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An epoxy-hydroxy compound, 10-hydroxy-11,12-epoxy-eicosa-5,8,14-trienoic acid, has been identified as a product on incubation of arachidonic acid with washed blood platelets from human, horse, cat, dog and rabbit. Gas chromatographic - mass spectrometric (GC-MS) evidence of structure is discussed.
1. The patterns of 14CO2 evolution from specifically labeled glucose substrates by washed bull, ram, boar, rabbit, dog, rooster and turkey spermatozoa were similar and indicated the Embden-Meyerhof and Kreb's cycle pathways as the major route of energy metabolism. 2. Honey bee spermatozoa metabolized glucose-3,4-[14C], glucose-[U-14C] or fructose-[U-14C], but not glucose-1-[14C], glucose-2-[14C]or glucose-6-[14C], indicating the presence of the glycolytic pathway, but the absence of respiration via the Kreb's cycle. 3. The rate of glycolysis exceeded the rate of respiration in the spermatozoa of all the species studied. 4. A preferential utilization of glucose-1-[14C] over glucose-6-[14C] was evident in some sperm samples, but no consistent indication of pentose cycle metabolism was observed, due to considerable variability between samples within each group. 5. Fructose metabolism was greater than glucose metabolism in the rooster, less in the dog, boar and turkey, and similar in the spermatozoa from the other species examined. 6. Only ram and bull spermatozoa metabolized acetate-1-[14C] to any extent.
Well-washed erythrocytes from normal persons were agglutinated by antisera to C3, C3d, and C4, and this agglutination was specifically inhibited by the corresponding C3 or C4 protein. C3 and C4 antigenic determinants were present on the red blood cells of freshly shed blood promptly anticoagulated with EDTA, heparin, ACD, or CPD, and no significant changes in degree of agglutination were observed on storage of EDTA or CPD blood for two weeks at 4 C. Marked differences in degree of agglutination by anti-C3, anti-C3d, and anti-C4 were observed when erythrocytes of 16 normal persons were assayed, and significant correlations were obtained when the quantitative results with any two antisera were compared. Anti-C3c did not agglutinate erythrocytes from normal persons, suggesting that the C3 antigens detected on normal cells are carried by the C3d fragment. To avoid significant agglutination of the erythrocytes from some normal persons, very dilute preparations of anti-C3, -C3d, and -C4 had to be used for instrumented diagnostic direct antiglobulin tests. Stronger reagents could be used for indirect antiglobulin tests when the result of a suitable control could be subtracted.
Two hundred throat washings, previously screened and presumed negative for Mycoplasma pneumoniae in conventional mycoplasma culture media, were retested for the organism in a modified medium (PS-4) initially developed for cultivation of a tick-derived Mycoplasma (spiroplasma). The organism was rapidly identified with an agar plate immunofluorescence procedure. M. pneumoniae was isolated from 69 (34.5%) of the 200 "negative" specimens cultured on a diphasic SP-4 medium, in contrast to 10 isolations (5%) made on conventional diphasic mycoplasma medium. This enhanced recovery of M. pneumoniae represented a combination of a superior culture medium and a more efficient identification technique. The findings suggest that these procedures might be effectively applied to the recovery of M. pneumoniae from all likely host and that improved recovery of the organism may aid in the interpretation of a number of puzzling questions about the epidemiology of M. pneumoniae infections.
Traces of the exonuclease RNAse II are retained by E. coli ribosomes purified by conventional high salt washing. The residual activity can give rise to serious artifacts, especially in physical studies.
An efficient device for the staining and washing of up to fourteen grids simultaneously is described. It is simply constructed from inexpensive laboratory materials and is easy to load and operate.
The tensile bond strengths of composites to enamel etched with various concentrations of phosphoric acid have been shown to correlate closely with the phase diagram for the system Ca(OH)2/H3PO4/H2O. Bond strengths were independent of the adhesive used and were a maximum when using approximately 20% phosphoric acid as etchant. High bond strengths were obtained with 2% phosphoric acid etchant without 'tag' formation, after short term water immersion. Washing the enamel for 60 s instead of 15 s after etching significantly increased the bond strengths obtained with 16 and 30% acid but not with 2%. Etching enamel with phosphoric acid results in deposition of calcium phosphates, which must be removed to give optimal bonding.
Two iodophor preparations, Betadine and Prepodyne, used as handwashing antiseptics in two well-baby nurseries, were compared. A total of 1,806 cultures were evaluated. They were taken a) from nurses' hands after washing with either of the products to determine the effectiveness in removing bacteria from the skin suface, b) from the babies' umbilicuses to assess the level of colonization of the infants' skin surfaces to which nurses were exposed during infant bathing, and c) from the nurses' hands immediately after completion of the babies' bathing routine. The results obtained indicated that the products are equally effective in eliminating bacteria in a routine handwashing procedure in similar circumstances. Both presented a comparable skin drying effect after repeated exposures and did not lead to any allergic reaction in the present trial.
Uterine washes collected from 200 barren mares were examined at the Khartoum veterinary clinic during the period May 1977 to May 1978. A variety of bacteria was isolated from 77 per cent of the mares investigated. Thirty mares were treated by parenteral injection and intrauterine infusion of the appropriate antibiotics. Twenty-one of these mares conceived, of which 17 delivered normal foals and 4 had early embryonic deaths.
Immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies were measured by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay in serum, bronchoalveolar washings (BAW), lung cell lysates, and spleen cell lysates in germfree mice after intranasal (i.n.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) primary and secondary 10(5), 10(4), and 10(3) mean tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50)) of live parainfluenza 1 (Sendai) virus. The earliest antibody detected in lungs after i.n. virus challenge was immunoglobulin G (IgG), followed by IgM and, lastly, IgA. The local IgA response after both primary and secondary i.n. virus challenge was lowest after the severest infection. It is suggested that the delayed appearance of IgA antibody and the lower response after severe lung damage may be related to a temporary local secretory component-producing cell deficiency. The lungs were a major source of serum IgG antibody after both primary and secondary i.n. virus challenge. Only IgG and IgM antibodies were detectable in lung cell lysates after the i.n. 10(3) TCID(50) secondary response. A secondary response was detected in IgG, IgA, and IgM after secondary i.n. challenge with the other two doses. The lung response to all of primary and secondary i.p. doses of virus was exclusively IgG and IgM. Calculation of radioimmunoassay antibody per microgram of IgG, IgA, and IgM in serum and BAW after both i.n. and i.p. virus challenges showed that, when BAW antibody was present, the ratio in BAW was always higher than that in serum. This finding in the i.n. mice, together with the presence of IgA antibody-containing cells in the lungs, strongly indicates local manufacture and secretion of IgA antibodies in these animals and suggests that the same conclusion could apply to local IgG and IgM antibodies after both i.n. and i.p. challenges.
Secondary alkylsulfatases (S-1 and S-2) were detected in Pseudomonas C12B cultured in minimal media lacking alkylsulfatases. The synthesis of these enzymes was not repressed by SO4-2- and L-cysteine or derepressed by L-methionine. Growth on 4% sodium citrate caused a 98% loss in the secondary alkylsulfatase activity of cells and 9% of this activity was detected in the culture medium. Citrate (20 mM) inhibited the activity of cell extracts (18%) but the inhibition was reversible by dialysis. The primary alkylsulfatase content of cells was not diminished by growth on citrate. The MgCl2 concentration of the medium also influenced the cellular levels of secondary alkylsulfatase. Bacteria grown on MgCl2 (0.05 mM - 40 mM) exhibited progressively increasing activity while the converse distribution was observed for activity present in the medium after growth at each MgCl2 concentration. Both primary and secondary alkylsulfatases were released when cells were either subjected to osmotic shock or treated for cell wall removal. Cells washed with 0.085 M sodium citrate-10 mM Tris-20%sucrose released roughly 87% of both enzymes and MgCl2 (0.04 M) inhibited the release of primary alkylsulfatase by 11% and secondary alkylsulfatase by 50%. It is suggested that citrate chelates divalent cations necessary for the attachment of secondary alkylsulfatase at the cell periphery.
The effects of Yunnan Bai Yao on platelets was investigated in the absence of plasma co-factors. Platelets were washed with Tyrode's solution and incubated with this herbal drug at 37 degrees C. It was found that this drug can, to a lesser extent, also induce the release of platelet constituents in the absence of the plasma co-factors. The possible action of this drug is also discussed.
The values for total RBF measured with 133Xe and 86Rb methods are nearly equal to that measured simultaneously with an electromagnetic flowmeter. A high degree of correlation was found between the values estimated by the three methods. No significant correlation was, however, found in the perfusion of the individual kidney regions (cortex, outer and inner medulla) measured with 133Xe wash-out and 86Rb uptake techniques.
For 141 workers in the washing powder industry in Maribor (Group A) and 68 workers of vegetables' shops to determine the risk of sensitization for house-wives handling enzymes detergents (Group B) as a control group the results of diagnostic investigations as well as analyses of protective measures to proteolytic enzymes are contrasted. Within the Group A eight subgroups according to exposition to proteolytic enzymes powder are evaluated. Especially elucited are the results of skin testing (Scratch-tets with Maxatase, Alcalase and culture extract from B. subtilis) and with proteolytic enzymes powder, the lung function tests (vitalogram, spirogram, pneumometer-test diffusion-test and sometimes the blood gas tests), cytological examinations of nasal mucosa and simultaneously taking a blood sample for determination of concentration of total serum IgE and precipitins to enzymes extracts.
Platelet-aggregating factor (PAF) was removed from bovine plasma by human platelets fixed with 2% formaldehyde. The degree of adsorption was directly related to the platelet concentration and the length of incubation. Fixed washed platelets (FWP) aggregated with bovine plasma could be deaggregated by 1M KCl, Evans blue, and 8M urea but not by beta-galactosidase. Incubation with 1M KCl eluted some but not all of the PAF, as the deaggregated platelets spontaneously aggregated upon removal of the deaggregating conditions. Also, fixed platelets adsorbed PAF even in the presence of 1M salt or after treatment with Evans blue. Platelet aggregation was not affected by thrombin (20 micron/ml) but was abolished by trypsin at concentrations as low as 4 X 10(-1) microgram/ml. The data suggest that deaggregation is not the result of elution of the loosely bound aggregating factor from the platelet surface, but rather the disruption of noncovalent interplatelet bridging between one or more PAF molecules bound to a specific receptor.
Over the last few years, the apparition of severe broncho-pulmonary suppurations in relation with an often poly-immune bacterial flora presents intricate therapeutic problems. The use of broncho-fibroscopy to enable several focussed cycles of broncho-pulmonary aspiration-washing perfusion, gave us interesting results.
The properties of haemoglobin oxygen transport were compared under three different conditions: red cell in its natural medium, i.e. plasma (whole blood), washed red cell and haemoglobin A, the former suspended, the latter solved in an iso-osmotic tris buffer. The oxygen haemoglobin affinity (expressed as P50) and the respiratory Bohr effect variations were studied with modified media and unchanged pH and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration. Provided they are refered to intra-erythrocytic pH, none of these values were changed when varying environment. These results suggest that the three major ligands (H+ ions, 2,3-DPG and CO2) interaction with haemoglobin is largely predominant upon other factors which would interfere, and can completely account for oxygen transport by haemoglobin.
Naso-gastric tube aspirates were taken from patients with drug overdoses who had been given a gastric lavage and admitted to the resuscitation ward. Although care was taken to conduct thorough washouts, it was found that these were not always efficient. In several cases an amount equivalent to a therapeutic dose of drug was recovered in later aspirates. There was no correlation between the amount of drug recovered in the initial stomach washings and that found in the aspirates. It was concluded that routine aspiration of gastric contents at hourly intervals after admission was of considerable value in removing any residual drugs.