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PubMed2003

[Usefulness of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) method for DNA fingerprinting analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB); comparison between DNA restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) method and AP-PCR method].

We have been analyzing cases suspected as outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tokyo using RFLP method. This time we analyzed 27 strains of MTB from 5 cases in two hospitals, a family, member of social activity and stuff of a corporation using both RFLP and AP-PCR methods. At 4 cases, over 80% of strains were same pattern in each cases with RFLP and AP-PCR and were identified as a patient to patients transmission of MTB. At one case, in a hospital, each strains were completely different patterns at both methods, which showed it was not a outbreak case. Results of RFLP and AP-PCR were completely same, which indicates AP-PCR is also useful and rapid method for epidemiological analysis of MTB infection as well as RFLP.

Contact Tracing↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the compact dry EC with the most probable number method (AOAC official method 966.24) for enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria in raw meats. Performance-Tested Method 110402.

Compact Dry E. coli/Coliform Count (EC) is a ready-to-use test method for the enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria in food. The plates are presterilized and contain culture medium and a cold water-soluble gelling agent. The medium should be rehydrated with 1 mL diluted sample inoculated onto the center of the self-diffusible medium, allowing the solution to diffuse by capillary action. The plate can be incubated at 35 degrees C for 20-24 h and the colonies counted without any further working steps. The Compact Dry EC medium plates were validated as an analysis tool for determining colony-forming units (CFU) of E. coli and coliform bacteria from a variety of raw meats using 5 different types of raw meats. The performance tests were conducted at 35 degrees C. In all studies performed, no apparent differences were observed between the Compact Dry EC method and the AOAC Official Method 966.24 results. For the accuracy claim (n = 75), a correlation factor of r2 = 0.93 (E. coli) and r2 = 0.93 (coliform bacteria) could be assigned, as stated in the application for "Performance-Tested Method."

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the compact dry CF with the most probable number method (AOAC official method 966.24) for enumeration of coliform bacteria in raw meats. Performance-Tested Methods" 110401.

Compact Dry CF is a ready-to-use test method for the enumeration of coliform bacteria in food. The plates are presterilized and contain culture medium and a cold water-soluble gelling agent. The medium should be rehydrated with 1 mL diluted sample inoculated into the center of the self-diffusible medium, allowing the solution to diffuse by capillary action. The plate can be incubated at 35 degrees C for 20-24 h and the colonies counted without any further working steps. The Compact Dry CF medium plates were validated with 5 different raw meats. The performance tests were conducted at 35 degrees C. In all studies performed, no apparent differences were observed between the Compact Dry CF method and the AOAC Official Method 966.24 results. For the accuracy claim (n = 75), a correlation factor of r2 = 0.91 (coliform) could be assigned, as stated in the application for Performance-Tested Method. No significant variations in coliform bacterial counts were observed with different production lots or plates of diverse storage age by the quality consistency and storage robustness studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[Comparative multicenter study of 2 methods of determining sensitivity to antibiotics. Gel diffusion method and semiautomatic method in fluid ABAC medium].

Susceptibility of 60 bacterial isolates to 15 antibiotics was determined by two methods in three laboratories: 48 Gram negative bacilli and 12 Staphylococci were selected because of "intermediate" susceptibility to at least one antibiotic. Results show a good correlation between the two methods: more than 90% for carbenicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cefamandole, kanamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, erythromycin, pristinamycin and fusidic acid, between 80 and 90% for penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, spiramycin and clindamycin, less than 80% for neomycin, tetracycline, minocycline and oleandomycin. Interpretation criteria are different in the two methods for rifampicin, colistin and cotrimoxazole. Between the three laboratories, correlation was 90,3% and 88,6% for disc diffusion method and ABAC system respectively.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1979

[Determination of Li, Na, K, Mg and Ca with a mechanised flame photometric micro-method. Mechanised micro-method ("injection method") of flame photometry (atomic absorption--atomic emission) for the determination of serum electrolytes and trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn); Part I. (author's transl)].

By introduction of the analysis solution in measured quantities in atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, the quantity sensitivity of these methods can be increased by an order of magnitude, while the concentration sensitivity remains unchanged. The required volume of sample (serum) is thereby considerably reduced. Using this method, the serum electrolytes and certain trace elements can be determined simply and quickly in only a few microlitres of serum. The automation of this micro-sample application ("injection method") largely abolishes individual errors, and markedly shortens the time for the analysis of large series of samples. The first part of this paper describes the determination of serum electrolytes and lithium, using only 5--20 microliters of serum.

Calcium↗

PubMed2004

[Application of the OS-EM method to the 123I-IMP ARG method: comparison between FBP and OS-EM methods].

We investigated application of the OS-EM method to the (123)I-IMP ARG method to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). First, scan time and subsets were fixed at 20 min and 16, respectively, and the influence of iteration on the CCF and quantitative rCBF values obtained by the ARG method was investigated when the iteration number was set at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 90. Next, with the number of iterations set at 4, we compared the scanning times of OS-EM and FBP. We determined that the CCF values remained at the same level irrespective of iteration number. Quantitative rCBF values had no association with iteration number, either. Using the quantitative rCBF values obtained by 20-min. scanning with FBP as a standard, the time period for collecting SPECT data was 10 min, without sacrificing image quality or quantification. Quantitative rCBF obtained by OS-EM was estimated to be higher than that by FBP.

Cerebrovascular Circulation↗

PubMed1998

The rapid method in microbiology using chemical method and immunochemical method.

In recent years, biochemical and immunochemical procedures used for rapid diagnosis of microbiology have advanced. In particular, methods using immunochemical procedure are commonly used. Latex agglutination test, enzyme immunoassay and immunochromatographic methods having more simple and high sensitivity have also been used. These methods are routinely used to detect Helicobacter pylori, Group A Streptococcus and others. Furthermore, in routine examinations, endotoxin and (1two head right arrow3)-beta-D-glucan have been measured as markers that detect gram-negative bacteria and deep fungus. Currently, there are many infections including new and previous infections. These techniques should be applied for detecting a larger number of microbiology.

Cryptococcus↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Approximate methods for calculation of the likelihood of radiation-induced complications. 1. ACLRC method. 2. CERC method].

The paper deals with the method of approximate calculation of the likelihood of radiation complication (ACLRC) in normal organs and tissues when the volume of information is insufficient to determine all the parameters of a mathematical model. How to use the approximate method of LRC in the heart is exemplified. A method for approximate calculation of equivalent radiation conditions (CERC) in the focus of a lesion is offered, which allows the preset analytical (or graphic) description of the relationship of resorption likelihood (RL) to SOD for the fixed volume of a lesion focus to be transferred to the description of this relationship for other volumes.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of a quantitative microtiter method, a quantitative automated method, and the plate-count method for determining microbial complement resistance.

A quantitative microtiter method for determining the degree of complement resistance or sensitivity of microorganisms is described. The microtiter method is compared with a quantitative automated system and the standard plate-count technique. Data were accumulated from 30 avian Escherichia coli isolates incubated at 35 C with either chicken plasma or heat-inactivated chicken plasma. Analysis of data generated by the automated system and plate-count techniques resulted in a classification of the microorganisms into three groups: those sensitive to the action of complement; those of intermediate sensitivity to the action of complement; and those resistant to the action of complement. Although the three methods studied did not agree absolutely, there were statistically significant correlations among them.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Genetico-mathematical analysis of the inheritance pattern of peptic ulcer disease. Direct methods of Weinberg. I. Method of probands and method of siblings.

Inheritance of ulcer disease was analyzed genetico-mathematically using two methods: the method of probands and the method of siblings. Families of 351 probands were enrolled in the study: 57 had type II and 27 type III gastric ulcer disease. 267 were with duodenal ulcer disease. The types of gastric ulcer were determined according to H. Johnson. A further 188 families of type I gastric ulcer probands were also studied. However, data from these are not included in the present study because our previous investigation has shown no genetic determination of this type of ulcer disease. The detailed segregation analysis employed in the study does not support the assumption of a monogenic type of disease inheritance. The values obtained for the coefficient of genetic proportion do not substantiate either autosomal-recessive or autosomal-dominant pattern of transmission. This refers both to ulcer disease in general and to the calculation of the coefficient depending on the type of disease and the type of familial predisposition of probands.

Bulgaria↗

PubMed1975

[Comparative studies of the initial rate method (modified Centrifi Chem method) and the Frankonit method to assay creatinine in serum and urine (author's transl)].

In the method described, by modification of the measurement according to changing reagent blanks (7 g albumin/100 ml + reagent for serum, and water + reagent for urine), excellent agreement with the results obtained by the Frankonit method was found. 262 parallel determinations with serum and 103 with urine were carried out. With a correlation of 0.99, the regression line y = x was almost maintained.

Creatinine↗

PubMed1991

[Clinical and experimental studies on gastrointestinal motility following total colectomy: direct measurement (strain gauge force transducer method, barium method) and indirect measurement (hydrogen breath test, acetaminophen method)].

In a clinical study, we examined the clinical assessment of bowel function and lactulose hydrogen breath test in 14 patients after total colectomy. All patients within one year after ileostomy closure had 'poor' function and showed no increase of hydrogen breath gas concentration. 10 of 12 patients more than one year showed increase of hydrogen breath gas concentration, and 8 of them had 'fair' function. The oro-neorectal transit time (ONTT) in 'poor' group was shorter than in 'fair' group and control (p less than 0.05). The increase of hydrogen breath gas suggests changes of bacterial flora and colonization of the remained ileum. In an experimental study, we performed subtotal colectomy with the J-pouch reservoir in 11 dogs. We examined ONTT with barium method, gastric emptying with acetaminophen method, and gastrointestinal motility with strain gauge force transducers. Although ONTT at one month after operation had been shorter than control, ONTT at 3 and 6 months became longer than at one month. The gastric emptying after subtotal colectomy was significantly slower than control. Although the propagation velocity of interdigestive migrating complex (IMC) in the jejunum and ileum at 2 weeks had been faster than control, the velocity at 4 weeks and 3 months became slower than at 2 weeks. The frequency of IMC and prolonged propagated contraction in the J-pouch reservoir decreased. The specimen of J-pouch reservoir resected at 6 months showed villous atrophy, crypt elongation, decrease of muscle layers thickness and disappearance of solitary follicles. Therefore, the suppressed motility in each sites of the gastrointestinal tract, increase of anaerobic and colonization of the ileum implied 'adaptation' after total colectomy.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Sequential hepatic photoscintigraphy with 99mTc HIDA as a method for evaluating alkaline reflux after gastric resection by Quiroli's method and after total gastrectomy by Moricca's method].

The authors have utilized the hepatic sequential photoscintigraphy practiced with 99mTc HIDA to inquiry, into the optics of the alkaline backflow, two patterns of reconstruction after gastric surgery: 1) gastric resection by Quiroli (5 cases inquired); 2) gastrectomy by Moricca (5 cases inquired). The research has demonstrated that the reconstruction by Quiroli is utilizable in order to avoid the backflow and elides the possibility of after meal relaxation of the afferent ansa; the research applied to Moricca's method has shown that does not happen oesophageal backflow at fast and that a least and fleeting backflow happens in the first three minutes from the ingestion of the bole. The authors believe that, though applied to little cases, the practiced method is exact and electively qualified for the study of the surgery modifications of the digestive apparatus over-mesocolico.

Alkalies↗

PubMed1992

Modern methods of searching the medical literature.

OBJECTIVE: To review the methods of electronic retrieval of biomedical journal articles; to demonstrate CD-ROM and online searching techniques; and to compare major biomedical databases. DESIGN: A CD-ROM MEDLINE search was made by a medical practitioner, with the assistance of an experienced librarian. An online MEDLINE/Excerpta Medica search was made by the same medical practitioner after completion of a two-day course in search techniques. The search example covered the period 1983 to 1992, and the topic was "whether steroid use for asthma/airways disease leads to osteoporosis". OUTCOMES: Search duration, article yield and search cost were assessed. RESULTS: The CD-ROM MEDLINE literature search took 60 minutes to find 31 articles (43% of the possible articles). This compared with an online search to the Bibliographic Retrieval Services database in Chicago, which produced the same articles when MEDLINE was searched (but took only 16 minutes) and which also found 47 articles (with an overlap of only seven) when Excerpta Medica was searched. We estimated that the combined MEDLINE and Excerpta Medica search detected 93% of all known relevant articles, based upon an assumed gold standard. CONCLUSIONS: Online searching is a fast and powerful alternative to CD-ROM searching. Formal training is necessary for quick and cheap reference finding. Other benefits such as direct transfer from online searching to your own computer bibliography database make online searching of biomedical databases essential to consider.

CD-ROM↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of the Ames, Randox and Roche methods with the Synermed method for the determination of serum iron concentrations on nondialysis and dialysis specimens.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the Ames, Randox, Roche, and Synermed methods for the measurement of serum iron and to investigate patterns of possibly discrepant results in dialysis patients. METHODS: Assays were performed on the Cobas Fara II analyzer. Precision and accuracy studies were conducted; recovery studies were done by adding pooled serum from dialysis patients to an assayed human serum-based control. Patient comparisons included over 150 nondialysis patients and 30 dialysis patients. RESULTS: For the Ames, Randox, Roche and Synermed methods, the between-run precision was less than 2.80% with the normal aqueous iron standard; 2.00, 2.70, 0.80, and 2.00% for the four methods with the high serum iron control, respectively, and less than 2.30% with the serum pool. Using a pooled serum from dialysis patients, between-run precision was higher with all four methods. With an abnormal assayed human serum-based control, accuracy was over 98% for the four methods. Recoveries were 121% for the Ames and Randox methods and 104-105% for the Roche and Synermed methods. Accuracy as assessed with Murex EQAS specimens ranged from 71 to 80%, 71 to 96%, 98 to 99.5%, and 42 to 50% for the four methods, respectively. For comparisons of the Ames, Randox, and Roche methods with the Synermed method, difference analyses revealed biases (SD) for nondialysis patients of 1.9 (2.7), 1.5 (3.3), and 1.8 (2.2) mumol/L, respectively; and for dialysis patients of 8.2 (13.3), 5.1 (5.4), and 1.4 (1.7) mumol/L. Standard linear regression analyses and correlation coefficients are also provided. CONCLUSIONS: The Roche method was slightly more precise than the other methods. Using an abnormal assayed serum-based control, all methods showed good accuracy. Recovery studies with pooled serum from dialysis patients showed interferences with the Ames and Randox methods and good recovery with the Roche and Synermed methods. With the bovine serum-based Murex samples, all but the Roche method yielded some low results; the Synermed method has been reported to suffer from matrix problems with bovine serum albumin. Based on recovery studies and difference analyses, the Ames and Randox methods revealed discrepancies in iron results for samples from dialysis patients. The Roche and Synermed methods appeared to be suitable for measurement of serum iron in dialysis patients.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Comparison of conventional staining methods and monoclonal antibody-based methods for Cryptosporidium oocyst detection.

The sensitivity and specificity of seven microscopy-based Cryptosporidium oocyst detection methods were compared after application to unconcentrated fecal smears. The seven methods were as follows: (i) a commercial acid-fast (AF) stain (VOLU-SOL) method, (ii) Truant auramine-rhodamine (AR) stain method, (iii) fluorescein-conjugated C1B3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) direct fluorescence method, (iv) OW3 MAb indirect fluorescence method, (v) biotinylated OW3 indirect fluorescence method, (vi) biotinylated OW3-indirect diaminobenzidine (DAB) method, and (vii) biotinylated OW3-aminoethylcarbazole (AEC) method. A total of 281 randomly collected Formalin-fixed fecal samples (submitted to the Maricopa County Health Department, Phoenix, Ariz.) and 30 known positives (Formalin-fixed and K2Cr2O7-preserved stools from our laboratory) were examined in a blind test; 32 of 311 samples (10.3%) were confirmed positive. Of the confirmed positives, 40.6% were identified by the AF method, 93.8% were identified by the AR method, 93.8% were identified by the C1B3 method, 81.3% were identified by the OW3-DAB method, 71.9% were identified by the OW3-AEC method, 100% were identified by the OW3 indirect fluorescence method, and 100% were identified by the biotinylated OW3 indirect fluorescence method. False-positives were encountered by the AF and AR methods (52.0 and 85.7% specificity, respectively), while no false-positives encountered by the MAb-based methods. Oocysts in infected tissue sections were easily detected by the MAb-based methods.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Validation of three new methods for determination of metal emissions using a modified Environmental Protection Agency Method 301.

Three new methods applicable to the determination of hazardous metal concentrations in stationary source emissions were developed and evaluated for use in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) compliance applications. Two of the three independent methods, a continuous emissions monitor-based method (Xact) and an X-ray-based filter method (XFM), are used to measure metal emissions. The third method involves a quantitative aerosol generator (QAG), which produces a reference aerosol used to evaluate the measurement methods. A modification of EPA Method 301 was used to validate the three methods for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg, representing three hazardous waste combustor Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) metal categories (low volatile, semivolatile, and volatile). The modified procedure tested the methods using more stringent criteria than EPA Method 301; these criteria included accuracy, precision, and linearity. The aerosol generation method was evaluated in the laboratory by comparing actual with theoretical aerosol concentrations. The measurement methods were evaluated at a hazardous waste combustor (HWC) by comparing measured with reference aerosol concentrations. The QAG, Xact, and XFM met the modified Method 301 validation criteria. All three of the methods demonstrated precisions and accuracies on the order of 5%. In addition, correlation coefficients for each method were on the order of 0.99, confirming the methods' linear response and high precision over a wide range of concentrations. The measurement methods should be applicable to emissions from a wide range of sources, and the reference aerosol generator should be applicable to additional analytes. EPA recently approved an alternative monitoring petition for an HWC at Eli Lilly's Tippecanoe site in Lafayette, IN, in which the Xact is used for demonstrating compliance with the HWC MACT metal emissions (low volatile, semivolatile, and volatile). The QAG reference aerosol generator was approved as a method for providing a quantitative reference aerosol, which is required for certification and continuing quality assurance of the Xact.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2004

Relative effectiveness of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual method for the recovery of Salmonella from whole cantaloupes and cantaloupe rinses with selected preenrichment media and rapid methods.

Soak and rinse methods were compared for the recovery of Salmonella from whole cantaloupes. Cantaloupes were surface inoculated with Salmonella cell suspensions and stored for 4 days at 2 to 6 degrees C. Cantaloupes were placed in sterile plastic bags with a nonselective preenrichment broth at a 1:1.5 cantaloupe weight-to-broth volume ratio. The cantaloupe broths were shaken for 5 min at 100 rpm after which 25-ml aliquots (rinse) were removed from the bags. The 25-ml rinses were preenriched in 225-ml portions of the same uninoculated broth type at 35 degrees C for 24 h (rinse method). The remaining cantaloupe broths were incubated at 35 degrees C for 24 h (soak method). The preenrichment broths used were buffered peptone water (BPW), modified BPW, lactose (LAC) broth, and Universal Preenrichment (UP) broth. The Bacteriological Analytical Manual Salmonella culture method was compared with the following rapid methods: the TECRA Unique Salmonella method, the VIDAS ICS/SLM method, and the VIDAS SLM method. The soak method detected significantly more Salmonella-positive cantaloupes (P < 0.05) than did the rinse method: 367 Salmonella-positive cantaloupes of 540 test cantaloupes by the soak method and 24 Salmonella-positive cantaloupes of 540 test cantaloupes by the rinse method. Overall, BPW, LAC, and UP broths were equivalent for the recovery of Salmonella from cantaloupes. Both the VIDAS ICS/SLM and TECRA Unique Salmonella methods detected significantly fewer Salmonella-positive cantaloupes than did the culture method: the VIDAS ICS/SLM method detected 23 of 50 Salmonella-positive cantaloupes (60 tested) and the TECRA Unique Salmonella method detected 16 of 29 Salmonella-positive cantaloupes (60 tested). The VIDAS SLM and culture methods were equivalent: both methods detected 37 of 37 Salmonella-positive cantaloupes (60 tested).

Bacteriological Techniques↗