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PubMed2025

The Genetic Data Market: Institutional Governance of Academic/Industry Research Partnerships for the Public Good.

The Trump Administration's cuts to research funding and opposition to diversity, equity, and inclusion is destabilizing academic research. These attacks coincide with pointed government support for the private sector. But the conceptualization of academic versus private sector health research has historically been a false binary. Drawing on mixed methods research, this paper examines the genomic data market as an example of advantages and challenges of commercializing academic expertise. It also highlights the structural downsides of researchers individually navigating industry partnerships. While academia is currently being put in the unenviable position of being more likely to need the private sector to conduct research, with less federal funding to offer in exchange, structural pain points have existed for decades. This is an opportunity for academia to harness its powers of expertise and collective action to develop institutional policy to ensure academic/industry research is beneficial to the public health and diverse patient communities.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

An anatomicopathological approach to the study of articular aging.

Bone and joint aging results from the combined action of various metabolic and mechanical factors. Osteoarticular aging produces primary changes in bone (intrinsic rarefaction, but also extrinsic osteogenesis), cartilage, synovial membrane, and tendon. The association of these primary changes can result basically in three anatomicopathological entities: hyperostosis and osteophytes at tendon insertions, senile remodeling, and osteoarthritic remodeling. Some of these entities are asymptomatic. Others form part of nosologic entities such as osteoarthritis and various types of joint pain and stiffness. The standard methods of morbid anatomy provide a link between clinical findings and modern research methods. By separating nosology and morphology they permit a better analysis of the boundaries and transitions between articular "aging" and "disease". With advancing age, osteoarthritis becomes increasingly frequent but not inevitable.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed1977

A mini-research program for dental students.

A mini-research program to familiarize dental students with scientific research methods is described. Students who have not been exposed to laboratory or clinical research and who are not familiar with the use of the library and other research resources participate. The gross anatomy laboratory is the setting for the data-gathering stage, although most basic science departments could conduct a similar program. The assigned topics are of a morphologic, observational, and descriptive, rather than experimental, nature. The best reports are selected for presentation at a brief scientific session patterned after meetings of the International Association for Dental Research.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1977

Experimental animals and in vitro systems in the study of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

The history of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) research is reviewed from the point of view of whether the main discoveries concerning LCM pathogenesis have stemmed from animal or in vitro research methods. Most of the results initially stemmed from animal experiments, but in recent years recourse has increasingly been made to in vitro techniques to confirm and amplify the animal-based conclusions.Different research approaches are discussed and an attempt is made to assess the role of in vitro versus animal methods in obtaining knowledge on this virus. The same analysis is applied to the future needs and trends in arenavirus research.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Review of training and evaluation studies in expanded functions for dental auxiliaries.

A review of the literature on research in expanded functions for dental auxiliaries is presented. Summaries of each of the training and evaluation studies sponsored by both private and government agencies are given. Wide variation in research methods of these studies and the failure to report important details make it difficult to interpret and use the research findings. Results from all studies indicate that dental auxiliaries can, with the proper training, perform selected reversible and irreversible dental procedures at an acceptable level of quality. Future research should be conducted in private practice settings and in new oral health care delivery systems with various configurations of expanded function dental auxiliaries.

Dental Assistants↗
PubMed1978

Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness: a reassessment of the specificity of 'schizophrenic' symptoms in the light of current research.

Present clinical and research methods of differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and affective psychoses rely very heavily on presenting symptoms and signs, especially in acute psychosis. We have reviewed studies bearing on this issue, including studies of the phenomenology of psychotic illness, outcome, family history, response to treatment with lithium carbonate, and cross-national and historical diagnostic comparisons. We conclude that most so-called schizophrenic symptoms, taken alone and in cross section, have remarkably little, if any, demonstrated validity in determining diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response in psychosis. In the United States, particularly, overreliance on such symptoms alone results in overdiagnosis of schizophrenia and underdiagnosis of affective illnesses, particularly mania. This compromises both clinical treatment and research.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1977

[The present status of vestibular testing (author's transl)].

Proceeding from the standard aims of every vestibular test, modern fine-quantitative investigatory methods with or without electronystagmographic recording in opposition to the systematic search for spontaneous and provoked nystagmus are presented with a view to their value for medical practice. Examination of spontaneous nystagmus and provoked nystagmus including the fistula symptom and coarse-quantitative excitability tests still represents the most important and most profitable part of the vestibular investigation. For modern research methods standardization of nomenclature and restriction of their plurality are as necessary as a method, which takes in not only single parameters but the whole data contents of vestibular reactions. The practicability of the method is documented by the author's own research work in this field.

Caloric Tests↗
PubMed2026

Solutions for engaging priority populations in HIV cure research: a hybrid Delphi consensus-building process.

BACKGROUND: To achieve consensus on barriers and strategies to improve the engagement of three priority populations - Black and Latino/a/x individuals, cisgender women, and transgender women in HIV cure research. METHODS: We assembled a panel of 54 experts assigned to six groups in a hybrid Delphi process: (1) HIV community members, (2) biomedical researchers, (3) medical providers, (4) funders and private industry members, (5) bioethicists and regulators, and (6) social scientists. Over 18 months, we conducted four iterative survey rounds and three group discussions to identify barriers and strategies to arrive at a consensus on how to engage these priority populations in HIV cure research. RESULTS: For Black and Latino/a/x populations, the panellists identified inadequate outreach and a lack of accessible educational information as primary barriers and emphasised community-driven engagement and partnerships with trusted leaders as key strategies. For cisgender women, logistical hurdles, caregiving responsibilities and time constraints were identified as major barriers, with flexible trial designs and equitable compensation proposed as solutions. For transgender women, the lack of transgender-focused research design, including misrepresentation and exclusion, was identified as a key barrier, while centring transgender-specific needs in study design achieved consensus as the most effective strategy. CONCLUSION: Among all four priority populations, investment in outreach, engagement along the research process, better integration of health needs with research, and enhanced incentives are not novel ideas, but remain obviously ignored in a way that has led to underrepresentation of people in HIV cure research, who carry the greatest burden of HIV in the U.S. SUMMARY: This paper uses a hybrid Delphi process to identify and reach consensus on key barriers and strategies to engage underrepresented groups: Black and Latino/a/x individuals, cisgender women, and transgender women in HIV cure research across the United States.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Disease candidate genes prediction using positive labeled and unlabeled instances.

Identifying disease genes and understanding their performance is critical in producing drugs for genetic diseases. Nowadays, laboratory approaches are not only used for disease gene identification but also using computational approaches like machine learning are becoming considerable for this purpose. In machine learning methods, researchers can only use two data types (disease genes and unknown genes) to predict disease candidate genes. Notably, there is no source for the negative data set. The proposed method is a two-step process: The first step is the extraction of reliable negative genes from a set of unlabeled genes by one-class learning and a filter based on distance indicators from known disease genes; this step is performed separately for each disease. The second step is the learning of a binary model using causing genes of each disease as a positive learning set and the reliable negative genes extracted from that disease. Each gene in the unlabeled gene's production and ranking step is assigned a normalized score using two filters and a learned model. Consequently, disease genes are predicted and ranked. The proposed method evaluation of various six diseases and Cancer class indicates better results than other studies.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

[26 years of research in pneumoconiosis in the field of British coal mines. Contribution of that research to the epidemiology of pulmonary disorders in miners].

Events leading to the start of the Pneumoconiosis Field Research in 1953 are reviewed. Research methods are outlined, progress is described, and the main results are summarised. Three medical surveys were conducted at approximately five-year intervals in 24 coal mines. A further two quinquennial surveys took place at 10 of them, thus completing 20 years' observations. Individual miners' exposures to dust have been measured throughout the periods of study and earlier exposures have been estimated. The dust exposure have been expressed as cumulative timeweighted mass concentrations of dust in the respirable range. Correlations have been demonstrated between this index of exposure and (a) risks of developing various degrees of simple pneumoconiosis, (b) the occurrence of chronic bronchitis symptoms, (c) level of breathing capacity, and (d) among miners with no pneumoconiosis, mortality attributed to respiratory diseases generally, chronic bronchitis and emphysema in particular, and to cancers of the digestive organs. Exposures to quartz amounting to less than about 10 per cent of mixed coal mine dust do not generally affect the probability of developing simple pneumoconiosis. But there is evidence that some miners may show unusual radiological changes over ten years when exposed to dust with a relatively high quartz content. Current work includes continuation of mortality studies and follow-up surveys of miners no longer working at the research collieries. The inter-disciplinary nature of the research team is emphasized and there are suggestions for further work on unresolved problems.

Coal Mining↗
PubMed2025

Systematic acupuncture explains acupuncture at Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20) targeting the inflammatory response to regulate migraine.

OBJECTIVE: To take Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20) targeting inflammatory response to regulate migraine as an example to describe a new method for studying the mechanism of stimulating acupoints. METHODS: The target information of Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20) was retrieved, and after intersection with migraine, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Reactome, and UniProt Keywords were used for functional enrichment. After selecting the main pathway, rats were selected and nitroglycerin was used for modeling, and the behavioral scores, inflammatory factors, heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), protein kinase B (AKT1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (P-ERK1/ERK2) and other states of the rats in the acupuncture, twisting, and electroacupuncture groups were compared. RESULTS: A total of 135 Baihui (GV20) targets and 27 Fengchi (GB20) targets were collected. A total of 73 target information were obtained after the intersection of these targets in migraine. These 73 targets have three main pathways: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway, signaling by interleukins and inflammatory response. The main targets in the pathway were verified and found that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and HMOX1, AKT1, STAT3, P-ERK1/ERK2 can be regulated by Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20). CONCLUSION: Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20) can regulate migraine by regulating inflammatory factors and HMOX1, AKT1, STAT3, P-ERK1/ERK2 and other changes in HIF-1 signaling pathway, Signaling by Interleukins and Inflammatory response pathways. Based on systems biology and network pharmacology, and with the model of "acupoint-target-disease", explore the research methods of systematic acupuncture and moxibustion. We believe this is a usable research direction for exploring the mechanism of acupuncture stimulation.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed1977

New trends in psychosomatic research.

Advances in physiological psychology and neuroendocrinology, together with epidemiological studies, have added new dimensions to psychosomatic research. Psychological influences still are accepted as exacerbators or trigger mechanisms, if less often as causes. Theories of psychosomatics which connected specific personality profiles with specific psychosomatic illnesses have lost favor, and multifactorial explanations, which include heredity, environment, social class, life stress, endocrines, brain areas, neurohormones, and immunological mechanisms, are new areas of research. Research methods have become more sophisticated scientifically, particularly in the selection and size of samples tested, and the variety of situations investigated. Psychological reactions to illness in general, terminal disease, and death, and psychological experiences of pain, in addition to variable effects of psychotherapeutic methods and psychotherapists' personality, are identifiable but unquantified influences which seem acceptable as contributors to, if not causes of, psychophysiological disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Antithrombin III. Theory and clinical applications. H. P. Smith Memorial Lecture.

Antithrombin III is one of the main inhibitors in the blood coagulation mechanisms. Thrombin and factor Xa are slowly inactivated by it, as well as other serine proteinases of the coagulation mechanisms. Heparin tremendously accelerates the inhibitory function of antithrombin III. In the process antithrombin III activity is also reduced. Heparin retards the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction, but otherwise the effectiveness of heparin as an anticoagulant depends on antithrombin III in laboratory experiments, as well as in therapeutics. The activation of prothrombin is inhibited, and any thrombin or other vulnerable protease that might generate becomes inactivated. The measurement of antithrombin III concentration in blood is now achieved by research methods, as well as by methods that are practical for routine use. The tests require either thrombin or factor Xa as substrate, and could be specific for antithrombin III. There are congenital as well as acquired deficiencies of antithrombin III. The inhibitor is also found in tissues.

Antithrombins↗
PubMed1978

[Ageing and geriatric agents in the view of experimental gerontology (authors transl)].

Applying the research methods used in natural sciences and medicine and the concept of bionomy, it has been attempted to make basic statements about the process of aging. 140 geriatric agents have been examined with reference to the medications for their use, their connection with the aging process and particularly their effect on vitality. Finally it has been pointed out that test procedures for age parameters in experimental and clinical gerontology, which can be used in assessing geriatric agents, are in existence.

Aged↗
PubMed2026

Association Between cnm-Positive Streptococci and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Insights From Oral Health and Microbiome Status.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is associated with various severe neurological outcomes; while oral cnm-positive streptococci are suggested to be involved in cerebrovascular lesions, the specific associative features between these bacteria and CSVD have not yet been systematically investigated. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of cnm-positive streptococci in patients with CSVD and explore the correlation between infection and CSVD severity. By integrating oral health indices and microbiome sequencing, we evaluate the oral hygiene status and microbial dysbiosis characteristics of cnm-positive streptococci carriers. Furthermore, cnm-positive streptococci derived from CSVD patients will be isolated, identified, and subjected to whole-genome sequencing to provide a foundation for future research. METHODS: To explore cnm-positive streptococci prevalence and its association with CSVD, we conducted a case-control study comparing their oral detection rates between healthy controls and CSVD patients. We also performed 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing of oral plaque microbiota and assessed oral health, including the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, oral hygiene practices, gingival status, and saliva scores. RESULTS: cnm-positive streptococci were more prevalent in CSVD patients, correlating with higher OHI-S and microbial dysbiosis. Multivariable regression models (adjusted for demographic/vascular risk factors) linked cnm positivity to periventricular hyperintensities (PVH), deep white matter hyperintensities (DWMH), Fazekas score, and total CSVD burden (not cerebral microbleeds (CMBs)/lacunes). CONCLUSION: Oral cnm-positive streptococci are independently associated with CSVD phenotypes, particularly those characterized by white matter injury. These findings presents a potential oral-cerebrovascular interaction and imply that managing specific virulent oral strains may be a noteworthy consideration in future clinical research.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Decoding the spatiotemporal patterns of food spoilage microbial communities: Integrating multi-omics and artificial intelligence to enable precision preservation.

In the global food supply chain, food wastage caused by spoilage has resulted in significant economic losses, food shortages, and environmental pressure. This process is fundamentally driven by the spatiotemporal dynamics of microbial communities. However, traditional research methods struggle to elucidate the complex mechanisms of spatial heterogeneity, interspecies interactions, and functional succession. This limits the development of effective preservation strategies. This review systematically reviews the cutting-edge progress of integrating multi-omics technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) to study food spoilage microbial communities, breaking through this bottleneck. We propose an intelligent theoretical framework that could potentially analyze microbial metabolic activities and predict dynamic shelf life if implemented. The conceptual framework integrates multidimensional data, including spatial metabolomics, temporal metatranscriptomics, single-cell transcriptomics, and longitudinal metagenomics. It can also be combined with AI models, such as graph neural networks. The article elaborates on the principles and applications of spatio-temporal monitoring technologies, such as nano secondary ion mass spectrometry, hyperspectral imaging, and the Internet of Things sensing. Through illustrative cases of typical perishable foods, it also explores how such a multi-omics - AI system might be applied to spoilage warning and precise intervention. Additionally, the article addresses the current challenges in data coverage, model generalization, and federated learning implementation. Then the research further explores emerging areas such as engineered probiotics, edge AI, and microfluidic sensing. These areas are targeted at transforming food preservation from an empirical control approach to a data-driven, precise regulatory framework. This transformation provides theoretical support and technical approaches for developing a smart, sustainable food preservation system.

Multiomics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Empirical research and the psychoanalytic situation].

The possibilities of applying empirical research methods to the psychoanalytical treatment situation are discussed. Until now, the application of such methods has been too closely bound to the fixing of aims in standard quantitative scientific terms. Frequently "reasons" in psychological areas have been compared to "causes" in scientific terms. As a result, a displacement has occured in the understanding of the reciprocality and circular nature of communication processes. In order to achieve a differentiation between scientific approaches it has proved useful to contrast concepts of linear-causal determination with those of interaction. The consequences of placing varying emphasis on such concepts within the therapeutic situation are described. The important differentiation between a level of working alliance and one of transference and countertransference processes in psychoanalytical treatment technique may perhaps be pursued according to basic logical concepts. On the level of the working alliance, the therapeutic relationship is understood to be mainly linear-causal: working alliance does, of course, mean working together, however, the analyst is seen to evoke a specific effect in the patient, a specific way in which attitudes and fantasies are questioned. When processes of transference and countertransference have reached a specific intensity, the constellations of the relationship can be more precisely comprehended in terms of parameters based on interactional concepts: specific unconscious processes in a given therapeutic situation can most be easily be discerned in the reciprocality of feelings, associations and reactions, and not in terms of a theory which persits in conceptions of linear-causal determination. Hitherto, it has hardly been possible to comprehend those processes where interactional determination predominates, in quantative terms.

Communication↗