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PubMed2005

[A review of epidemiologic data on cancers of the nose and paranasal sinuses in Turkey].

OBJECTIVES: To review epidemiologic data on cancers of the nose and paranasal sinuses in Turkey. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The epidemiologic findings were obtained from the following sources: Cancer Registry (1995 to 1999) of the Department of Cancer Control of the Ministry of Health; records of Izmir Cancer Registry (1993-1994); Prof. Dr. Nazmi Bilir's review in 1977, in which the findings of pathology laboratories were collected; records of cancers of the nose and paranasal sinuses from 1964 to 2000 at the Otolaryngology Department of Medicine Faculty of Hacettepe University. RESULTS: During the above-mentioned years, cancers of the nose and paranasal sinuses were detected in 127 patients (85 males, 42 females; mean age 47 years; range 1-89 years) in Hacettepe University, of whom 14 were children. The male to female ratio was 2.02. In Nazmi Bilir's review, cancers of the nose and paranasal sinuses were reported in 65 males and 37 females, with a frequency of 0.7% in males and 0.6% in females among all cancers. Its incidence was 0.4/100.000 for males and 0.2/100.000 for females, which was the same as that found in Izmir Cancer Registry. According to the Cancer Registry of the Ministry of Health, cancers of the nose and paranasal sinuses were most commonly encountered at the ages of 50 to 70 years, and were most common in the Marmara region followed by the Middle Anatolia region. CONCLUSION: Registry systems in our country need to be improved in order to derive more accurate epidemiologic data concerning cancers of the nose and paranasal sinuses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Abdominal fat distribution and disease: an overview of epidemiological data.

Recent prospective, epidemiological research has demonstrated the power of an increased waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) to predict both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in men and women. Obesity, defined as an increased total body fat mass, seems to interact synergistically in the development of NIDDM, but not of CVD. Increased WHR with obesity (abdominal obesity) seems to be associated with a cluster of metabolic risk factors, as well as hypertension. This metabolic syndrome is closely linked to visceral fat mass. Increased WHR without obesity may instead be associated with lift style factors such as smoking, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, coagulation abnormalities, psychosocial, psychological and psychiatric factors. Direct observations show, and the risk factor associations further strengthen the assumption, that abdominal (visceral) obesity is more closely associated to NIDDM than CVD, while an increased WHR without obesity may be more closely linked to CVD than NIDDM. It remains to be established to what extent, if any, an increased WHR in lean men, and particularly in lean women, indicates fat distribution. Other components of the WHR measurement might be of more importance in this connection.

Abdomen↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Obstructive bronchopneumopathies in respiratory pathology in Taranto. Epidemiological data].

The above epidemiological study was undertaken with the object of establishing the proportion of respiratory pathology represented by chronic bronchopulmonary obstructive bronchitis, emphysema, bronchial asthma in a highly industrialized city such as Taranto. The period covered was the years 1988, 1989 and first half of 1990. In addition, the distribution of chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease according to sex and age and the influence of smoking were analyzed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

The use of epidemiologic data in the assessment of cancer risk.

Epidemiologic data can be extremely important in arriving at quantitative estimates of human cancer risk, expressed either as (a) attributable risk, or (b) relative risk. While case-control studies have a low cost/benefit ratio, cohort studies are more likely to yield data relating risk to amount of exposure, and to allow precise calculation of risk. However, cohort studies are long, expensive, and difficult to administer. Attrition and resultant unrepresentative composition can be major problems. Cohorts should be followed to extinction to permit accurate calculation of risk, which must take into account prolonged latency periods, competing risks, and the likelihood of increasing risk with time (or age). In view of certain limitations in epidemiologic and virologic methods, critical re-evaluation of the viral and oncogene theories are called for. The use of animal data for assessing human cancer risk requires further investigation of the assumptions and facts supporting two kinds of extrapolation: That from high to low dose carcinogen exposure, and cross-species extrapolation (i.e., from experimental animals to man). Large pieces of these two approaches rest on testable hypotheses which deserve further attention.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed1991

[Inter- and intrapersonal coincidence of caries epidemiologic data].

For testing the reliability of caries epidemiologic data a group of 273 children, aged 7 to 15 years, was examined by two dentists. A second group of children was investigated twice by one examiner at an interval of two weeks. Neither an inter-examiner nor an intra-examiner comparison of these data did indicate any statistically significant differences in caries incidence.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Cancer of the hypopharynx: clinical and epidemiological data on 41 cases].

The clinical and epidemiological data of 41 hypopharyngeal neoplasms diagnosed at the Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital de "La Santa Cruz y San Pablo", Barcelona, are analysed according to eleven computerized parameters. Our results are compared with those appeared in the literature. Though the are close similarities with regard to incidence, sex, tobacco and alcohol consumption, presentation, and histology, our patients are younger and in a better condition than it is generally accepted.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Software for hierarchical modeling of epidemiologic data.

Hierarchical models can provide more reasonable and stable parameter estimates than conventional analytical approaches. This technique also deals with problems of multiple comparisons and allows one to model multilevel data within a hierarchical framework. Hence, one would anticipate a surge in applying hierarchical models to epidemiologic data. Difficulties in fitting hierarchical models, however, seem to have limited their use. To help address this problem, we describe the existing software packages that one can use to fit hierarchical models. Since these packages have limited familiarity and applicability in epidemiology, we also present SAS code for analyzing epidemiologic data with hierarchical models. These results allow epidemiologists to fit hierarchical models with readily available software.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of flying on the health status of pilots in the light of epidemiologic data].

This paper gives an analytical review of epidemiological data about the morbidity and mortality rate of the flying personnel. It shows that the flying personnel differs from the general population in their better health condition which manifests as lower morbidity and mortality rates in every large group of disease. This better health status of the flying personnel may be a result of their adequate selection. The selection makes it difficult to identify relationships between disease and flight effects. Information about these relationships is contradictory and/or insufficient. Proper assessment of flight effects on the health condition of the flying personnel needs further controlled epidemiological investigations.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1983

Assessment of the epidemiological data relating lung cancer to air pollution.

The epidemiological data linking air pollution and lung cancer are derived from statistical associations concerning rates of cancer among urban and rural residents, migrant studies and studies of occupational groups exposed to effluents from fossil fuel combinations. Few, if any of these studies, are adequately adjusted for both relatively simple measures of cigarette smoking or the potentially more subtle effects of the duration of smoking. Because urbanization and industrial sources of air pollution correspond chronologically with the major increases in cigarette smoking, it is not likely that the specific attributable risk to each component can be adequately assessed. Interactions between cigarette smoking and specific air pollutants, similar to those seen between cigarette smoking and asbestos and or radiation, may be occurring. Considering the various estimates made over the last 25 years, it is likely that the effect of air pollution on lung cancer is something greater than zero; however, it is unlikely that the estimate exceeds 2% of all lung cancers or 5/100,000 cases in urban males. Thus, the effect on all cancers is likely to be less than 1% of all cases.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1998

Using epidemiological data to guide clinical practice: review of studies on cardiovascular disease and use of combined oral contraceptives.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the usefulness of epidemiological data to guide clinical practice by seeking an answer to the question "What is the risk of cardiovascular disease among users of currently available, low dose, combined oral contraceptives who are aged less than 35 years, do not smoke, and do not have a medical condition known to increase the risk of vascular disease?" DESIGN: Review of all relevant published studies identified from the library of references held by Royal College of General Practitioners' Manchester Research Unit, checking of reference lists of identified studies, and Medline search. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Identification of methodologically sound studies able to address the specific clinical question. RESULTS: Our literature search identified 74 papers about the relation between current use of combined oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease: 23 papers reporting risk of venous thromboembolism, 22 on ischaemic stroke, 13 on haemorrhagic stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage, 13 on all stroke, and 33 on myocardial infarction. Only five papers provided information that directly addressed our clinical question; all related to the risk of venous thromboembolism. Fourteen of the discarded papers probably had the potential to answer our clinical question. CONCLUSIONS: Much of the epidemiological data about the risk of cardiovascular disease in users of combined oral contraceptives is not useful to clinicians. Some of the discarded data could be made more useful to clinicians by reanalysis. This situation is unlikely to be unique to use of contraceptives.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Computerized system analyzes epidemiological data.

The computer is a valuable tool in helping to analyze epidemiological data that are collected through the infection surveillance system. The computerized system described has many significant advantages over the manual system of infection surveillance: quick assimilation, computation, and dissemination of the nosocomial infection summary report (within seven working days of the month's end); identification of infection problems and problem areas; and ability to retrieve data necessary for a complete establishment of a hypothesis regarding cause and effect implicated by an epidemiological investigation. Above all, timely and accurate infection data must be obtained in order for the reports to be beneficial in the decision-making process used by the infection control committee. Manual systems of month-to-month correlation of infection data are difficult and extremely time consuming for the surveillance person. Often the infection control committee cannot act intelligently and quickly because it is not knowledgeable of current trends occurring within the hospital. The computer has a number of limitations, and any computerized surveillance system should be approached with caution, especially during the developmental stages. The computer uses input data, follows instructions, and thus formulates output. If the computer is given either inadequate input data or inaccurately programmed instructions, the output will be erroneous. Therefore, a close working relationship should be established between the epidemiologist and the hospital's data processing department. The goals of the system must be clearly defined and understood by both areas. Once the system is established, the output is only as good as the data supplied by the epidemiologist. If this system is properly utilized, valuable information can be obtained that would have been difficult to obtain using a manual surveillance method.

Communicable Disease Control↗

PubMed1989

An estimate of periodontal treatment needs in the U.S. based on epidemiologic data.

It has generally been assumed, based on previous epidemiologic and utilization studies as well as the increasing elderly population, that there would be an increasing need for periodontal treatment. Analysis of a more recent household epidemiologic survey conducted in 1981 indicates that the need for treatment of periodontitis is less than previous estimates. These epidemiologic data have been translated into treatment needs through a series of conversion rules derived from previous studies and current patterns of treatment, and applied to the 1985 U.S. population. The total periodontal services needed for scaling, surgery, and prophylaxes would require 120 to 133 million hours and $5 to $6 billion annually if the total population were treated for periodontitis over a 4-year period. Only 11% of the total hours needed would be for scaling and surgery whereas 89% would be needed for prophylaxes. Expenditures for periodontal treatment total approximately 10% of the amount being spent on dental care in 1985. On the basis of these data, it seems unlikely that there will be a substantial increase in the need for periodontal treatment in a growing and aging U.S. population. These figures represent the upper limits of treatment need and are reduced by factoring in current utilization of periodontal treatment.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The use of epidemiological data in the control of foodborne viruses.

The Codex Committee on Food Hygiene has recommended the adoption of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) as the basis for food safety control. To provide an objective basis for the construction of HACCP systems, epidemiological data are required. The data should be accurate, up-to-date, and identify emerging pathogens, such as viruses. The number of laboratory reports of small, round-structured viruses in England and Wales has increased from 400 cases in 1990 to 2387 in 1996. Although a food vehicle is not essential for the spread of viral particles, food my be the primary unidentified vehicle. The Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Foods recommends the use of the Kaplan Criteria, which can give strong circumstantial evidence that an outbreak is attributable to small, round-structured viruses. The application of these criteria would give a more accurate reflection of the involvement of viruses in the incidence of foodborne disease. This review considers the use of epidemiological data to support HACCP and risk-assessment systems. It discusses the implications of focusing on traditional pathogens, for example Salmonella spp., as opposed to emerging pathogens, for the design of control systems. Recommendations are made for improving the system of data collection.

Disease Outbreaks↗

PubMed1999

Cancer dose-response modeling of epidemiological data on worker exposures to aldrin and dieldrin.

The paper applies classical statistical principles to yield new tools for risk assessment and makes new use of epidemiological data for human risk assessment. An extensive clinical and epidemiological study of workers engaged in the manufacturing and formulation of aldrin and dieldrin provides occupational hygiene and biological monitoring data on individual exposures over the years of employment and provides unusually accurate measures of individual lifetime average daily doses. In the cancer dose-response modeling, each worker is treated as a separate experimental unit with his own unique dose. Maximum likelihood estimates of added cancer risk are calculated for multistage, multistage-Weibull, and proportional hazards models. Distributional characterizations of added cancer risk are based on bootstrap and relative likelihood techniques. The cancer mortality data on these male workers suggest that low-dose exposures to aldrin and dieldrin do not significantly increase human cancer risk and may even decrease the human hazard rate for all types of cancer combined at low doses (e.g., 1 microgram/kg/day). The apparent hormetic effect in the best fitting dose-response models for this data set is statistically significant. The decrease in cancer risk at low doses of aldrin and dieldrin is in sharp contrast to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's upper bound on cancer potency based on mouse liver tumors. The EPA's upper bound implies that lifetime average daily doses of 0.0000625 and 0.00625 microgram/kg body weight/day would correspond to increased cancer risks of 0.000001 and 0.0001, respectively. However, the best estimate from the Pernis epidemiological data is that there is no increase in cancer risk in these workers at these doses or even at doses as large as 2 micrograms/kg/day.

Aldrin↗

PubMed2004

A risk assessment for occupational acrylonitrile exposure using epidemiology data.

The extensive data from the Blair et al.((1)) epidemiology study of occupational acrylonitrile exposure among 25460 workers in eight plants in the United States provide an excellent opportunity to update quantitative risk assessments for this widely used commodity chemical. We employ the semiparametric Cox relative risk (RR) regression model with a cumulative exposure metric to model cause-specific mortality from lung cancer and all other causes. The separately estimated cause-specific cumulative hazards are then combined to provide an overall estimate of age-specific mortality risk. Age-specific estimates of the additional risk of lung cancer mortality associated with several plausible occupational exposure scenarios are obtained. For age 70, these estimates are all markedly lower than those generated with the cancer potency estimate provided in the USEPA acrylonitrile risk assessment.((2)) This result is consistent with the failure of recent occupational studies to confirm elevated lung cancer mortality among acrylonitrile-exposed workers as was originally reported by O'Berg,((3)) and it calls attention to the importance of using high-quality epidemiology data in the risk assessment process.

Acrylonitrile↗

PubMed2004

Skeletal benefits of soy isoflavones: a review of the clinical trial and epidemiologic data.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Osteoporosis is a worldwide problem of immense magnitude that is expected to worsen in many countries with aging populations. Consequently, there is a need to identify ways to reduce the risk of developing this disease. This is especially true in light of clinical trial data showing the long-term harm of conventional hormone therapy outweighs the benefits. It is well established that many dietary components impact the skeletal system; in this regard there is particular interest in the possible skeletal benefits of soybean isoflavones. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the clinical and epidemiologic studies relevant to the hypothesis that isoflavones promote bone health. RESULTS: Fifteen clinical trials were identified that examined the effects of isoflavones or isoflavone-rich soy protein on bone mineral density. Most trials were conducted for 1 year or less and involved relatively few (<30) participants per group. The findings from these studies are inconsistent but generally suggest that isoflavones reduce bone loss in younger postmenopausal women. Similarly, the limited epidemiologic data generally show that among Asian populations isoflavone intake is associated with higher bone mineral density. The clinical data suggest that approximately 80 mg/day isoflavones are needed to derive skeletal benefits whereas the epidemiologic data suggest lower amounts are efficacious. SUMMARY: Until more definite data are available, although soy foods and isoflavones can not be viewed as substitutes for established anti-osteoporotic medications health professionals can feel justified in encouraging postmenopausal women concerned about bone health to incorporate soyfoods into their diet.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Epidemiologic data on alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of cancer.

Recent epidemiologic data confirm the results of earlier studies in supporting that alcoholic beverage consumption is a cause of cancer of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver. The effect of a specified level of alcohol intake on absolute risk of cancers of the head, neck, and esophagus depends on the presence of other risk factors, especially smoking. Whether alcoholic beverage consumption is a cause of cancer of the breast or large bowel is unclear. Alcohol intake appears not to increase risk of cancer of the lung, bladder, prostate, stomach, ovary, endometrium, or of melanoma. Indirect epidemiologic evidence suggests that alcohol may be a weak causal factor for pancreatic cancer. Although heavy alcohol consumption increases risk of cancer of the head, neck, esophagus, and liver, whether moderate alcohol consumption increases risk at these sites is unclear.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1997

Predictive testing of metalworking fluids: a comparison of 2 cumulative human irritation models and correlation with epidemiological data.

Metalworking fluids (MWF) have been reported as being an important cause of irritant contact dermatitis in metal workers. Our purpose was to determine whether the irritancy of different MWF assessed by 2 different types of predictive human in vivo tests could be compared with epidemiological data. 3 water-based MWF were tested in the same panel of subjects. Reactions were assessed by a visual score (VS), evaporimetry to evaluate the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and chromametry to quantify erythema. Test 1: MWF were applied with Finn Chambers on the volunteers' mid-back, removed after 1 day of exposure, and reapplied for a further 2 days. Test 2: Cumulative irritant contact dermatitis was induced using a repetitive irritation test for 2 weeks (omitting weekends) for 6 h per day. We observed an increase in VS, TEWL, and erythema for all MWF, with the same irritancy ranking in both test models. Differentiation of the substances was better in the D1/D3 test. The experimental results partially correlated with the epidemiological data. Considering the shorter application time and the better discrimination of irritancy, we prefer the D1/D3 model as a predictive test of MWF irritancy. Our results might aid development of a standardized test to reduce cumulative skin irritation in metal workers.

Adult↗