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PubMed1992

Job retention of medical clerical Job Training Partnership Act trainees in rural health care settings.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (cf. Crispell, 1990), the medical clerical field is one of the faster growing areas of employment. This paper reports on long-term employment of trainees involved in nontraditional medical clerical programs. These programs were funded by the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) and filled both the needs of the local rural health care facilities and the employment needs of unskilled youths and adults. These nontraditional students of low socioeconomic background and poor work history were successfully mainstreamed into university courses and consequently obtained productive employment. A follow-up study was conducted of 64 individuals who completed three different, one-year JTPA programs. The study investigated the following questions: Was the trainee currently employed? If so, was employment related to the training program, and were the quarterly salaries higher than minimum wage and previous salaries? How many different jobs were reported since training? Did the individual retain employment in a rural setting? The JTPA programs at Southern Illinois University included some innovative yet practical components that resulted in very high program completion rates, high initial placement, and a continuing pattern of long-term employment. These components included: emphasis on training for the most needed positions/jobs that matched university capabilities; the pursuit of higher starting salaries; informing participants of support services; training in job hunting and work readiness; using some individualized, competency-based instruction; establishing internship arrangements with prospective employers; and careful matching of the trainee to initial placement site with consideration of personality as well as skills.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1995

Nontraditional Pharm.D. program at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.

The nontraditional Pharm.D. program at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences is described. The nontraditional program, started in 1990, includes 21 credit hours of didactic work and 12 of clerkships. In the self-paced didactic courses, videotapes, manuals, and texts are used, along with faculty consultation in person or by telephone. Clerkships can be traditional or nontraditional. Nontraditional clerkships can be completed by self-study in the student's community after an orientation period at the preceptor's site. More than 400 pharmacists have enrolled in the program and more than 80 have entered nontraditional clerkships. Thirty-nine pharmacists have received the Pharm.D. degree. The program offers an accessible alternative for pharmacists who want to earn the Pharm.D. degree while maintaining full-time employment.

Arkansas↗
PubMed2003

Ion-pairing ability, chemical stability, and selectivity behavior of halogenated dodecacarborane cation exchangers in neutral carrier-based ion-selective electrodes.

Recently, it has been discovered that carba-closo-dodecaborates can be used as cation exchangers in neutral carrier-based ion-selective chemical sensors. Because of their inherent chemical stability and versatile functionalization chemistries, they offer many advantages that may potentially be exploited for ion analyses that require nontraditional sample conditions, including strongly acidic media. In this work, trimethylammonium salts of undecachlorinated (UCC), undecabrominated (UBC), hexabrominated (HBC), and undecaiodinated (UIC) carborane anions were prepared and evaluated for their potential use in solvent polymeric membrane-based sensors. Computational methods including Natural population analysis and electrostatic mapping were used to predict the ion-exchanging ability of each lipophilic anion. In addition, the sandwich membrane technique was used to evaluate the ion-pairing ability of each carborane anion in situ (i.e., within bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS)- and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE)-plasticized ISE membranes). The results of the computational and potentiometric studies found that binding affinity of the anions followed the generalized trend HBC > UCC > UBC > UIC. PVC-DOS bulk optode thin films containing the chromoionophore ETH 5315 and a respective anion were used to determine the chemical stability/lipophilicity of the carboranes and tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate (TFPB) in acidic media (0.2 M HOAc) under flowing conditions. The studies found that in terms of stability/lipophilicity UIC > UBC > TFPB approximately UCC >> HBC. Electrodes containing a Pb(2+)-selective ionophore, tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetrakis(N,N-dimethylthioacetamide)(lead IV), were used to evaluate the functionality of each cation exchanger. An evaluation of response characteristics such as slope and selectivity found that UIC and UBC were quite comparable to the behavior of TFPB. Interestingly, both UIC and UBC showed a marked selectivity improvement over cadmium, with log K(pot)(pb),(Cd) values of -7.19 and -7.29, respectively, with TFPB giving a value of -5.89. Demonstrating excellent stability and suitable electrostatic properties, the carboranes, UIC in particular, are a very promising alternative to the tetraphenylborates and should find widespread application in the field of chemical sensors.

Boranes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a social justice gauge and its use to review the Canadian Nurses Association's Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses.

Betty Bekemeier and Patricia Butterfield undertook a critical review of 3 American nursing documents in relation to the concept of social justice. Their article inspired a review of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses, using a Social Justice Gauge developed by the Canadian Nurses Association. The article outlines the development of the gauge and its use in this review. Although some evidence of generic and outdated language is evident in the Canadian code, the text appears well aligned with social justice ideals overall. That being said however, there still remains significant possibility for enlarging the application of social justice, especially in relation to the place of nurses in healthcare institutions and in nontraditional nursing settings, in future revisions of the code. Work to further examine, adapt, and test the Canadian Nurses Association's Social Justice Gauge is encouraged.

Canada↗
PubMed1989

Symposium on the delivery of optometric care in nontraditional settings. Summary and conclusions.

During the 1987 Academy Meeting, a joint Optometric Education/Public Health and Occupational Optometry Symposium was held on The Delivery of Optometric Care in Nontraditional Settings. Papers were presented on prison systems, long-term care facilities, schools for the mental/physically handicapped, home eye care services, migrant work program, and juvenile detention facilities. This paper is an overview of care delivered in nontraditional settings, including important health care and demographic considerations, brief summation of the nontraditional populations presented, the impact on optometric education, and implications for optometric manpower needs.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1999

Locus of control as a dispositional determinant of men's traditional sex-role attitudes.

The associations among measures of locus of control and attitudes toward women who work were assessed using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1,229 young adult males. Significant positive correlations, ranging from .09 to .14, were found among locus of control and men's negative stereotypes of women who work, which suggests that males who feel a lack of personal control may oppose women working outside of the home. The results also indicate that men with greater personal control may be more accepting of women in nontraditional sex roles than men with an external locus of control. Negative stereotypes of women who work and male self-preservation may explain these relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Women's occupational health in globalization and development.

BACKGROUND: The article describes the current process of globalization and its implications for development generally and for women, their work, and health. METHODS: The article outlines positive impacts in terms of enhancing employment opportunities in nontraditional spheres, and negative impacts in the growth of poor quality, insecure jobs with weakened social support systems. The case study of women's work within export processing zones is used to explore these conditions and their health impacts. RESULTS: The case study and other evidence provides a profile of work-related health that arises from a mix of patterns of employment, work processes, living conditions, and reproductive rights. CONCLUSIONS: The observed problems are poorly recognized, poorly studied for their combined causes and outcomes, and poorly regulated. The article explores and reviews how the patterns of female employment affect women's ability to collectively confront the causes of ill health and the challenges to improving women's occupational health in these conditions.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the cortical potentials taking into account the high-frequency components in dogs during their instrumental learning studied using nontraditional analytical methods].

A new method of EEG coding (alternative to classical FFT) was worked up. It allowed to compensate for limitations of FFT and to obtain new information on the shape of EEG curve reflecting peculiarities of oscillations of potentials. Proposed technique of EEG coding seems to be adequate for revealing individual and regional features of EEG and their estimation at different stages of instrumental conditioning. Data obtained using this method confirm the reality of high frequency EEG components of small power. In addition, by the method used the intensification of slow wave EEG components was demonstrated in some cortical regions which could not be revealed by FFT.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Part-time doctors: reduced working hours for primary care physicians.

Women are entering the professional workforce in increasing numbers, and male professionals are more likely than ever to be involved in dual-career families. For primary care physicians the traditional 50-70-hour work week increasingly creates conflict between professional and other personal goals. Many believe that unless physicians work these long hours they will be unable to successfully provide personal, high-quality continuing care to their patients. Long-term career development for physicians who choose nontraditional arrangements has also presented problems. The authors review the literature on part-time work for physicians, then discuss their experiences as part-time family physicians at an academic health center. Various specific strategies are recommended for physicians and institutions considering part-time employment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nontraditional roles for certified pharmacy technicians in a pharmaceutical company.

OBJECTIVE: To describe nontraditional roles for Certified Pharmacy Technicians (CPhTs) within pharmaceutical industry. SETTING: Drug information department within a large biotechnology/pharmaceutical organization. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: The Medical Communications department within Genentech uses a skills-mix staffing model in which employees with varying educational and training backgrounds work as a team on meeting the informational needs of consumers and health professionals who contact the company. One position within the department is that of Medical Communications Associate, responsible primarily for managing product inquiries. PRACTICE INNOVATION: Medical Communications Associates have degrees in life sciences or an equivalent combination of education and experience, including a minimum of 2 years of related experience in the health care industry. Currently, four of the seven Medical Communications Associates in the department are CPhTs. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Ability to recruit CPhTs for Medical Communications Associate positions, and job satisfaction of those hired into these positions. RESULTS: Critical basic skills needed for the Medical Communications Associate position include strong computer literacy, ability to multitask, and ability to work in an environment with frequent interruptions. Strong oral and written communications skills, customer service skills, ability to deal with stressful situations, product-specific knowledge, ability to work on a daily basis with Medical Communications Pharmacists, and knowledge of medical terminology are also important. The skills set of CPhTs matches these requirements, as evidenced by the experiences of the four staff members who have worked in the department for a total of 17 person-years. CONCLUSION: This nontraditional role for CPhTs can be rewarding and beneficial to all, affording an unique opportunity within the pharmaceutical industry. The skill set and experience of CPhTs can be used in the nontraditional pharmacy practice setting of drug information.

Certification↗
PubMed1986

Design and evaluation of a nitrous oxide scavenging system for use in nontraditional hospital settings.

Analgesic use of nitrous oxide (N2O) in nontraditional settings requires safe and effective scavenging systems to rid the work area of hazardous waste gas. Significant health risks to health care workers are associated with repetitive exposure to excessive levels of N2O. Regulations limit the exposure level to 25 parts per million and also require the use of effective scavenging systems. We tested the existing room ventilation and a suction-powered scavenging system in our burn unit's hydrotherapy room and found them to be inadequate in maintaining safe room air levels. We therefore developed a fan-powered scavenging system using a ceiling-mounted hood, under which N2O is administered, and found it to maintain safe levels while requiring little patient cooperation and allowing complete access to the patient.

Burn Units↗
PubMed1995

Husbands' involvement in housework: effects of relative earning power and masculine orientation.

A survey of 138 husbands in dual-earner households examined factors influencing participation in two household tasks, cleaning and cooking. Path analyses showed that husbands were more involved in these tasks if they had a nontraditional view of masculinity and if they perceived little conflict between their work and family life. Also, the greater the wives' contribution to family income, the greater the husbands' participation in cleaning and cooking. Finally, a traditional view of masculinity tended to decrease involvement in household tasks by increasing the perception of conflict between work and home life.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Recruiting and retaining mental health professionals to rural communities: an interdisciplinary course in Appalachia.

CONTEXT: Faculty from 5 disciplines (health administration, nursing, psychology, social work, and special education) collaborated to develop and teach a distance-learning course designed to encourage undergraduate and graduate students to seek mental health services employment in rural areas and to provide the skills, experience, and knowledge necessary for successful rural practice. METHODS: The primary objectives of the course, developed after thorough review of the rural retention and recruitment literature, were to (1) enhance interdisciplinary team skills, (2) employ technology as a tool for mental health practitioners, and (3) enhance student understanding of Appalachian culture and rural mental health. Didactic instruction emphasized Appalachian culture, rural mental health, teamwork and communication, professional ethics, and technology. Students were introduced to videoconferencing, asynchronous and synchronous communication, and Internet search tools. Working in teams of 3 or 4, students grappled with professional and cultural issues plus team process as they worked through a hypothetical case of a sexually abused youngster. The course required participants to engage in a nontraditional manner by immersing students in Web-based teams. FINDINGS: Student evaluations suggested that teaching facts or "content" about rural mental health and Appalachian culture was much easier than the "process" of using new technologies or working in teams. CONCLUSIONS: Given that the delivery of mental health care demands collaboration and teamwork and that rural practice relies increasingly more on the use of technology, our experience suggests that more team-based, technology-driven courses are needed to better prepare students for clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in families and getting youngsters to the dentist.

Bureau of the Census surveys for the mid-1990s, with projections into the early years of the next century, indicate a continuing increase in the numbers of single-parent families, grandparent supervised children, families with two employed parents and a wide variety of child care arrangements. Pediatric dentists increasingly will need to deal with juggled parental work schedules, unavailability of parents/guardians and any number of difficulties resulting from changed family structures in both traditional and nontraditional patient populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Women in construction: occupational health and working conditions.

Construction is one of the largest industries in the United States, employing 7.6 million workers, or about 5% of the US work force. More women have taken jobs in the construction industry over the last two decades, as they have in other nontraditional industries. In 1997, there were 8.1 million construction workers, of whom 781,000 (9%) were women. Approximately 2% of those were employed as skilled tradeswomen. There is no disputing that construction work is dangerous. Seventeen percent of all fatal on-the-job injuries occur in construction, which is about three times its 6% share of total employment. In this paper, we review the medical literature on the safety and health hazards for women working in the construction industry. Women have a different pattern of fatal injuries and some differences in patterns of nonfatal injuries than men and report unique problems and concerns related to working in this industry.

Epidemiologic Studies↗
PubMed2000

Social control and workplace drinking norms: a comparison of two organizational cultures.

OBJECTIVE: This article reports on an investigation of the relationship of social control mechanisms at work to drinking practices of 10,000 salaried and hourly employees working in the same U.S. industry, with the same union, but in two different work environments. One work environment reflected an organizational culture that is traditional to U.S. management; the other was based on a nontraditional Japanese transplant model. METHOD: The research team used a combination of methods including in-home surveys (N = 1,723; 1,378 men) and ethnography (110 semistructured interviews and 200 hours of direct observation inside the plants). Respondents were asked about general and work-related drinking, perceptions of drinking norms, strengths or weaknesses of alcohol-related policies and procedures for policy enforcement. RESULTS: Although overall consumption rates in both populations were similar, significant differences between the two samples existed regarding work-related drinking. The Traditional (i.e., U.S.) model was associated with more permissive norms regarding drinking before or during work shifts (including breaks) and higher workplace drinking rates than the Transplant (i.e., Japanese) model. Analyses revealed that alcohol policies, and the extent to which policies are actually enforced, predicted drinking norms and alcohol availability at work. Drinking norms, in turn, predicted work-related drinking and accounted for differences in alcohol consumption between the two worksites. Analyses of ethnographic data provided descriptive understandings of aspects of the two organizational cultures that disabled mechanisms for social control of drinking in one setting and enabled those mechanisms in the other. CONCLUSIONS: These understandings of how social control mechanisms predict work-related drinking practices provide guidelines for alcohol problem prevention in a specific kind of occupational environment. However, our identification of aspects of social control that successfully regulate workplace drinking is applicable to other kinds of occupational settings as well.

Adult↗