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PubMed1978

Speech recognition with dynamic range reduction: (1) deaf and normal subjects in laboratory conditions.

Processing to reduce the dynamic range of speech should increase intelligibility and protect the impaired ear from overloading. There are theoretical and practical objections to using AGC devices to reduce dynamic range. These are overcome by using recently available signal processing employing high frequency carrier clipping. An increase in intelligibility of speech with this HFCC has been demonstrated, for normal subjects with simulated deafness, and for most partially hearing patients. Intelligibility is not improved for some patients; possibly due to their having learned to extract features which are lost. These patients may also benefit after training.

Acoustics↗

PubMed2000

Effects of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with sciatic nerve ligation.

Galanin is a 29-amino acid peptide with a suggested role in nociception. The effect of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron discharge frequency in rats with nerve ligation, used as a model of neurogenic pain, was investigated by extracellular recording methods. Seven to 14 days after sciatic nerve ligation, 0.1, 0.5 or 1 nmol of galanin was administered directly on the dorsal surface of the L3-L5 spinal cord of rats with sciatic nerve ligation. It was found that galanin inhibited the activity of wide-dynamic range neurons dose-dependently, an effect was more pronounced in sciatic nerve ligated rats than intact rats. Furthermore, when 1 nmol of galantide, the galanin antagonist, was administered on the dorsal surface of the L3-L5 spinal cord, the wide-dynamic range neuron discharge frequency increased significantly. The results suggest that galanin plays an important role in the modulation of presumed nociception in mononeuropathy.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Enhancement of the dynamic range of the detected intensity in an optical measurement system by a three-channel technique.

When three-dimensional optical topometry of technical surfaces is performed, one major problem is that often the local reflectance of the object's surface varies within a wide range. This leads to overexposed and underexposed areas on the detector, where no measurements can be made. To overcome this problem, we have developed a method that extends the dynamic range of an imaging system. As an example we implemented this method to a measurement system that is based on fringe projection with a data projector and a color CCD camera. By projection of quasi-monochromatic fringes a different dynamic range in each of the three color channels of the camera is achieved. Hence the overall dynamic range of the system is increased by a factor larger than 5.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

Patient experiences with multiband full dynamic range compression.

This investigation compared performance for 18 experienced hearing aid patients with a multiband full dynamic range compression hearing device and their previously worn linear or automatic gain control hearing aids. Performance was evaluated using a variety of clinical tests. These included functional gain and dynamic range measurements, speech recognition, and real ear measurements. Patients rated their performance with the multiband compression device and their previously worn aids on a rating scale pertaining to a variety of real life listening situations. Statistical analysis of data derived from test results shows significantly improved performance on all measures using the multiband compression aid over their conventional aids. Patients rated their performance higher with the compression instrument than with the conventional aids. Differences in performance on clinical tests and subjective patient responses appear to be related to the different signal processing schemes used in the two groups of devices.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of inherent gray-level dynamic range in a digital image using the runs test and join-count statistics.

The dynamic range of the gray level of a digital image is limited by the noise it contains. Two statistical methods called "runs test" and "join-count statistic" are used to measure the noise level in a digital image. A residual image is formed by subtracting an original image from its smoothed version. Theoretically, the noise level in the residual image should be identical to that in the original image. The noise level is determined by examining each bit plane of the residual image individually starting from the least significant bit up to the bit plane whose statistic does not show a random pattern. Images from three digital modalities: computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, and computed radiography are used to evaluate the gray-level dynamic range. Both methods are easy to implement and fast to perform.

Biometry↗

PubMed1997

Quality control of CGH: impact of metaphase chromosomes and the dynamic range of hybridization.

With the recent rapid expansion in the use of the comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) technique, increased attention to quality control is essential. In the present study, we show that despite optimization and standardization of metaphase preparation techniques and the commercial availability of metaphase spreads, batch-to-batch variability of the preparations remains a significant problem. To facilitate reliable CGH analysis despite this variability, we have developed a rapid denaturation test to assess the quality of the preparations without hybridization and quantitative image analysis criteria for assuring the day-to-day quality of CGH experiments, including sensitivity, specificity, and dynamic range. Monitoring the dynamic range of the hybridizations was found to be particularly critical for achieving sensitive and reliable CGH results. This reliability can be achieved, for example, by hybridization of a green-labeled normal male DNA against red-labeled female DNA and monitoring of the green:red ratio of the X chromosome in relation to that of the autosomes.

Chromosome Banding↗

PubMed2002

ACTIVE-EYES: an adaptive pixel-by-pixel image-segmentation sensor architecture for high-dynamic-range hyperspectral imaging.

The ACTIVE-EYES (adaptive control for thermal imagers via electro-optic elements to yield an enhanced sensor) architecture, an adaptive image-segmentation and processing architecture, based on digital micromirror (DMD) array technology, is described. The concept provides efficient front-end processing of multispectral image data by adaptively segmenting and routing portions of the scene data concurrently to an imager and a spectrometer. The goal is to provide a large reduction in the amount of data required to be sensed in a multispectral imager by means of preprocessing the data to extract the most useful spatial and spectral information during detection. The DMD array provides the flexibility to perform a wide range of spatial and spectral analyses on the scene data. The spatial and spectral processing for different portions of the input scene can be tailored in real time to achieve a variety of preprocessing functions. Since the detected intensity of individual pixels may be controlled, the spatial image can be analyzed with gain varied on a pixel-by-pixel basis to enhance dynamic range. Coarse or fine spectral resolution can be achieved in the spectrometer by use of dynamically controllable or addressable dispersion elements. An experimental prototype, which demonstrated the segmentation between an imager and a grating spectrometer, was demonstrated and shown to achieve programmable pixelated intensity control. An information theoretic analysis of the dynamic-range control aspect was conducted to predict the performance enhancements that might be achieved with this architecture. The results indicate that, with a properly configured algorithm, the concept achieves the greatest relative information recovery from a detected image when the scene is made up of a relatively large area of moderate-dynamic-range pixels and a relatively smaller area of strong pixels that would tend to saturate a conventional sensor.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Cochlear mechanisms of frequency and intensity coding. II. Dynamic range and the code for loudness.

Our preceding paper described SPL-dependent changes in the shape of transfer functions recorded from inner and outer hair cells as well as supporting cells, in the 500-2500 Hz regions of the Mongolian gerbil cochlea. As SPL was increased, large shifts were observed in the peak of the transfer function. A strongly compressive nonlinearity was also observed at CF. This paper examines the data from the perspective of intensity coding in the auditory periphery. Based on the data, we offer a new explanation for the mechanisms underlying the different dynamic ranges of low and high threshold auditory neurons. We also find that, for pure tone stimuli, the growth of excitation at the characteristic place saturates rapidly, and cannot encode the wide dynamic range of loudness. The data are analyzed to explore other excitation pattern candidates for loudness coding. The growth of the peak of the IHC transfer function, as well as the growth of the response area, have been found to be linearly related to loudness growth over most of its dynamic range. Implications of the data for auditory intensity coding are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Analog filtering of large solvent signals for improved dynamic range in high-resolution NMR.

The large solvent signal from samples in H2O solvent still challenges the dynamic range capability of any spectrometer. The solvent signal can be largely removed with a pair of simple resistor-capacitor (RC) high-pass filters when the solvent frequency is set at center band (zero frequency) using quadrature detection, with RC approximately 0.5 ms. However, an approximately 0.5-ms transient remains at initial time, which we reduce fourfold for a short time only, just before the A/D converter, by means of a variable-gain amplifier, and later restore with software. This modification can result in a nearly fourfold increase in dynamic range. When we converted to a frequency-shifted mode (A. G. Redfield and S. D. Kunz, 1994, J. Magn. Reson. A 108, 234-237) we replaced the RC high-pass filter with a quadrature feedback notch filter tuned to the solvent frequency (5.06 kHz). This filter is an example of a class of two-input/two-output filters which maintain the spectral integrity (image-free character) of quadrature signals. Digital filters of the same type are also considered briefly. We discuss the implications of these ideas for spectrometer input design, including schemes for elimination of radiation damping, and effects of probe bandwidth on extreme oversampling.

Filtration↗

PubMed2002

Adaptive dynamic range optimization for cochlear implants: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the acceptability and the effect of Adaptive dynamic range optimization (ADRO) on speech perception for cochlear implant subjects. ADRO is a preprocessing scheme that continuously adjusts the gain in each frequency band to optimize the signal in the output dynamic range. DESIGN: Speech processor programs were created with and without ADRO processing. Nine subjects were tested in the laboratory and encouraged to use both programs in everyday listening situations. Take-home experience was assessed with preference questionnaires. Speech perception performance was compared for the standard and ADRO programs using City University of New York (CUNY) sentences, consonant-nucleus-consonant (CNC) words, and closed set spondees presented in quiet. A range of presentation levels were used; from 70 to 40 dB sound pressure level (unweighted RMS). CUNY sentences were also presented in multi-talker babble with +15 dB and +10 dB signal to noise ratios. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in speech perception scores with the ADRO programs compared with the standard. At 50 dB, the mean open set sentence scores in quiet improved by 16% (p < 0.001). There was an improvement in mean word score for CNC words presented at 60 dB of 9.5% (p < 0.001) and a 20% improvement in mean score for spondees presented at 40 dB. There was no significant difference in sentence scores between the ADRO and the standard program for sentences presented in either noise condition. ADRO was the preferred program in 59% of listening situations, with five out of nine subjects indicating a strong overall preference and three subjects indicating a slight preference for ADRO. CONCLUSIONS: Continual adjustment of channel gains using ADRO provided improved sound quality and improved speech perception performance. Therefore, ADRO is a viable alternative to fixed channel gain and offers a means for cochlear implantees to gain more benefit from their devices.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1997

Desensitization of the GABAA receptor shifts the dynamic range of retinal horizontal cells due to light and dark adaptation.

The effects of the GABAergic pathway on the dynamic range of the light response of cone-driven horizontal cells (HCs) in the carp retina were investigated using conventional intracellular recordings and computer simulations. The amplitude of the HC responses to repetitive test flashes was altered by background illumination in control Ringer's solution, but was not changed following the application of picrotoxin or bicuculline, which suggests that GABAA receptors mediate the subsequent change in light response. This phenomenon was simulated by introducing the desensitization mechanism of the GABAA receptor into a cone-HC network model. These results suggest that desensitization of the GABAA receptor shifts the dynamic range of the HCs due to light and dark adaptation.

Adaptation, Ocular↗

PubMed2003

Combinational use of antibody affinities in an immunoassay for extension of dynamic range and detection of multiple analytes.

Here, we describe the coordinated use of two antibodies with different affinities in a single immunoassay to extend the dynamic range and to enable detection of multiple analytes. The combination of dual antibodies was permitted with a flow-based assay at the antibody concentration below the dissociation constant, enabling affinity to govern the antibody-antigen binding. Both high and low affinity antibodies to estriol were used in combination to extend the range. The binding of each antibody was mutually independent and individually occurred over concentration ranges of 10 pM(-1) nM and 100 pM(-1) microM. The wide dynamic range of 10 pM(-1) microM was thus achieved as summation of the proportional signals to the total binding. When a combination of antibodies toward different antigens was used, it effectively detected multiple analytes within a mixture. In simultaneous analysis of a mixture of estradiol and estriol, the total signal was the sum of the binding signals from anti-estradiol and anti-estriol antibodies. In a further refinement, the individual antibodies were flowed through the flow cell sequentially, allowing the quantification of each binding signal within the combination. With this sequential format, measurement of the individual hormones in the range of 1.6 pM(-1) nM was shown. Furthermore, the same flow format was successfully applied to assay estriol and estradiol hormones in mixtures of six related compounds.

Antibodies↗

PubMed2000

Effect of spinal morphine after long-term potentiation of wide dynamic range neurones in the rat.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that long-term increase in the excitability of single wide dynamic range neurones in the spinal dorsal horn of rats may be induced after tetanic stimulation to the sciatic nerve. This sensory event is possibly an in vivo counterpart of long-term potentiation, described in the brain. This study investigated whether this phenomenon occurs in the halothane-anesthetized rat and whether the antinociceptive effects of spinally administered morphine are altered when tested on the enhanced activity. METHODS: Single unit extracellular recordings were made in three different groups of halothane-anesthetized rats (n = 6 in each group). In group 1, the evoked neuronal responses of wide dynamic range neurones by a single electrical stimulus to the peripheral nerve were recorded every 4 min, for 1 h before (baseline) and for 3 h after brief high-frequency conditioning stimulation of the sciatic nerve. In group 2, morphine was applied onto the spinal cord after long-term potentiation had been established. Increasing concentrations of morphine were added until the C fiber-evoked responses were abolished; this was followed by naloxone reversal. In group 3, the same protocol as in group 2 was used except a waiting period substituted for the electrical conditioning. RESULTS: The C fiber-evoked responses were significantly increased (P < 0.001) after conditioning compared with baseline and those in control animals. Further, significantly higher concentrations of morphine (P = 0.008) were needed to abolish the C fiber-evoked responses in tetanized animals than in control animals. Naloxone reversed the effects of morphine to the predrug potentiated baseline in group 2, showing that opioids do not block the maintenance of spinal long-term potentiation. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term potentiation of C fiber-evoked responses also can be induced in halothane-anesthetized rats, and morphine seems to have less potency during such conditions. These data suggest that long-term potentiation-like mechanisms may underlie some forms of hyperalgesia associated with a reduced effect of morphine.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed2026

Simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple low-frequency variants by high-dynamic-range capillary electrophoresis.

Sensitive and quantitative detection of low-frequency variants across multiple loci is critical for nucleic acid-based diagnostics, yet clinical implementation requires a balance among sensitivity, multiplexing capacity, cost, and operational simplicity. We previously developed a high-dynamic-range capillary electrophoresis system capable of detecting variants at allele frequencies below 1%; however, its application was limited to single-locus analysis. Here, we expanded this platform to multiplex detection by incorporating mobility-shift strategies into the assay design. This approach enabled simultaneous analysis of 15 hotspot variants across three clinically relevant loci: KRAS codons 12 and 13 and GNAS codon 201. Validation using synthetic oligonucleotides, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, and liquid specimens demonstrated high quantitative accuracy over clinically relevant variant allele frequency ranges, with measured values closely matching expected values (R2 > 0.97). The assay showed high concordance with targeted amplicon sequencing and digital polymerase chain reaction for all variants at variant allele frequencies ≥1%, while also detecting selected variants below this threshold. Collectively, these results establish a multiplexed high-dynamic-range capillary electrophoresis assay for simultaneous, quantitative detection of low-frequency variants, offering a scalable and cost-effective approach for disease-focused gene panels in clinical laboratory settings.

HiDy↗

PubMed1988

Dynamic-range reduction by peak clipping or compression and its effects on phoneme perception in hearing-impaired listeners.

In this study, differences between dynamic-range reduction by peak clipping and single-channel compression for phoneme perception through conventional hearing aids have been investigated. The results from 16 hearing-impaired listeners show that compression limiting yields significantly better phoneme identification scores than does peak clipping if a strong reduction of the dynamic range has to be effected. In addition, some qualitative differences in confusion patterns could be established: the perception of low-frequency information appears to be relatively important in compression limiting; the perception of plosiveness is less important.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dynamic range extension of cine velocity measurements using motion-registered spatiotemporal phase unwrapping.

A motion-registered spatiotemporal phase-unwrapping method for extending the dynamic range of cine magnetic resonance phase velocity measurements is presented. The interframe cardiac movement is estimated from the magnitude image derived from the velocity encoded raw data, which ensures that the phase signal is unwrapped in the temporal direction with reference to pixels belonging to the same anatomic flow region. An extra step of spatial phase correction is then used to further eliminate any residual errors. The combination of spatial and temporal information for phase unwrapping provides a robust way of extending the dynamic range of cine velocity data in the presence of large phase aliasing errors.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2001

Clinical study of the sensitivity and dynamic range of three digital systems, E-speed film and digitized film.

The objective of the present study was to clinically evaluate the sensitivity and dynamic range of three digital systems (Sens-A-Ray, CDR, Digora), digitized film and E-speed film. Five objects were submitted to three different kilovoltages and seven exposure times. In order to evaluate the relationship between exposure time and dosage, measurements were made in a dental x-ray unit with an ion chamber, X-ray timer and kVp meter. For each system, 105 radiographs were taken, totalling 525 images, that were evaluated by six trained observers by means of scoring from 0 to 4. The scores attributed to the images for each of the systems were submitted to analysis of variance and Turkey's test. The results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) with the storage phosphor system producing the wider dynamic range, followed by the digitized film. The CDR system showed the greater sensitivity, followed by the Digora system.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1996

Short communication: use of the output video signal for dynamic range, brightness control and image memory assessment in X-ray fluoroscopy.

The output video signal from three X-ray fluoroscopy machines was recorded with a storage oscilloscope to calculate the dynamic range of their image intensifier television camera chains. The two MERATE MTH90 and MGR50hf machines employed the same imaging chain but the response of the former to exposure was significantly lower because of a three channel light distribution optical system which was installed but not used. The CGR Stenoscope machine was found to have a very narrow dynamic range to the extent that it was not usable. Additional measurements on the CGR machine showed that the image intensifier brightness control mechanism would produce stabilized brightness in less than 0.4 s and it proved to be faster than the manual selection of exposure parameters. The quality of the image stored in the memory device on the same system was compared with the original by subtracting the two video signals on the oscilloscope and thus acquiring a quantitative measure of their difference.

Fluoroscopy↗