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PubMed2002

Criminality and moral dysfunctions: neurological, biochemical, and genetic dimensions.

In this article, the author attempts to demonstrate a relationship between neurobiological dysfunctions and/or genetically determined deviant behavior and personality traits as well as moral abnormalities. Data from neuroscience show that a number of neurological dysfunctions are linked to cognitive and emotional disturbances. Cognitive and emotional abnormalities, in turn, are frequently related to moral dysfunctions. Moreover, neurological disorders can produce dramatic psychological and social problems, personality changes, and behavioral problems in patients. Those mental, emotional, and psychosocial problems and related moral dysfunctions are frequently linked to violence and/or criminal behavior. Genetic research found evidence of inheritability of antisocial traits, which interfere with moral development and activities. This information has consequences for any assessment and disposition within the legal system. More research on the interrelationship between neuro(bio)logical, genetic, emotional, and mental aspects of moral dysfunctions is needed for the development of adequate treatment, prevention, and intervention programs.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

Large-scale neural model for visual attention: integration of experimental single-cell and fMRI data.

A computational neuroscience framework is proposed to better understand the role and the neuronal correlate of spatial attention modulation in visual perception. The model consists of several interconnected modules that can be related to the different areas of the dorsal and ventral paths of the visual cortex. Competitive neural interactions are implemented at both microscopic and interareal levels, according to the biased competition hypothesis. This hypothesis has been experimentally confirmed in studies in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques and also in single-cell recording studies in monkeys. Within this neuro-dynamical approach, numerical simulations are carried out that describe both the fMRI and the electrophysiological data. The proposed model draws together data of different spatial and temporal resolution, as are the above-mentioned imaging and single-cell results.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Discovery and integrative neuroscience.

Hypothesis driven research has been shown to be an excellent model for pursuing investigations in neuroscience. The Human Genome Project demonstrated the added value of discovery research, especially in areas where large amounts of data are produced. Neuroscience has become a data rich field, and one that would be enhanced by incorporating the discovery approach. Databases, as well as analytical, modeling and simulation tools, will have to be developed, and they will need to be interoperable and federated. This paper presents an overview of the development of the field of neuroscience databases and associate tools: Neuroinformatics. The primary focus is on the impact of NIH funding of this process. The important issues of data sharing, as viewed from the perspective of the scientist and private and public funding organizations, are discussed. Neuroinformatics will provide more than just a sophisticated array of information technologies to help scientists understand and integrate nervous system data. It will make available powerful models of neural functions and facilitate discovery, hypothesis formulation and electronic collaboration.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Neuroscience databases: tools for exploring brain structure-function relationships.

Faster than ever, neuroscience is generating vast amounts of data that await cross-referencing, comparison, integration and interpretation in the endeavour to unravel the mechanisms of the brain. The complex, diverse and distributed nature of these data requires the development of advanced neuroinformatics methodologies for databases and associated tools that are now beginning to emerge. This paper presents an overview of current issues in the representation, integration and analysis of neuroscience data from molecular to brain systems levels, including issues of implementation, standardization, management, quality control, copyright, confidentiality and acceptance. Particular emphasis is given to integrative neuroinformatics approaches for exploring structure-function relationships in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Visualization in the neurosciences: seeing abstractions in real time.

One explicit goal of visualization in the neurosciences is to present data to human observers in a way that is informative and meaningful, on the one hand, yet intuitive and effortless on the other. Multidimensional data visualization is concerned with the question "How can we display high-dimensional data elements in a low-dimensional environment, such as on a computer screen or the printed page?" This goal is often pursued by attaching "features" such as hue, intensity, spatial location, and size to each data element. Features are chosen to reveal properties of data elements as well as relationships among them. An ad hoc assignment of features to individual data dimensions may not result in a useful visualization tool. Indeed, too often the tool itself interferes with the viewer's ability to extract the desired information due to a poor choice of feature assignment. The articles presented in this issue address the concerns of representing data to better elucidate complex concepts in the neurosciences.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

What does the prefrontal cortex "do" in affect: perspectives on frontal EEG asymmetry research.

This commentary provides reflections on the current state of affairs in research on EEG frontal asymmetries associated with affect. Although considerable progress has occurred since the first report on this topic 25 years ago, research on frontal EEG asymmetries associated with affect has largely evolved in the absence of any serious connection with neuroscience research on the structure and function of the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC). Such integration is important as this work progresses since the neuroscience literature can help to understand what the prefrontal cortex is "doing" in affective processing. Data from the neuroscience literature on the heterogeneity of different sectors of the PFC are introduced and more specific hypotheses are offered about what different sectors of the PFC might be doing in affect. A number of methodological issues associated with EEG measures of functional prefrontal asymmetries are also considered.

Affect↗
PubMed1987

Undergraduate clinical neurosciences programme development: a consumer-based evaluation.

Intern responses to a questionnaire were used to evaluate an undergraduate clinical neurosciences programme. The data obtained were judged an authentic measure of instructional efficacy. Most interns rated themselves competent in performing the neurological examination but ill-equipped to interpret their findings and to manage effectively common problems, especially emergencies. Neurological diseases and the non-biomedical aspects of patient care were identified relatively infrequently as matters needing greater emphasis. Explanations for these findings may include a curriculum of traditional format, differences in teaching and assessing theoretical and practical competence, and the typical responsibilities of interns in an academic hospital. Intern evaluation of undergraduate clinical programmes can provide data useful to their development.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2001

Impact of a neuroscience intensive care unit on neurosurgical patient outcomes and cost of care: evidence-based support for an intensivist-directed specialty ICU model of care.

Analysis of patient data from a new neuroscience intensive care unit (NSICU) permitted evaluation of whether such a specialty ICU favorably altered clinical outcomes in critically ill neuroscience patients, and whether such a care model produced an efficient use of resources. A retrospective review was performed to compare (1) the clinical outcomes, as defined by percent mortality and disposition at discharge, between patients with a primary diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage treated in 1995 in medical or surgical ICUs and those treated in the same medical facility in an NSICU in 1997; and (2) the efficiency of care, as defined by length of ICU stay, total cost of care, and specific resource use, between patients treated in the NSICU and national benchmark standards for general ICUs during the 1997 fiscal year (FY). In the latter, extracted patient population data on neurosurgery patients requiring ICU treatment during FY 1997 were used with the following adjacent-disease related group (A-DRG)-coded diseases: craniotomy with and without coma or intracerebral hemorrhage, and skull fracture with and without coma lasting longer than 1 hour. Outcome measures of percent mortality and disposition at discharge in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage were significantly improved (P < .05), compared with those in a similar cohort treated 2 years earlier in a general ICU setting. Also, patients treated in the NSICU had shorter hospital stays (P < .01 ) and lower total costs of care (P < .01) than a national benchmark. The data suggest that a neuroscience specialty ICU arena staffed by specialty-trained intensivists and nurses is beneficial.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Linking mind and brain in the study of mental illnesses: a project for a scientific psychopathology.

Brain research on mental illnesses has made substantial advances in recent years, supported by conceptual and technological developments in cognitive neuroscience. Brain-based cognitive models of illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression have been tested with a variety of techniques, including the lesion method, tract tracing, neuroimaging, animal modeling, single-cell recording, electrophysiology, neuropsychology, and experimental cognitive psychology. A relatively sophisticated picture is emerging that conceptualizes mental illnesses as disorders of mind arising in the brain. Convergent data using multiple neuroscience techniques indicate that the neural mechanisms of mental illnesses can be understood as dysfunctions in specific neural circuits and that their functions and dysfunctions can be influenced or altered by a variety of cognitive and pharmacological factors.

Affect↗
PubMed1987

Drives, affects, behavior--and learning: approaches to a psychobiology of emotion and to an integration of psychoanalytic and neurobiologic thought.

Drawing on concepts and data from psychoanalysis, neuroscience, ethology, and experimental psychology, this paper suggests that affects are the prime movers of human motivation and have, in addition, these properties: they are neurophysiologically generated, sensationlike signals originating not in classical sensory systems, but in limbic structures; activation of the neurobiologic affect generators reliably triggers motor stereotype--like facial expression, posture, and tone of voice--which in turn transmit the physical data underlying empathy and emotional communication; and appetitively sought pleasant emotions-sensations and aversive dysphoric feelings serve respectively as the ultimate, "brain-synthesized" positive and negative reinforcers of emotional learning. The latter ideas point to derivative hypotheses: that parental nonverbal behavior and communication evoke in children the affects that guide character development and choice of defense, and that these processes are consistent with an affect-reinforced associative learning model comprising both operant and classical conditioning paradigms. Psychoanalysis as therapy, then, may mechanistically rely for its clinical effectiveness on extinctionlike processes in which new experience in the analyst-patient relationship leads to the modulation or extinction of initially crippling signal affects associatively linked to various other affects, appetites, and behaviors. Finally, the core hypotheses mesh both with recent findings from the cellular study of affect and learning mechanisms and with associative learning-unlearning assumptions variably explicit in psychoanalytic writings since the time of Freud's (1895) Project.

Affect↗
PubMed1983

The interpretation of significance tests for independent and dependent samples.

The assumptions upon which a correct interpretation of the t-test depends are rarely fulfilled by data from the neurosciences. This applies to both independent and correlated samples. The Mann-Whitney U-test is suggested as an alternative for the t-test for independent samples. The way in which significant results from this test should be interpreted is discussed. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test is not suggested as an alternative for the t-test for correlated samples, since significant results can occur with this test, even when there are no differences between the distributions of the two samples tested. A modification of the U-test for dependent samples is proposed instead. The use of the latter test, and of the U-test, is illustrated by numerical examples from real data.

Neurophysiology↗
PubMed2000

Coordinate-independent mapping of structural and functional data by objective relational transformation (ORT).

Neuroscience has produced an enormous amount of structural and functional data. Powerful database systems are required to make these data accessible for computational approaches such as higher-order analyses and simulations. Available databases for key data such as anatomical and functional connectivity between cortical areas, however, are still hampered by methodological problems. These problems arise predominantly from the parcellation problem, the use of incongruent parcellation schemes by different authors. We here present a coordinate-independent mathematical method to overcome this problem: objective relational transformation (ORT). Based on new classifications for brain data and on methods from theoretical computer science, ORT represents a formally defined, transparent transformation method for reproducible, coordinate-independent mapping of brain data to freely chosen parcellation schemes. We describe the methodology of ORT and discuss its strengths and limitations. Using two practical examples, we show that ORT in conjunction with connectivity databases like CoCoMac (http://www.cocomac.org) is an important tool for analyses of cortical organization and structure-function relationships.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

How do we know the minds of others? Domain-specificity, simulation, and enactive social cognition.

In what ways, and to what extent, is social cognition distinguished from cognition in general? And how do data from cognitive neuroscience speak to this question? I review recent findings that argue social cognition may indeed be specialized, and at multiple levels. One particularly interesting respect in which social cognition differs from the rest of cognition is in its close interaction with the social environment. We actively probe other people in order to make inferences about what is going on in their minds (e.g., by asking them questions, and directing our gaze onto them), and we use the minds of other people as a collective resource. Experiments from our own laboratory point to the amygdala as one structure that is critically involved in such processes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Epilepsy and psychiatry: automatic psychic paroxysms.

This study analyzes diverse psychic phenomena which, although always occurring with very characteristic clinical features, are sometimes diagnosed as epilepsy and sometimes as symptoms of different psychiatric disorders depending on the availability of an electroencephalogram. It is posited that these phenomena, whenever they are accompanied by the features characteristic of an epileptic consciousness (suddenness, automatic nature, great intensity and a strong sensation of strangeness) should be diagnosed as partial seizures with a psychic content, regardless of the availability of an EEG. The co-occurrence of these four clinical signs, which are relatively simple to objectivize, is a more reliable clinical criterion for diagnosis than a transcraneal electroencephalogram, which, as is known, is of little value in measuring the electrical activity of partial seizures. Moreover, an interpretation of this type makes it possible to reconcile scientific data from various neurosciences which thus far have seemed contradictory.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2004

Proposal for a noradrenaline hypothesis of schizophrenia.

In this article, we have reevaluated the role of noradrenergic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in the light of today's neuroscience and clinical data. Neurophysiological, psychophysiological, psychopharmacological, and biochemical findings that have accumulated in last decades indicate that certain noradrenergic dysfunctions play important roles in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Moreover, these findings provide us with consistent evidence for the existence of two syndromes generated by either overactivity or underactivity of the central noradrenaline (NA) system. The former appears to correspond to the type I syndrome (positive symptoms) and the latter to the type II syndrome (negative symptoms). We conclude that the involvement of brain NA in cerebral metabolism and blood flow as well as the amine's role in brain development and neuronal differentiation may provide the mechanisms underlying the disease process in schizophrenia. Development of chemical agents acting specifically on the brain noradrenergic mechanisms may be a promising approach to novel treatments of the disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Developmental psychobiology and response to threats: relevance to trauma in children and adolescents.

Interest in developmental and psychobiological aspects of trauma has grown with recent research in adults with mood and anxiety disorders reporting histories of trauma during childhood. Studies conducted directly in children and adolescents could add much to ongoing research in this area. This review summarizes data in three areas of developmental science that might inform future studies. First, the review briefly summarizes current data on clinical aspects of trauma in juveniles, focusing on associations with psychopathology and moderators of outcome. Second, the review summarizes data from the basic sciences delineating experiential and developmental changes in brain systems involved in threat perception and response. This review incorporates knowledge gained from research examining the effects of rearing manipulations on regulation of the stress response in rodents and primates. Third, the review summarizes data from cognitive neuroscience studies among both adults and children, again focusing on studies examining aspects of the threat response. This summary includes a review from studies in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Parallel pathways for spectral coding in primate retina.

The primate retina is an exciting focus in neuroscience, where recent data from molecular genetics, adaptive optics, anatomy, and physiology, together with measures of human visual performance, are converging to provide new insights into the retinal origins of color vision. Trichromatic color vision begins when the image is sampled by short- (S), middle- (M) and long- (L) wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors. Diverse retinal cell types combine the cone signals to create separate luminance, red-green, and blue-yellow pathways. Each pathway is associated with distinctive retinal architectures. Thus a blue-yellow pathway originates in a bistratified ganglion cell type and associated interneurons that combine excitation from S cones and inhibition from L and M cones. By contrast, a red-green pathway, in which signals from L and M cones are opposed, is associated with the specialized anatomy of the primate fovea, in which the "midget" ganglion cells receive dominant excitatory input from a single L or M cone.

Animals↗