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PubMed2006

Protective effects of IL4-589T and RANTES-28G on HIV-1 disease progression in infected Thai females.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of polymorphisms in interleukin-4 (IL4) and RANTES promoters on disease progression in HIV-1 infected Thais. DESIGN: Antiretroviral (ARV) drug-free HIV-1 infected females from the prospective cohort. METHODS: A total of 246 DNA samples were genotyped for IL4 and RANTES promoter polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. Associations of genotype with HIV-1 disease progression were assessed with respect to baseline clinical data including plasma HIV-1 load, CD4 cell counts, and proportion of symptomatic/AIDS, and survival status during 3 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Patients with homozygous IL4-589T allele showed a significantly lower HIV-1 viral load (P = 0.005) and a higher CD4 cell count (P = 0.003) than the other patients with heterozygous IL4-589C/T or homozygous IL4-589C allele. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated an apparent but insignificant trend towards better survival in homozygous IL4-589T patients. On the other hand, patients with RANTES-28G allele showed a significantly better survival while those with RANTES In1.1C allele without RANTES-28G showed a significantly poorer survival compared with those who did not possess either RANTES In1.1C or RANTES-28G (P = 0.02), although those polymorphisms only weakly associated with baseline viral load and CD4 cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: Our results implicate the significant protective effect of IL4-589T and RANTES-28G on HIV disease progression in Thais. In contrast, RANTES In1.1C without RANTES-28G had an accelerating effect on HIV disease progression.

CD4 Lymphocyte Count↗
PubMed2006

Williamsia marianensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the Mariana Trench.

The taxonomic status of an actinomycete isolated from sediment collected from the Mariana Trench was established using a combination of genotypic and phenotypic data. Isolate MT8T had chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in the genus Williamsia, and formed a distinct phyletic line in the 16S rRNA gene tree together with the type strain of Williamsia muralis. The isolate was readily distinguished from the latter, and from representatives of other Williamsia species, using DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic criteria. Predominant cellular fatty acids were oleic, palmitic and tuberculostearic acids and a hexadecenoic acid. The DNA G+C content was 65.2 mol%. It is apparent that the isolate belongs to a novel species of Williamsia. Strain MT8T (=DSM 44944T=NCIMB 14085T) was thus considered to be the type strain of a novel species in the genus Williamsia, for which the name Williamsia marianensis sp. nov. is proposed.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed2006

Dermacoccus abyssi sp. nov., a piezotolerant actinomycete isolated from the Mariana Trench.

The taxonomic status of an actinobacterial strain isolated from Mariana Trench sediment was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain, isolate MT1.1(T), formed a distinct clade in the Micrococcineae 16S rRNA gene tree together with Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis DSM 20448(T). The organism had chemical and phenotypic properties consistent with its classification in the genus Dermacoccus and could be distinguished from D. nishinomiyaensis DSM 20448(T) using DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic data. The G + C content of the DNA of isolate MT1.1(T) was 65.2 mol%. It is evident that the organism merits recognition as a novel species in the genus Dermacoccus. The name proposed for this taxon is Dermacoccus abyssi sp. nov.; the type strain is MT1.1(T) (=DSM 17573(T) = NCIMB 14084(T)). The organism grows well at 40 MPa and hence is piezotolerant.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed2006

Dermacoccus barathri sp. nov. and Dermacoccus profundi sp. nov., novel actinomycetes isolated from deep-sea mud of the Mariana Trench.

The taxonomic positions of two actinobacterial strains isolated from Mariana Trench sediment were established using a combination of genotypic and phenotypic data. The strains, isolates MT2.1(T) and MT2.2(T), formed a distinct phyletic line in the Micrococcineae 16S rRNA gene tree together with Dermacoccus abyssi NCIMB 14084(T). The isolates had chemical and phenotypic properties typical of members of the genus Dermacoccus and could be distinguished sharply from one another and from the type strains of Dermacoccus abyssi and Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis using DNA-DNA relatedness data. A range of phenotypic properties served to distinguish the two novel strains from one another and from the type strains of established Dermacoccus species. The G+C contents of the DNAs of strains MT2.1(T) and MT2.2(T) were 66.8 and 69.1 mol%, respectively. It is evident that the two isolates merit recognition as novel species within the genus Dermacoccus. The names proposed for these taxa are Dermacoccus barathri sp. nov. (type strain MT2.1(T)=DSM 17574(T)=NCIMB 14081(T)) and Dermacoccus profundi sp. nov. (type strain MT2.2(T)=DSM 17575(T)=NCIMB 14126(T)) [corrected]

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization of the complete genome of human influenza H5N1 virus isolates from Thailand.

The complete genomes of three human H5N1 influenza isolates were characterized, together with the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from two additional human isolates and one chicken isolate. These six influenza isolates were obtained from four different provinces of Thailand during the avian influenza outbreak in Asia from late 2003 to May 2004. All six Thailand isolates contained multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site in the HA gene. Amino acid residues at the receptor-binding site of the five human viruses were similar to those of the chicken virus and other H5N1 viruses from Hong Kong. The presence of amantadine resistance in the Thailand viruses isolated during this outbreak was suggested by a fixed mutation in M2 and confirmed by a phenotypic assay. All genomic segments of the Thailand viruses clustered with the recently described genotype Z. The Thailand viruses contained more avian-specific residues than the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 viruses, suggesting that the virus may have adapted to allow a more efficient spread in avian species.

Amantadine↗
PubMed2005

Frequent detection of Epstein-Barr Virus and cytomegalovirus but not JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in northern Thailand.

Applying nested-PCRs, we frequently detected DNA of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus but not JC virus in cerebrospinal fluid samples from 140 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with central nervous system symptoms in northern Thailand. Despite the low incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma or cytomegalovirus encephalitis among Thai AIDS patients, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections in the central nervous system are common.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A single-nucleotide synonymous mutation in the gag gene controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion production.

Viral factors as well as host ones play major roles in the disease progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We have examined cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity and HIV-1 DNA PCR results of 312 high-risk seronegative drug users in northern Thailand and identified four seronegative cases positive for both assays. Furthermore, we have identified a synonymous mutation in nucleotide position 75 of the gag p17 gene (A426G) of HIV-1 that belongs to the CRF01_AE virus circulating in Thailand. The replication-competent HIV-1 clone containing the A426G mutation demonstrated a dramatic reduction of virion production and perturbation of viral morphogenesis without affecting viral protein synthesis in cells.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed2002

Impact of HIV vaccination on laboratory diagnosis: case reports.

BACKGROUND: It has not been clearly demonstrated whether HIV vaccination can complicate routine HIV testing. In this report, we describe the laboratory data of two prisoners who received rgp120 vaccine in a phase III trial underway in Thailand. These data indicate that previous vaccination may complicate the interpretation of screening HIV diagnostic tests. CASE PRESENTATION: The participants were identified from a cohort study on "Health factors related to HIV-1 and other viral infections among incarcerated people" that was approved by The Ethical Committee for Research in Human Subjects, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. HIV diagnosis was definitively established with serial specimens using multi-screening tests, Western blot and diagnostic PCR.Anti-HIV screening tests consistently exhibited either weakly reactive or inconclusive results. The band patterns of the Western blot analysis corresponded to those found in individuals who received the rgp120 vaccination. Definite results were established using diagnostic PCR, which exhibited consistently negative results with follow-up specimens. Such problems in HIV testing are not easily resolved in the routine clinical setting in Thailand. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that HIV-1 vaccination interferes with routine diagnostic tests. Similar cases will not be uncommon in Thailand, where 2,545 people have already participated in a phase III trial.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2003

HIV infection and risk factors among Bangkok prisoners, Thailand: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Incarceration has been associated with HIV infection among injection drug users. However, data on HIV risk factors of the inmates during incarceration are rarely reported from Thailand. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 689 male inmates in a Bangkok central prison was studied during 2001-2002. Follow up visits were conducted for 5 months, with testing for HIV and other infections and interviewing of demographics and risk behaviors. RESULTS: Among 689 male inmates, half (50.9 %) were drug injectors. About 49% of the injectors had injection during incarceration. Most (94.9%) of the injectors had shared injection paraphernalia with others. Successful follow up rate was 98.7% after 2,581 person-months observation. HIV incidence was 4.18 per 100 person--years among all inmates, and 11.10 per 100 person--years among the injection inmates. Multivariate analysis identified variables associated with HIV prevalence: history of injection [OR = 2.30, 95%CI: 1.91-2.77], positive urine opiate test [OR = 5.04, 95%CI: 2.63-9.67], history of attendance to drug withdrawal clinics [OR = 2.00, 95%CI: 1.19-3.35] and presence of tattoos on the body [OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.01-1.52]. CONCLUSIONS: The main HIV risk factors of Bangkok inmates were those related to drug injection. Harm reduction measures and HIV intervention strategies should be implemented to prevent more spread of HIV among the inmates and into the community.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Sexual risk behaviors of male current and ex-opiate users in Chiang Rai, Thailand.

Injecting drug use and unsafe sexual practice are both considered major risk factors for HIV infection. This study reports sexual behaviors among male "current" (i.e. using heroin and/or opium at least once in the past 3 months) and "ex-" opiate users in Chiang Rai province in Northern Thailand. Between January 1999 and August 2000, 206 male opiate users were recruited by mail callback. Of the 206 drug users, 89 (43.2%) could be classified as current users. Current users did not differ from ex-users, except for educational level and ethnicity. Current and ex-opiate users showed no difference in number of regular sexual partners, proportion of having sex with commercial and non-commercial sex partners, and reported histories of sexually transmitted diseases. This study suggests that the importance of sexual risk behaviors in HIV transmission cannot be ignored in both current and ex-opiate users.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Salmonella serovars from humans and other sources in Thailand, 1993-2002.

We serotyped 44,087 Salmonella isolates from humans and 26,148 from other sources from 1993 through 2002. The most common serovar causing human salmonellosis in Thailand was Salmonella enterica Weltevreden. Serovars causing human infections in Thailand differ from those in other countries and seem to be related to Salmonella serovars in different food products and reservoirs.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Human disease from influenza A (H5N1), Thailand, 2004.

Influenza A (H5N1) is endemic in poultry across much of Southeast Asia, but limited information exists on the distinctive features of the few human cases. In Thailand, we instituted nationwide surveillance and tested respiratory specimens by polymerase chain reaction and viral isolation. From January 1 to March 31, 2004, we reviewed 610 reports and identified 12 confirmed and 21 suspected cases. All 12 confirmed case-patients resided in villages that experienced abnormal chicken deaths, 9 lived in households whose backyard chickens died, and 8 reported direct contact with dead chickens. Seven were children <14 years of age. Fever preceded dyspnea by a median of 5 days, and lymphopenia significantly predicted acute respiratory distress syndrome development and death. Among hundreds of thousands of potential human cases of influenza A (H5N1) in Asia, a history of direct contact with sick poultry, young age, pneumonia and lymphopenia, and progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome should prompt specific laboratory testing for H5 influenza.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Co-existence of HIV-1 subtypes B' and E infections among Thai injecting drug users.

Subtypes B' and E are the two major subtypes of HIV-1 among injecting drug users (IDU) in Thailand. However, there are not many reports on subtype distribution during the early epidemic. Random blood specimens collected during 1994-2000 from 3,286 IDU at the Thanyarak Hospital were tested for HIV antibody and subtyped by using peptide binding enzyme immunoassay. The prevalence rate of HIV infection was 36.8%. All HIV-seropositive IDU were ascertained for "year of first HIV seropositivity" from their medical records. Of 1,512 HIV-seropositive samples, 1,408 (93.1%) were typeable. During 1987-1988, the proportion of subtype B' was as high as 80% but decreased rapidly to 27.6% during 1999-2000. At the same time, the proportions of subtype E increased correspondingly (Chi-square test for the trend, p < 0.05). The relatively high proportion of subtype E among IDU since an early stage of the epidemic suggests early co-existence of both subtypes and needs further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Characteristic of HIV-1 in V3 loop region based on seroreactivity and amino acid sequences in Thailand.

The third variable (V3) domain of the envelop (env) protein has been used for determining genetic subtype and phenotypic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates. Based on the seroreactivity of the HIV-1 subtype by V3 peptide binding enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of 351 samples obtained in 1998 from HIV-1 infected individuals and AIDS patients, we found that 283 (80.6%) were subtype E, 20 (5.7%) were subtype B, 28 (8.0%) were cross-reactive between both types and 20 (5.7%) were non-typeable. The degree of seroreactivity of HIV-1 subtype E decreased significantly when the amino acid at the crown of the V3 loop was substituted from a GPGQ motif to GPGR motif. Interestingly, AIDS patients who had V3 sequences of subtype E as GPGR motif had a stronger immunoreactivity to GPGQ motif peptides than to GPGR motif peptides, in contradiction for their proviral sequences. The results suggested that mutations in the V3 loop may lead to a changed immunoreactivity that makes HIV-1 mutants unrecognizable or allow escape from the primary immune response by means of neutralizing sensitivity. In connection with vaccine development, it should be pointed out that the combination of V3 sequencing and peptide EIA could provide a novel approach to obtain a primarily infected virus sequence as a target for a preventive AIDS vaccine.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Isolation and identification of influenza virus strains circulating in Thailand in 2001.

Local influenza surveillance plays an important role in preparing for, and responding to, epidemics and pandemics. Between January and December 2001, the National Institute of Health of Thailand collected a total of 711 throat swab specimens from outpatients affected with acute respiratory symptoms from several centers throughout Thailand, of which 374 were virus-positive. Of these, 338 (90.4%) were positive for influenza virus by immunofluorescence testing. By hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) testing, 155 of the type A viruses were found to be subtype H1N1 strains closely related to A/New Caledonia/20/99, and 70 were subtype H3N2 A/Moscow/ 10/99-like viruses. For type B, the isolates were antigenically B/Sichuan/379/9-like by HI, although a number of the strains could be shown to be more closely related to earlier influenza B strains by genetic analysis. The strains circulating in Thailand were antigenically similar to strains isolated worldwide during the same period and to strains recommended by the WHO for inclusion in the vaccines for use in 2001-2002.

Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of RT-PCR as a tool for diagnosis of secondary dengue virus infection.

Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are serious illnesses in many tropical and subtropical countries. Laboratory tests are essential for the confirmation of dengue virus infection. In the present study, we examined the reliability of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the laboratory diagnosis of dengue, especially in secondary dengue virus infections. We defined the day when fever subsided as fever day 0. In primary dengue virus infection, the dengue viral genome was detected in all of the 7 samples which were collected on fever day -1 or earlier, in 3 of 4 samples on fever day 0, and in 1 of 2 samples on fever day 1. None of the samples collected on fever day 2 or later were positive by RT-PCR. In secondary dengue virus infection, the dengue viral genome was detected in all of the 28 samples which were collected on fever day -2 or earlier, in 25 of 26 on fever day -1, in 29 of 34 on fever day 0, and in 5 of 10 on fever days 1-2. None of the samples collected on fever day 3 or later were positive. Virus isolation and direct titration were attempted using the plasma samples. When the data of secondary infection cases were analyzed based on fever day, dengue viruses were isolated from all of the 5 samples which were collected on fever day -2 or earlier, in 5 of 13 samples on fever day -1, and in 4 of 22 on fever day 0, but were not isolated from any of the 4 samples collected on fever days 1-2. Viruses were directly detected in 7 of 11 samples on fever day -2 or earlier, in 4 of 13 on fever day -1, and in 1 of 16 on fever day 0. These results indicate that RT-PCR is more sensitive than virus isolation and direct virus titration for determining secondary dengue virus infection. The results also suggest that RT-PCR is a useful diagnostic test for confirmation of dengue virus infection in secondary infection as well as in primary infection, especially when plasma samples are collected before the fever subsides.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2004

Mortality analysis of HIV-1 infected patients for prioritizing antiretroviral drug therapy.

Mortality data of patients, classified according to their clinical status and CD4+ cell count status, would be very useful to guide clinicians to prioritizing patients who need antiretroviral drug therapy. In the current study, the authors re-analyzed data derived from a previously published retrospective study of HIV-1-infected individuals at Lampang Hospital in northern Thailand. According to the Cox proportional hazard model, compared to asymptomatic patients with a high CD4+ cell count (> 200 cell/microl), the mortality rate of asymptomatic patients with a medium CD4+ cell count (100-199 cell/microl) did not significantly differ. However, the mortality rate of patients with a CD4+ cell count below 100 cell/microl was at least 16 times higher, regardless of the presence of clinical symptoms. Based on these results, the authors produced a Lampang Hospital guideline of antiretroviral drug use; priority of antiretroviral therapy should, therefore, be given to patients with CD4+ cell count < 100 cell/microl.

Anti-HIV Agents↗