Construct validation of distance run tests.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “construct validity”
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Comparison of seriation and multidimensional scaling: two techniques for validating constructs in physical education.
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Humans↗
Six years of comprehensive, clinical, performance-based assessment using standardized patients at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.
By the end of 1990-91, the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine had had six years of experience with comprehensive, performance-based examinations of senior medical students' levels of clinical competence; this report assesses the psychometric aspects of the six examinations given during that period. The examinations were aimed at determining the students' readiness for postgraduate training. Compared with other clinical performance-based assessments that use standardized patients (SPs), these examinations had two important and unique features: (1) the examinations assessed a comprehensive range of clinical skills and reasoning; and (2) they approximated the challenges of real clinical practice wherein a practitioner's skills need to be orchestrated and prioritized in order to meet the challenges of the case encountered. Each year, the performance-based assessment given was an intensive clinical examination requiring each student to work up 13 to 18 SP problems over a three-day period. To administer an examination to an entire class of students took three weeks. Because all students after the first year of administration (1986) were required to pass these examinations, the fairness of test design and scoring and the setting of performance standards for the examinations became important issues for the faculty. The results, accumulated over six years and based on a total of 6,804 student-patient encounters involving 405 students, indicate that this kind of clinical performance-based examination can discriminate a wide range of students' clinical performances. The results provide evidence for the examinations' test security, content validity, construct validity, and reliability.
Clinical Clerkship↗
Development of an interview-based geriatric depression rating scale.
The geriatric depression rating scale (GDRS) is a new interview-based depression rating scale designed for use with adults 60 years of age or older. The scale was developed to fill a need for an instrument that would be sensitive to the problems encountered in assessing depression among older adults. The GDRS was designed by using items from the self-report Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) as topic areas in a structured clinical interview similar to that of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The 35-item rating scale was administered to 68 older individuals with a range of affective disturbance. The scale was found to have internal consistency and split-half reliability comparable to the HRSD and GDS. Concurrent validity, construct validity, external criterion validity, sensitivity, and specificity were all found to be acceptable.
Aged↗
"Swimming-induced head twitching" in rats in the forced swimming test induced by overcrowding stress: a new marker in the animal model of depression?
We have used overcrowding stress to study the pathogenesis of depression and the action of antidepressant drugs. In the present study, the influence of overcrowding on behavior was assessed by the forced swimming test. All the stressed rats revealed highly characteristic head twitching movement, which was not inhibited by repeated administration of diazepam and haloperidol, but was markedly suppressed by repeated administration of desipramine and mianserine. A significant positive correlation in the number of twitching episodes in each stressed rat between the first and second forced swimming test was seen. These findings support the use of overcrowding of rats as a stressor in the animal depression model because it fulfills the criteria of the model; face validity, construct validity and predictive validity. We propose the adoption of "swimming head twitching" as a new marker in the animal model of depression.
Animals↗
More on MTMM: the role of confirmatory factor analysis.
This article is the second of two on the use of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as a method to assess construct validity. The construct validation criteria required by the conventional MTMM approach are satisfied only by certain ideal data sets, such as those in which the method variance of measures is very low. The CFA approach to multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data is more general, in that violations of those stringent criteria can be managed. Another limitation of the conventional MTMM approach is that only a relatively small number of indicators can be examined by bivariate analysis. The economy of the CFA approach permits the analysis of a much larger number of indicators. In this article, a data set is analyzed using the CFA approach. Results are presented that illustrate the application of this statistical method.
Electromyography↗
Assessing the consequences of traumatic brain injury.
Research concerned with assessing the rehabilitation outcome for the survivor of traumatic brain injury has suffered from both conceptual and procedural difficulties. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to assess the psychometric features in instruments used in assessing outcome; and to describe a test development framework based on the principles of construct validity. A construct validation approach is viewed as a means of avoiding common measurement difficulties, as well as integrating perspectives important to this population. Emphasis has been given to the cognitive/social dimensions of recovery, as it is this area which has the greatest impact for rehabilitation success.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Measurement of safe sex behavior in adolescents and young adults.
The aim of this project was to develop an instrument to measure use of safe sex practices among adolescents and to conduct initial evaluation of the psychometric properties of the instrument. The Safe Sex Behavior Questionnaire (SSBQ) was designed to measure the frequency of use of safe sex practices and was assessed for content validity, reliability, and construct validity through a series of tests. The content validity index computed for the SSBQ was 98%. Initial reliability computed for sums of items of the total scale was .82 among 89 college freshmen. Using a second sample of 531 subjects, the SSBQ was factor-analyzed separately for males and females and five similar factors emerged for each gender. Reliability coefficients for sums of salient items for each factor ranged from .52 to .85. Using a third sample of 174 subjects, construct validity was assessed by correlating the SSBQ with measures of general assertiveness and general risk-taking. The resulting correlations were appreciable and in the predicted directions, thus providing support for the construct validity of the instrument.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
A self-efficacy scale for children and adolescents with asthma: construction and validation.
A self-efficacy scale for children and adolescents with asthma between 10 and 18 years of age is described. A scale of 38 items was constructed and administered to 60 children and adolescents. A factor analysis of the results yielded a scale consisting of 22 items which can be divided into three subscales: factor one (24.8% of variance) measured efficacy expectations concerning medical treatment, factor two (10.3% of variance) measured efficacy expectations concerning the environment, and factor three (6.7% of variance) measured efficacy concerning problem-solving skills. Confirmation of several predicted conceptual relationships between the self-efficacy measures and other measures (Personality Questionnaire, Coping, Anxiety, Knowledge, Optimism, and Shame) provided preliminary evidence of construct validity. Further research and clinical applications are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation. XII. Measurement tools with application to brain injury.
There are basic principles and techniques of measurement that are relevant across biomedical disciplines. The purpose of this article is to explain some of the most important of these for medical rehabilitation, to illustrate how to use them to choose assessment instruments and to describe the nature of measurement in medical rehabilitation by examples in brain injury rehabilitation. Reliability is basic to any scientific measure. Validity, the ultimate criterion, is closely associated with the purpose of the measure. Content validity, criterion validity and construct validity are explained. Sensitivity to rehabilitative interventions and significance in patients' real lives (ecological validity) are emphasized. Measures of functional outcomes (disability) may show improvement after rehabilitation even when impairment measures do not. An extensive but selected list of measures of coma, global status, disabilities, communicative and cognitive impairments, and handicaps is presented, and their main uses are illustrated. Examples illustrate how to choose measures to study comprehensive program-level outcomes, to study learning-based interventions and to develop a general purpose database. Although there are many measures of activities of daily living and mobility, little published evidence of reliability and validity could be found even for some well-known scales. Ecologically valid and sensitive outcome measures are especially needed. Studies of the clinical utility of measures were also scarce. Many of these gaps can be spanned by clinical researchers with limited resources. Physical medicine and rehabilitation will benefit from formal studies of the reliabilities and validities of both its old and its new measurement instruments and by increased sophistication in choice of measures.
Brain Injuries↗
Development of the inventory of functional status-cancer.
The purpose of this article is to report the development and psychometric testing of the Inventory of Functional Status-Cancer (IFS-CA). The IFS-CA was developed to measure functional status in women with cancer. The questionnaire includes four subscales measuring the extent to which the woman continues her usual household and family, social and community, personal care, and occupational activities. Content validity was established at 98.5%. Internal consistency reliability testing used a sample of 100 women receiving treatment for cancer. Internal consistency reliability using average correlations for the subscale item to subscale total scores ranged from 0.56 to 0.82. Subscale to total IFS-CA score correlations ranged from 0.73 to 0.92. Test-retest reliability used a sample of 17 women who had completed treatment for cancer. The coefficients ranged from 0.43 to 0.96 for the four subscales. Initial construct validity testing was accomplished by examination of subscale correlations and by comparing the functional status of women in active treatment for cancer with those who had completed treatment. The study's findings reveal content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and beginning construct validity; thus, they demonstrate strong evidence for further development and testing of the IFS-CA's construct validity.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Reflection-impulsivity in normal and behavior-disordered children.
The primary index of reflection-impulsivity is Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF), which yields both a latency and an error score. To evaluate further the construct validity of these measures, both the latency and error scores of 9- and 15-year-old normal and "acting-out" behavior-disordered children were compared. Young behavior-disordered children were found to be more impulsive than the other groups on the MFF error measure. No differences occurred on the MFF latency measure. This result is consistent with previous findings with normal children in supporting the construct validity of the MFF error score and raising questions about the construct validity of the MFF latency score. Findings were inconsistent with Kagan's assertion that normal children become more reflective with age. The older behavior-disordered children were more reflective on the error measure than the younger behavior-disordered children and had equivalent error scores to both age groups of normals. This finding suggested a lag in the development of reflection in behavior-disordered children.
Adolescent↗
The Health Knowledge Inventory-Alpha: a personal health knowledge test for high school seniors.
This study assessed validity and reliability of the Health Knowledge Inventory-Alpha (HKI-Alpha) in a sample of high school seniors. The HKI-Alpha, a general health knowledge test, consists of 110 multiple choice items covering 11 health content areas. All seniors attending one of four high schools completed HKI-Alpha twice, one week apart. A secondary sample of college students also was tested. Descriptive analysis revealed the test discriminated among examinees and avoided ceiling and floor effects. Test-retest reliability was .81 (n = 355). Internal consistency reliability (KR20) was .85 (n = 418). A sample of college students scored significantly higher than the high school students, demonstrating construct validity. Other estimates of content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity were high.
Adolescent↗
Convergent and discriminant validity of FIRO-B questionnaire.
The Kramer-Froehle controversy about the construct validity of FIRO-B questionnaire was evaluated with a multitrait-multimethod design. 113 women and 26 men completed the FIRO-B questionnaire. After the examiner had given a lecture on the FIRO-dimensions, the subjects rated themselves on these dimensions. Only three out of six intercorrelations on the validity diagonal were statistically significant. Of the discriminant validity comparisons 80% met the required criterion. Our results confirmed Kramer's results about the construct validity of the FIRO-B questionnaire.
Adult↗
Age differences in personality structure revisited: Studies in validity, stability, and change.
Construct validity and longitudinal stability evidence for three cluster dimensions of personality identified as Anxiety, Extraversion, and Openness is examined in a sample of adult males. Correlations with Allport-Vernon-Lindsay Value scales, Cornell Medical Index scores, Eysenck E and N scales, and factors from the SVIB are presented in support of the interpretation of the three clusters. Nine-year longitudinal evidence of stability is presented for Anxiety and Extraversion scores. Previous evidence for change in the structure of Openness to Experience is reconsidered in the light of eleven-year longitudinal data. While the earlier structural differences were not longitudinally replicated, a pattern of external correlates provided evidence for validity of an Openness dimension. Finally, the structural approach to personality development is illustrated by examining the differing relations between field-dependence and tendermindedness in younger and older men.
Adult↗
A validity study of the posture and fine motor assessment of infants.
This study investigated the concurrent and construct validity of the Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants (PFMAI) (Case-Smith, 1991). The subjects were 90 infants, 65 of whom were healthy and full-term and 25 of whom were premature and had medical risk factors. Concurrent validity was investigated through administration of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (Folio & Fewell, 1983) and the PFMAI (n = 25). Strong positive correlations resulted between the Peabody Gross Motor scale and PFMAI Posture scale and between the Peabody Fine Motor scale and PFMAI Fine Motor scale. Concurrent validity was also measured through correlation scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley, 1969) with scores on the PFMAI. The correlations between the Bayley Motor scale and the PFMAI Posture scale and between the Bayley Mental scale and the PFMAI Fine Motor scale were high. Construct validity was estimated through an evaluation of how accurately the PFMAI discriminated between the premature subjects and the full-term subjects. A discriminant analysis indicated that the PFMAI accurately classified 78% of the subjects as being either premature or full-term (i.e., 80% of the full-term subjects and 72% of the premature subjects). When the premature subjects were categorized as low-risk or high-risk according to their medical histories, the PFMAI accurately classified 66.7% of the total subject population as full-term, low-risk premature, or high-risk premature. These results indicate that the PFMAI has the adequate reliability and validity necessary for use as a clinical and a research instrument.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Brain Damage, Chronic↗
Measurement of assertive behavior: construct and predictive validity of self-report, role-playing, and in-vivo measures.
Examined the predictive validity and construct equivalence of the three major procedures used to measure assertive behavior: Self-report, behavioral role-playing, and in-vivo assessment. Seventy-five Ss, who spanned the range of assertiveness, completed two self-report measures of assertiveness, the Rathus Assertiveness Scale (RAS) and the College Self-Expression Scale (CSES); two scales from the Endler S-R Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness, the interpersonal and general anxiety scales; eight role-playing situations that involved the expression of positive and negative assertiveness; and a telephone in-vivo task. In general, the study revealed the following: (1) assertiveness measures are task-dependent in that there was more overlap within task than between tasks; (2) there is a moderate degree of correspondence between self-report and role-playing measures, although this was true only for negative assertion; (3) positive and negative assertion do not appear to have the same topography of responding; and (4) there appears to be no consistent relationship between the in-vivo measure and any other type of assertiveness measure.
Anxiety↗
The measurement of attitudes towards and beliefs about pain.
This study compared the psychometric properties of two scales designed to measure attitudes towards and beliefs about pain. The Survey of Pain Attitudes (Revised) SOPA(R) (Jensen and Karoly 1987) and the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBPI) (Williams and Thorn 1989) were examined in terms of internal consistency, discriminant validity, factor structure, construct validity and sensitivity to age and gender effects. Results provided strong support for the SOPA(R) as a useful measurement tool for use with patients with chronic low back pain. Further work is suggested for the PBPI, as the reported factor structure was not replicated. Discussion centered around the possible reasons for this finding, with issues such as the possible orientation of different treatment facilities, the possible differences in attitudes between patients with different types of pain, and the possible influence of length of years in pain or the receipt of workers compensation payments being considered.
Adult↗