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PubMed2024

Networks of human milk microbiota are associated with host genomics, childhood asthma, and allergic sensitization.

The human milk microbiota (HMM) is thought to influence the long-term health of offspring. However, its role in asthma and atopy and the impact of host genomics on HMM composition remain unclear. Through the CHILD Cohort Study, we followed 885 pregnant mothers and their offspring from birth to 5 years and determined that HMM was associated with maternal genomics and prevalence of childhood asthma and allergic sensitization (atopy) among human milk-fed infants. Network analysis identified modules of correlated microbes in human milk that were associated with subsequent asthma and atopy in preschool-aged children. Moreover, reduced alpha-diversity and increased Lawsonella abundance in HMM were associated with increased prevalence of childhood atopy. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified maternal genetic loci (e.g., ADAMTS8, NPR1, and COTL1) associated with HMM implicated with asthma and atopy, notably Lawsonella and alpha-diversity. Thus, our study elucidates the role of host genomics on the HMM and its potential impact on childhood asthma and atopy.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

Possible immediate hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa to oral contraceptives.

Nasal provocation tests with suspension of oral contraceptive drugs (OCD) as well as of their components (Estrogen, Progestin, Non-hormonal components) were performed in two groups of women, mostly suffering from perennial rhinitis or pollinosis, and all taking oral contraceptive drugs. Thirteen of the 15 patients from the first experimental group, in whom the increase of the nasal complaints was anamnestically related to the oral contraception, and three of the 34 patients from the second experimental group (without anamnestical relation to the oral contraception) demonstrated a positive nasal mucosa response after topical challenge with OCD. All OCD positively reacting patients showed also a positive nasal mucosa response after challenge with the Estrogen and one patient also after Progestin challenge. Non-hormonal components did not cause any reaction. This nasal mucosa response was interpreted as a possible allergic reaction. Type I (immedicate hypersensitivity of the nasal mucosa due to Estrogen in blood contraceptives. This response begins within 10 minutes, reaches its maximum within 30 minutes, and does not disappear completely within 60 minutes in most patients. None of the patients from control groups (atopy--without OCD; OCD takers--without atopy; male volunteers without atopy) demonstrated any positive nasal mucosa response to OCD or their components.

Contraceptives, Oral↗

PubMed1978

Computer analysis of allergic histories taken by questionnaire.

We report the development of a detailed allergy questionnaire designed so that the answers can be typed into a mini-computer. Computer programmes have been written to file and to retrieve these answers, and to print a summary which is then 'weighed', so as to produce a clinical atopy score which is then further broken down into indoor and outdoor scores. In a pilot survey of ninety patients, their clinical atopy scores and immunoglobulin E (IgE) profiles have been compared, and additional computer programmes have been written which will (a) assess if a more detailed IgE investigations is warranted, and (b) suggest which allergens, if any, are likely to be responsible for the patients' symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Atopic allergy and serum IgE in randomly selected eight-year-old children.

The incidence of atopic allergy and serum IgE levels as well as specific IgE antibodies was studied in a randomly selected sample of 164 8-year-old children who were followed-up for 2 years. The total incidence of atopic disease was 18.9 per cent. Serum IgE levels were above + 2 s.d. for the age before the onset of atopic disease in seven of 11 children who developed an atopic disease during the observation period. The direct paper disc sandwich radioimmunoassay, PRIST, equalled the Phadebas IgE test for discriminating between atopy and non-atopy, but PRIST is preferred because of its simplicity. Actual or future atopic disease disease is most probable when the serum IgE is above the + 2 s.d. limit for age. Serum IgE levels below the geometrical mean for age are rarely found in atopic disease. An IgE determination with PRIST will give more discriminative information than the family history and is recommended for routine purposes when there is a history of possible atopic allergy in a child.

Child↗

PubMed1977

Keratoconus and coexisting atopic disease.

The association of keratoconus and atopic disease has been reported on several occasions but the only controlled clinical study that has so far been published found no evidence to support this view. Since it is now known that atopy is often associated with changes in various immunoglobulins, particularly IgE, it was considered desirable to determine the immunological profiles of a large series of keratoconus cases in order to seek evidence for coexistence of the two conditions in one individual. In this study of 182 cases of keratoconus a definite history of atopy was found in 35% compared with 12% in the matched control group. The serum IgE was significantly raised (P less than 0.001) in keratoconus and markedly so in those cases with associated atopic disease. Serum levels of IgG and IgM were also raised, but contrary to the findings of other observers IgA levels were normal. These findings suggest that atopic traits are more common in patients with keratoconus than in general ophthalmic patients.

Female↗

PubMed1978

Study of 8-year-old children with a history of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy.

Thirty-five children known to have had respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy were examined at the age of 8 and their respiratory function tested. The results were compared with those in 35 controls matched for age, sex, and social class. Although 18 of the children who had had bronchiolitis in infancy had experienced subsequent episodes of wheezing, these were neither severe nor frequent in most cases and had apparently ceased by the age of 8. Nevertheless, the mean exercise bronchial lability of the children who had had bronchiolitis was significantly higher than that of the control children and the mean peak expiratory flow rate at rest significantly lower. Atopy, assessed by family and personal history alone, did not seem to be related to either bronchiolitis or wheezing episodes after bronchiolitis. The parents of the children who had had bronchiolitis smoked significantly more cigarettes during the infant's first year of life than those of the control children. The results suggest that bronchiolitis and childhood asthma are not closely related. Bronchial hyperreactivity might be inherited independently of atopy, but environmental factors seem the most likely link between severe respiratory infection in infancy and chronic or recurrent respiratory illness in adult life.

Asthma↗

PubMed1979

Factors influencing the prevalence of asthma among first degree relatives of extrinsic and intrinsic asthmatics.

The prevalence of asthma, hay fever, and eczema was examined in first degree relatives of extrinsic (atopic) and intrinsic (non-atopic) asthmatics attending the asthma clinics of the Brompton Hospital and the Doncaster Royal Infirmary. In both the Doncaster and Brompton populations the prevalence of asthma, hay fever, and eczema was significantly higher among relatives of extrinsic than among relatives of intrinsic asthmatics. Furthermore, the prevalence of these traits tended to be higher among siblings of extrinsic probands with one or both parents affected than among siblings of probands with neither parent affected. Most importantly, the prevalence of asthma among first degree relatives was positively correlated with the prevalence of hay fever or eczema or both among relatives and with the degree of atopy in the probands. These findings are consistent with the results of previous investigations in which the expression of asthma was shown to depend on a genetic predisposition to the trait as well as exposure to environmental provoking agents. We further suggest that the presence of atopy in genetically predisposed individuals increases the risk of developing asthma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Immunoglobulin E (IgE), an aid in the classification of occupational dermatoses?

During an 18-month period determinations of immunoglobulin E(IgE) in serum were made on all (631) new patients referred to the Department of Occupational Dermatology, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm. The mean for the entire series was 238 units/ml (U): 280 U for the 323 men and 196 U for the 308 women. The IgE values for the different age groups, clinical diagnoses and sexes are presented. About 20% of the patients with normal IgE (less than 250 U) had a history of atopy. On the other hand about 30% of the patients with pathological IgE value (greater than 1000 U) had no such history. No explanation of this rise of IgE without concurrent atopy was discovered despite detailed laboratory tests. Our impression is that the IgE value has a prognostic significance and that, especially for the question of choice or change of occupation in cases of dermatitis, the determination of IgE is of value.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Serum IgE in dermatitis and dermatosis: an analysis of 497 cases.

Serum IgE values from 497 patients with various forms of dermatitis, dermatosis, and tinea pedis were analyzed statistically and compared with values from 95 normal controls. The median and geometric mean values were significantly elevated (except in acne without atopy, lichen planus, and tinea pedis), even after exclusion of patients with a history of atopy or of cutaneous reaction to food or drugs. Serum IgE levels and atopic dermatitis have a close correlation. A modest positive correlation (p approximately equal to .05) appeared between the log serum IgE level and peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count in 80 cases of atopic dermatitis. A unique group of adult nonatopic patients had acquired generalized dermatitis and markedly elevated serum IgE levels (greater than 12,000 ng/ml). Our results suggest that, in most common dermatologic disorders, elevated serum IgE is a secondary phenomenon rather than a primary causative factor.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1978

[Some atypical forms of eczema in children (author's transl)].

Among 466 children under the age of 12 years who presented with eczema in a 5-year period, 68 p. 100 were atopic. 136 had various atypical signs of atopy. 44 suffered from pityriasis alba of sufficient intensity to justify referral for this reason; 10 had the typical features of seborrhoeic dermatitis of infants. 27 suffered from "forefoot" eczema ("juvenile plantar dermatosis"). The course and characteristics of this condition are discussed and compared with the series recently described in the West of Scotland. Our cases were exactly similar except for an aggravation in the summer months and the fact that our cases responded poorly to topical corticosteroids alone though improved with coal tar. Atopy and contact sensitivity to shoe materials are rare in both groups. We feel that this may be classified as "frictional" dermatitis and agree with our Scottish colleagues that the introduction of nylon socks during the last ten years may be important.

Child↗

PubMed1978

Chronic rhinitis in the pre-school child.

The etiologic role of atopy in chronic rhinitis in 40 infants and pre-school children was investigated and the long-term effectiveness and safety of promethazine studied during six to 48 months. Twenty children were clearly atopic and 16 were not. Four had incomplete laboratory evidence of atopy. In addition to clinical histories and physical findings, the subjects were evaluated by skin tests for common allergens. RAST tests, total IgE levels and absolute eosinophil counts. Promethazine in doses of 3 to 12 mg/kg/day (mean 8 mg) was administered in divided doses, four times a day for perennial rhinitis and on "as required" basis for recurrent and seasonal rhinitis. Side effects included drowsiness and irritability, which led to discontinuance of promethazine in one subject. There was no laboratory evidence of hematologic, renal or hepatic abnormalities. Promethazine was found to be an effective agent for symptom-control of chronic rhinitis in the pre-school child.

Asthma↗

PubMed1979

Nasal polypectomy in patients with asthma and sensitivity to aspirin.

Nasal polypectomy is safe in patients with asthma and intolerance to aspirin. Asthma should be controlled before polypectomy. Patency of the nasal airway after the operation and the effect of polypectomy on asthma are independent of severity of the asthma, history of atopy, and administration of steroids. We reviewed retrospectively the courses of 101 patients with the asthma triad who had nasal polypectomies between 1970 and 1974. Before polypectomy, 39 patients were hospitalized to control active asthma: during the postoperative hospitalization, 19 had wheezing, mostly mild. Of the 62 patients with inactive asthma, three had wheezing postoperatively. Asthmatic condition at one year after polypectomy, compared with the condition at one year before, was improved in 30 patients, worse in 14, and unchanged in the rest. Nasal airways remained good for at least one year in 60% of the patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

The role of IgE in the immune response to neoplasia: a review.

The role of IgE in the immune response to neoplasia has received little attention despite suggestive evidence for an IgE response to tumor specific antigens. A complex interrelationship is known to exist between basophils, eosinophils, histamine, complement, and T cells. The latter cells are known to play a central role in the immune response to neoplasia and, in addition, are now considered important in the production and regulation of IgE, the molecule that may supply an important link between pharmacological and cellular dynamics of a successful anti-tumor response. The evidence for an IgE role in the immune response to tumors, the relationship between atopy and cancer, and the possible mechanisms whereby IgE could enhance tumor rejection are discussed in this review.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunological studies in inflammatory bowel disease.

Three aspects of immunological function were studied in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (inflammatory bowel disease): atopic status and serum IgE levels; serum concentration of C-reactive protein; and C3 activation. The incidence of atopy, assessed by prick testing with common allergens, did not differ in patients with inflammatory bowel disease from healthy controls. 12 of 39 patients with Crohn's disease and 5 of 20 with ulcerative colitis, among whom were some non-atopic subjects, had elevated serum levels of IgE. Serum levels of C-reactive protein in patients were significantly greater than normal, even in those in whom the disease was clinically quiescent. Symptomatic patients with Crohn's disease had significantly higher levels than similar patients with ulcerative colitis and in Crohn's disease the levels correlated well with an overall assessment of severity and disease activity. Although conversion of C3 was detected in fresh serum samples from inflammatory bowel disease patients and not controls, only minimal traces were present in just 7 of 89 samples of EDTA--plasma from 47 patients; this finding did not correlate with disease activity. However, there were low titres of immunoconglutinin in the sera of some patients, but not in controls, suggesting that complement activation may be occurring in vivo.

C-Reactive Protein↗

PubMed1979

Anaphylactoid reaction to mannitol.

A 16-year old boy with a lesion of the right eye developed, during the preoperative administration of a mannitol infusion, an anaphylactoid reaction characterized by hypotension, periorbital oedema and bronchospasm. This quickly resolved following cessation of the infusion and appropriate therapeutic measures. There were no long-lasting effects. We considered mannitol the causative agent because of its temporal relationship to the reaction and our inability to seriously implicate any other medication. A history of childhood atopy may have been a predisposing factor.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Pancuronium and histamine release.

Both d-tubocurarine and pancuronium release histamine in the skin: both have been shown to cause bronchospasm after intravenous injection. It is unlikely that skin testing with either drug will detect an individual susceptibility to bronchospasm, except as a non-specific test for atopy.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Defective monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in atopic disease.

Monocyte (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte chemotaxis was studied in 17 atopic children with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (IgE), 9 age- and diagnosis-matched children with normal IgE levels, 10 pediatric controls, and 45 adult controls. Twenty-one of the 26 atopic patients had eczema, while 5 had only respiratory allergies. All patients were free of infection and receiving no systemic corticosteroids. Depressed PMN chemotaxis was found in only one patient. Defects of MN chemotaxis were detected in 8 of 17 atopic children with IgE and 2 of 9 with normal IgE values. Seven of 21 patients with atopic eczema and 3 of 5 with respiratory allergies had depressed MN chemoatxis. No evidence was found for a cell-directed chemotactic inhibitor in the plasma of patients with abnormal MN chemotaxis. These data demonstrate that: (1) MN chemotaxis is frequently depressed in uninfected atopic patients; (2) this abnormality occurs in patients with respiratory allergies as well as in those with eczema and is more prevalent in atopics with IgE; and (3) PMN chemotactic defects are uncommon in allergic patients. Whether abnormal MN chemotaxis is a primary or a secondary event in atopy requires further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Distribution of peripheral blood T and B lymphocyte markers in atopic children and changes during immunotherapy.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from children undergoing evaluation for allergic disease were examined for T and B lymphocyte markers. Patients were evaluated at intervals to determine differences in these markers between atopic and nonatopic children and relative changes during immunotherapy. T lymphocytes were identified by the sheep RBC rosette technique. Surface immunoglobulin was detected by immunofluorescence following incubation with fluorescein-labeled antihuman IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE. At initial examination, atopic patients differed from controls only in the increased percentage of lymphocytes bearing surface IgM. There were no differences between patient and control values in T lymphocyte distribution or in cells bearing surface IgG, IgA, or IgE at any point in the study. The increased percentage of IgM-bearing lymphocytes is reduced to the control level after four months of immunotherapy but remains elevated in the untreated atopic group. Serum IgM levels remained constant. This study shows that the distribution of lymphocyte markers may be altered in atopic children. Patients treated with immunotherapy demonstrated a return to control values of IgM-bearing lymphocytes. The elevated serum IgE seen in atopy was not reflected in an elevated percentage of IgE-bearing lymphocytes.

Adolescent↗