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Plague in Lushoto district, Tanzania, 1980-1988.

Rodents were live-trapped in selected plague-inflicted villages from June 1980 to March 1988. Flea infestation rates were determined and the animals were serologically tested for plague. Clinically suspected and clinically healthy people in the affected areas were similarly tested for plague antibodies. Of 1596 rodent sera tested, 91 (5.7%) were positive for plague. These were mostly from Rattus rattus, Mastomys natalensis, Otomys spp. and Pelomys fallax. A total of 1772 fleas, of which Dinopsyllus lypusus, Xenopsylla brasiliensis and Ctenophthalmus calceatus comprised the largest proportion, was collected from the captured rodents. Total flea indices ranged from 0.67 to 1.12 fleas per rodent. A total of 2809 human cases and a mortality rate of 10.2% were recorded in 1980-1988. It was concluded that most rodent species in the area were suitable reservoirs of plague and that D. lypusus, X. brasiliensis and C. calceatus were probably responsible for transmitting the pathogen. Lack of effective quarantine measures during outbreaks was partly responsible for the spread of the disease to many villages, while inadequate rodent and flea control and poor sanitary measures could be responsible for continued outbreaks of plague in the area.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Human duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion. Evidence for basal secretion and stimulation by hydrochloric acid and a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue.

The factors responsible for prevention of duodenal mucosal injury are not known. This series of experiments was performed to determine whether the human duodenum secretes bicarbonate that could prevent mucosal damage. To isolate a 4-cm segment of proximal (i.e., the duodenal bulb) or distal duodenum free of contamination from either gastric or pancreaticobiliary secretion, or both, methods were developed using occlusive balloons. The test segment was perfused with NaCl (2 ml/min, 37 degrees C) containing [14C]PEG as a nonabsorbable marker, and bicarbonate output was quantitated. Mean (+/- SE) basal proximal duodenal bicarbonate output was 143 +/- 17 mumol/cm X h. A 5-min infusion of 25, 50, and 100 mM HCl directly into the isolated proximal duodenal test segment increased bicarbonate output to 167 +/- 29, 199 +/- 19, and 278 +/- 49 mumol/cm X h, respectively, during the hour after acidification. Distal duodenal acidification (25, 50, and 100 mM) also increased bicarbonate output from the isolated proximal duodenal test segment. A synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, misoprostol (1.67-13.3 micrograms/min), infused directly into proximal or distal test segments significantly stimulated bicarbonate outbreak; peak responses were 644 +/- 35 mumol/cm X h and 171 +/- 20 mumol/cm X h (p less than 0.001), respectively. Thus, in humans, the proximal and distal duodenal mucosa secretes bicarbonate at rest; direct acidification of the proximal duodenum stimulates bicarbonate output; acidification of the distal duodenum beyond the isolated test segment also increased proximal duodenal bicarbonate output; and a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue stimulated both proximal and distal bicarbonate output; however, distal duodenal bicarbonate output was significantly less, indicating a proximal-to-distal gradient in bicarbonate secretion.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Differentiation of equine influenza viruses subtype 2 with monoclonal antibodies].

Infections and clinical diseases caused by equine 2 influenza A viruses are observed worldwide. The frequency of these outbreaks supports the hypothesis that antigenic variation of the surface proteins may play an important role. For the demonstration of these variations, monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were prepared. They are directed against the hemagglutinin or the neuraminidase of the prototype strain a/eq/Miami/1/63. In hemagglutination-inhibition assays with Mabs two reaction patterns were observed: four Mabs inhibited 14 out of 17 strains tested. Another Mab recognized the hemagglutinin of only 4 strains. One strain was not inhibited by any of the Mabs. This reaction pattern was not changed by purification of the Mabs using different techniques. Following tween 80/ether treatment of some strains, the Mab reacting more strain-specific had higher titers against the four closely related strains. Tween 80/ether treatment did not affect the titers of the Mabs reacting more subtype-specific. Analysis of the neuraminidase of 17 strains revealed a marked variation in two strains. Different purification procedures had some influence on the titers of the Mabs but did not alter the pattern of the reaction. The antigenic variation of surface proteins detected by Mabs are not seen so clearly when conventional antisera are used. Therefore, antigenic variations are probably not responsible for outbreaks of equine influenza in vaccinated animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Viral transmission and fibreoptic endoscopy.

Fibreoptic endoscopes have been responsible for outbreaks of infection with bacteria although viral transmission has been reported only once. The emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has prompted a review of infection control practices in endoscopy units because of the theoretical possibility that HIV might be transmitted at endoscopy. Recent studies have shown that bronchoscopes and gastroscopes used on AIDS patients become contaminated with HIV genetic material although cleaning equipment in detergent removes all traces of the virus. Thorough precleaning has been shown to eliminate even high titres of HIV from endoscopes and 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde has been found to inactivate the virus rapidly even if the virus is dried in serum to a surface. These findings support the British Society of Gastroenterology recommendations for the cleaning and disinfection of endoscopic equipment and demonstrate that a uniform policy of infection control is practicable in endoscopy units.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed2026

Genomic insights into preantibiotic osteomyelitis pathogens and their link to current resistant hospital strains.

OBJECTIVES: Osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection that was frequently fatal before the introduction of antibiotics and remains a significant healthcare burden today. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause, alongside other hospital-acquired pathogens. Despite their clinical importance, the evolutionary history of these bacteria remains poorly understood. We investigated historical osteomyelitis specimens to identify causative pathogens and characterise their genomes, virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). METHODS: Seven osteomyelitis-affected bones from adults dating to 19th-20th century Germany were analysed using ancient DNA (aDNA) approaches. After sequencing and screening, candidate pathogens were prioritised based on authentic aDNA damage patterns, established association with osteomyelitis and exclusion as environmental contaminants. Identified species were characterised by phylogenetics, multilocus sequence typing and virulence/AMR profiling. RESULTS: In four patients, we detected authentic aDNA from Acinetobacter baumannii, S. aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. Detected taxa in the remaining three patients did not fulfil the criteria for further analysis. Two patients carried A. baumannii genomes clustering closely with modern avian and freshwater isolates. Both harboured virulence genes, alongside intrinsic efflux pumps and β-lactamases. One patient carried an S. aureus strain belonging to the globally disseminated clonal complex 30, responsible for outbreaks since the 1950s. Molecular dating indicated that this strain diverged from the wider lineage around 1800, placing it among the earliest members of this group. It encoded multiple virulence genes, but no methicillin resistance genes. The fourth patient carried an S. pyogenes strain related to modern epidemic lineages from North America, encoding conserved virulence factors, but no AMR genes. CONCLUSIONS: These specimens provide a window into the evolution of osteomyelitis pathogens. Although modern developments such as widespread antibiotic use have intensified the global resistance crisis, our findings indicate that the genetic foundations for pathogenicity and resistance were already present more than 100 years ago.

Ancient DNA↗
PubMed1976

Serratia marcescens and the urologist.

Serratia marcescens, long considered a non-pathogen, is now found to be responsible for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. An outbreak of Serratia infection at 2 institutions is reported, in which 253 cultures of Serratia were grown and 115 patients were involved. The 3 most important conditions that preceded isolation of Serratia were the use of indwelling urethral catheters, antibiotic therapy and operation. All infections were acquired in the hospital. An epidemiological survey showed that the organism is present in the environment, even in the absence of active infection.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis.

Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) is responsible for outbreaks of hepatitis with a predilection for young adults. The disease is usually mild, except in pregnant women, who have a high case-fatality rate from fulminant hepatic failure. Diagnosis is largely based on the epidemiological findings of faecal contamination of drinking water and serological exclusion of hepatitis A and B virus infection. Histological features of liver biopsy specimens are characteristic and virus-like particles in the stool are aggregated by antibody present in acute and convalescent phase sera of the test subject. NANB is widespread in India and several countries of South-East Asia; it is increasingly recognised in Africa and may occur in Latin America. Control measures include provision of clean water supplies, safe disposal of human excreta, and sound personal and food hygiene practices. Passive immunisation with immunoglobulin derived from healthy donors resident in the countries affected by the disease may protect vulnerable groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Emergence of a Bundibugyo virus variant in the 2026 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda.

In May 2026, an outbreak of Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus (BDBV, species Orthoebolavirus bundibugyoense) was declared in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with cases originating from DRC and locally transmitted cases reported in Uganda. Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreaks were previously recorded in 2007-2008 in Bundibugyo District, Uganda, and in 2012 in Isiro, DRC. Here, we generated 22 genomes from samples obtained from individuals with BVD in DRC and Uganda. These genomes form a well-supported phylogenetic cluster separate from BDBV variants associated with the 2007 and 2012 outbreaks, together with evidence for sustained human transmission. This is consistent with the emergence of a new zoonotic spillover event rather than resurgence from previously reported variants. Besides ongoing efforts in strengthening surveillance systems, community engagement, establishing Ebola treatment centers, and developing targeted medical countermeasures; our report advocates to specifically increase decentralized laboratory diagnostics capacity, with pan-Orthoebolavirus assays, including genomic sequencing capacity, for limiting further outbreak expansion, timely detection and control of future outbreaks.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

Triacylglycerol metabolism is a novel target to combat West Nile virus infection.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic Orthoflavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes that is responsible for outbreaks of meningitis and encephalitis worldwide. Driven by climate change, WNV has expanded as a global public health concern, particularly in temperate regions. However, there are still no specific approved therapies, reinforcing the need for antiviral development. Previous works have documented that WNV multiplication strictly depends on certain cellular lipids. To identify novel lipid-related therapeutic targets, we analyzed the infection driven alterations in the CNS lipidome, the primary tissue supporting WNV replication. Our results indicated that the major alterations in the brain lipid content of WNV-infected mice corresponded to triacylglycerols (TAGs). Moreover, transcriptomic analysis showed that infected brains underwent changes in the expression of TAG metabolism. Supplementation with exogenous fatty acids increased lipid droplets (LD) content and promoted viral replication in cell culture models. On the contrary, pharmacological intervention in TAG metabolism using diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors (DGATi) suppressed WNV multiplication in cell culture models. As a proof-of-concept of the therapeutic potential of DGATi, treatment of mice with A922500 reduced viral burden in the brain and proinflammatory cytokine production. Overall, our results unveil the importance of LDs and glycerolipid metabolism for WNV and highlight the potential of therapeutic interventions targeting this pathway to control viral replication and neuroinflammation.

West Nile virus; lipid↗
PubMed1978

Analysis of increasing antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae relative to changes in chemotherapy.

Three antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae responsible for outbreaks of systemic infection in a hospital nursery were analyzed. Each organism emerged after prolonged use of a drug to which it was resistant. The first strain (RO16) produced neomycin phosphotransferase and contained three plasmids with molecular weights of 24, 25, and 30 X 10(6) daltons, respectively. Resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, neomycin, and kanamycin was transferred by conjugation at a frequency of 10(-6). The second strain of K. pneumoniae (RO106) produced gentamicin adenyltransferase and maintained aminoglycoside resistance only when propagated in antibiotic-containing medium. DNA analyses revealed eight species of plasmid DNA: one species with a molecular weight of 70 X 10(6) daltons apparently accounted for conjugal transfer of resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. The third strain (RO180) was resistant primarily to colistin and lacked plasmids. Control of the outbreak due to this strain was achieved by aminoglycoside therapy.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1990

Non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae: a look at the epidemiology of an occasional pathogen.

Non-O1 V. cholerae is a ubiquitous environmental isolate. It is a common contaminant of shellfish, and in the developing world, it is frequently isolated from food and water. Asymptomatic carriage rates approaching 4 percent have been described among persons involved in high-risk activities, such as eating oysters in New Orleans or going on pilgrimage to Mecca. The actual occurrence of disease appears to be much less common. This is an "occupational" pathogen which may be responsible for outbreaks or a high frequency of isolation in certain areas at specific times but which generally ranks as a minor cause of diarrheal disease. While host susceptibility and infectious dose may help explain the relatively infrequent occurrence of non-O1 V. cholerae-associated disease, it also appears likely that only a small minority of strains carry the necessary virulence factors to cause gastroenteritis. Unfortunately, there does not appear to be a single mechanism by which these organisms cause diarrhea; it is likely that we will find a heterogeneous pattern of virulence mechanisms, similar to the heterogeneity seen among diarrheagenic E. coli. As our understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms improves, there should be a corresponding refinement in our understanding of the epidemiology of these widely distributed organisms.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Microbe Profile: Salmonella Typhimurium: the master of the art of adaptation.

Salmonella Typhimurium is a major Salmonella serovar that is found globally. It is responsible for outbreaks of self-limiting gastroenteritis that are broadly linked to the industrialization of food production. S. Typhimurium is a pathogen with a broad host range and remarkable metabolic versatility. The ∼5 Mb genome includes the pSLT virulence plasmid and has a characteristic prophage repertoire. The major virulence determinants are encoded by a variety of pathogenicity islands. Emerging multidrug-resistant lineages of epidemics of S. Typhimurium are currently causing bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa. The versatility and adaptability of S. Typhimurium pose an important public health challenge.

Salmonella typhimurium↗
PubMed1975

Equine infectious respiratory disease.

During the past 20 years the equine population of Great Britain and Ireland has increased with the result that the practising veterinary surgeon is more frequently called upon to advise on equine problems. A significant portion of this advice is concerned with the examination of horses showing signs of this advice is concerned with the examination of horses showing signs of respiratory disease. Numerous pathogens, which include viruses, bacteria, parasites and moulds invade the respiratory tract causing similar signs of illness. It is therefore difficult to provide an aetiological diagnosis based on a clinical examination. Field studies supported by laboratory investigations have established that influenza and herpes viruses are frequently responsible for outbreaks of disease. Epidemiological studies suggest that other factors including the immune state of the equine population influence the distribution and severity of respiratory disease. The aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and control of equine infectious respiratory disease are discussed below.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1990

Recovery of hepatitis A virus from a water supply responsible for a common source outbreak of hepatitis A.

An outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in a north Georgia trailer park served by a private well. Of 18 residents who were serosusceptible to hepatitis A virus (HAV), 16 (89%) developed hepatitis A. Well water samples were collected 3 months after illness onset in the index case and 28 days after illness onset in the last trailer park resident. Hepatitis A virus antigen (HAVAg) was detected in the samples by enzyme immunoassay from three of the five cell lines following two 30-day passages and from a fourth cell line following a third passage of 21 days.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Human West Nile virus lineage 2 neuroinvasive infection as a cause of fatal Guillain-Barré syndrome.

BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) is now endemic in Europe and continues to spread to several countries, with strains 1 and 2 primarily responsible for outbreaks. According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Italy accounts for the majority of locally acquired cases and West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). CASE REPORT: We present the first case described in Italy and Europe of WNND-related Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genome belonged to the WNV-2, sublineage 2a, clustering within sequences from genomes originating mainly from Hungarian 578/10 strain, a particularly virulent strain. CONCLUSION: The first case of GBS as a presentation of WNND in a European patient is reported, along with a review of all previously published cases of GBS related to WNND. The United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) documented 13% of WNV infections manifest as GBS, with a gradual and slow improvement, often with residual neurologic deficits of varying severity. Physicians should be aware that the presentation of a patient to an emergency department with GBS, during a certain epidemiological period of the year, should raise the clinical suspicion that the GBS may be related to a WNND.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

[Arnozán-Dubreuilh depilating folliculitis].

Male patient, aged twenty-six years. Having an eight-and-a-half-year- old dermatosis of localized evolution on scalp, under arms, thighs, pubis and legs, characterized by inflammatory papules and follicular and extra-adnexial pustules, tiny scars and lack of hair in the affected areas. The authors present a representative case of "depilating folliculitis" of (Arnozán and Dubreuilh) stressing the following: Uncommon frequency in our country but frequent in warmer climates where it is observed mainly among peasants and sugar-cane workers. Wide-depilated areas principally in folds. Seasonal outbreak. Good response to treatment. A revision of the theme is made emphasizing the histopathologic pathogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The virtual elimination of rubella and mumps from the United States and the use of combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR) to eliminate measles.

The measles elimination effort, which began in 1978, has made dramatic contributions to the virtual elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and the control of mumps in the USA. The use of combined MMR vaccine has resulted in immunization levels at school entry in excess of 95% against each of these diseases. As a result, record low levels of rubella, CRS, and mumps were reported in 1984. Continued use of MMR, along with improved surveillance and aggressive response to outbreaks, can be expected to eliminate rubella and mumps as well as measles.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗