identified by the test. In addition there is a significant correlation between the test findings and the electroencephalographic and radiographic results.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A validation study of a self-directed learning readiness scale.

In a study that investigated the predictive validity of a self-directed learning readiness scale (SDLRS), scores received by 63 first year nursing students on this scale were compared to alternate measures of self-directedness. These measures included nominations as self-directed learners by peers and faculty; entry grades from high school; and grades received at the end of the first year nursing program in five subjects. Results showed a significant correlation between SDLRS scores and peer nomination scores and between SDLRS scores and first year final subject grades. While these correlations were statistically significant, they explained only 7% and 8% of the variance thus not reaching an educationally meaningful level. Limitations of the alternate measures as a substitution for a "gold standard" are discussed.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMed1988

Single-sign Rorschach suicide indicators: a validity study using a depressed inpatient population.

This study attempted to test the validity of using single responses on the Rorschach as indicators of current suicidal risk. Forty-one depressed inpatients were administered the Rorschach along with a concurrent measure of depression and suicidality. Appelbaum and Holzman's (1962) color-shading sign was found to be related to low suicidal risk, whereas Blatt and Ritzler's (1974) transparency sign was found to be unrelated to current suicidal risk, but still related to a past history of suicide attempts. Patients who saw these signs while depressed were also likely to see them when recovered, suggesting that the signs may indicate a "suicidal personality" who may or may not be in any immediate danger of committing suicide.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A validity study of the Neural Efficiency Analyzer in relation to selected measures of intelligence.

This study attempted to determine the validity of the Ertl Neural Efficiency Analyzer as a measure of intellectual ability by using NEA-Alpha and Neural Efficiency scores to predict collage grade point average (GPA) both alone and in combination with paper-and-pencil measures of intelligence for 22 male and 64 female college students. Results indicate that NEA-Alpha scores can predict GPA with moderate sucess and also that NEA-Alpha scores account for variability in grade point average not associated with paper-and-pencil tests.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence-assisted histopathological diagnosis of endocervical gastric-type adenocarcinoma: a multicenter model development and validation study.

Endocervical gastric-type adenocarcinoma (GAS) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of cervical cancer and is frequently underdiagnosed due to morphological ambiguity, leading to delayed diagnosis. Despite the availability of molecular and genomic assays, their high cost, complexity, and limited reproducibility restrict clinical use. This study therefore proposes a highly sensitive artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted diagnostic system for GAS based exclusively on H&E-stained histopathological images. We included 309 slides from 96 GAS cases collected at Peking University Third Hospital from January 2018 to January 2025, representing the largest GAS cohort reported to date for AI research. In addition, we incorporated other morphologically analogous diseases, encompassing a total of 1,320 slides sourced from four categories: normal cervical mucosa (NORM), benign endocervical lesion entities (BELE), HPV-associated adenocarcinoma (HPVA), and endometrioid carcinoma with mucinous differentiation (ECMD). We developed GASPath, based on a novel multiple instance learning framework that efficiently captures fine-grained morphological variations from H&E-stained images. Beyond internal validation, GASPath was evaluated across 12 independent retrospective cohorts and further subjected to large-scale real-world validation on more than 7,000 samples from March 2024 to April 2025. Across three stages, GASPath demonstrated high performance. In internal validation (Stage I), it achieved an accuracy of 0.980 (95% CI 0.977-0.983) and an ROC-AUC of 0.995 (95% CI 0.994-0.997). In external validation (Stage II), the sensitivity reached 0.902 and improved to 0.968 with proposed strategies. For biopsy samples, GASPath achieved an ROC-AUC of 0.990 (95% CI 0.984-0.997). In large-scale real-world deployment (Stage III, n = 7,056), GASPath achieved a balanced accuracy of 0.953, with 100% sensitivity for GAS (45/45 cases correctly identified). The heatmaps highlight morphological features of GAS that are easily underestimated, such as irregular, angulated glands, subtle loss of nuclear polarity, and mild cytologic atypia, which show substantial morphological overlap with other diagnostic categories. GASPath enables high-sensitivity detection of GAS in routine H&E-stained slides, obviating the need for extensive auxiliary testing while preventing underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis. This advancement addresses a critical gap by streamlining diagnostic workflows without compromising accuracy. Its implementation could enable cost-effective, scalable AI-assisted diagnostics, potentially transforming the early detection and management of this aggressive cancer subtype.

Female↗
PubMed1975

Attachment behavior: a validation study in two age groups.

To assess the validity of attachment scores derived from the Ainsworth "strange situation," 56 1-year-olds and 79 2-year-olds accompanied by either the mother, the father, or a brief acquaintance were studied. Proximity to the adult, duration of play, crying, activity, and the incidence of looks and distance bids were measured. 1-year-olds were more secure with their parents: they were more active, played more, cried less, and stood closer to their parents than to an acquaintance. 2-year-olds accompanied by their parents were less settled in the presence of a stranger than children accompanied by the acquaintance. The adequacy of current conceptions and measures of attachment was discussed in light of these results.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Cross-validation study of the personality aspects of involvement in pilot-error accidents.

Pilot-error accidents have dominated accident statistics consistently from the 1940s to the present. Sanders and Hofmann (3) found that three factors from Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) significant differences (p less than 0.05) between pilot-error accident groups and were used to correctly classify 86% of the aviators tested as to their previous pilot-error accident involvement. There were 66 aviators given the 16 PF in the present study in an attempt to cross-validate the findings reported in the original study. The results indicate that the personality factors did not significantly discriminate between the pilot-error accident groups. The primary personality differences between the present sample and the original sample were due to variations in the pilot-error accident-free groups. The findings indicate that individual differences in personality characterstics of the aviators prevent consistent identification of traits associated with pilot-error groups.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1992

A validity study of the posture and fine motor assessment of infants.

This study investigated the concurrent and construct validity of the Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants (PFMAI) (Case-Smith, 1991). The subjects were 90 infants, 65 of whom were healthy and full-term and 25 of whom were premature and had medical risk factors. Concurrent validity was investigated through administration of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (Folio & Fewell, 1983) and the PFMAI (n = 25). Strong positive correlations resulted between the Peabody Gross Motor scale and PFMAI Posture scale and between the Peabody Fine Motor scale and PFMAI Fine Motor scale. Concurrent validity was also measured through correlation scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley, 1969) with scores on the PFMAI. The correlations between the Bayley Motor scale and the PFMAI Posture scale and between the Bayley Mental scale and the PFMAI Fine Motor scale were high. Construct validity was estimated through an evaluation of how accurately the PFMAI discriminated between the premature subjects and the full-term subjects. A discriminant analysis indicated that the PFMAI accurately classified 78% of the subjects as being either premature or full-term (i.e., 80% of the full-term subjects and 72% of the premature subjects). When the premature subjects were categorized as low-risk or high-risk according to their medical histories, the PFMAI accurately classified 66.7% of the total subject population as full-term, low-risk premature, or high-risk premature. These results indicate that the PFMAI has the adequate reliability and validity necessary for use as a clinical and a research instrument.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Brain Damage, Chronic↗