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PubMed2001

Event-related beta desynchronization indicates timing of response selection in a delayed-response paradigm in humans.

Voluntary movements are preceded by event-related desynchronization (ERD) of alpha and beta activity. The present study used magnetoencephalography to investigate the relationship between motor preparation and the time course of beta ERD in a delayed response paradigm. Depending on the task, the required response (left or right finger lifting) was cued either spatially by the lateralization of a sound at trial onset, or verbally by the content of a midline auditory event. Beta ERD appeared over sensorimotor regions contralaterally to the response side about 200 ms earlier for the spatial than the verbal cue task. This suggests a close relationship between the latency of beta ERD onset and the duration of cognitive processes involved in selecting a motor response.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2004

Maintenance in working memory or response selection? Functions of NMDA receptors in the pigeon "prefrontal cortex".

The prefrontal cortex is involved in various aspects of working memory like stimulus maintenance and response selection functions. Neurobehavioral studies and neurocomputational models assume a role for NMDA receptors in prefrontal cortex for maintenance processes, while our previous studies on NMDA receptors in the avian prefrontal cortex-analogue, the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), showed them to be involved in response selection functions. Various tasks used in PFC-related research address in fact both functions, so they cannot disambiguate their separate contributions to performance. In order to investigate the role of NMDA receptors in avian NCL for stimulus maintenance and response selection, we trained pigeons in a delayed matching-to sample (DMTS) task, requiring both functions, and a simultaneous matching to sample (SMTS) task, requiring only response selection. After reaching criterion, pigeons had to perform the tasks alternately under local NMDA receptor blockade in NCL (DL-AP5) and after infusion of vehicle (saline solution). Blockade of NCL-based NMDA receptors led to significant increases in error rates in both DMTS and SMTS--compared with the same subjects' performance during training and in the control condition. However, there was no additional increase in errors due to the additional maintenance component, so the impairment appears to be due to deficits in adequate selection of responses, the function necessary for both tasks. We conclude that NMDA receptors in the pigeon NCL participate in response selection rather than stimulus maintenance in tasks requiring the processing of context information.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Response-selection processes in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia.

Previous research (Marshall, 1973) has shown that the most pronounced component of deficit on a choice reaction time task among a mixed schizophrenic sample involved response-selection processes. Other evidence has indicated that paranoids may be more deficient in this respect than nonparanoids. Hence, it was hypothesized that the former subgroup of schizophrenics would display response-selection deficit while the latter subgroup would display either less or no deficit. Response-selection processes were re-examined using the CRT paradigm with comparisons carried out among paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics and a group of nonschizophrenic controls. Results indicated that only the paranoid schizophrenics displayed abnormally retarded response-selection operations, the nonparanoid schizophrenics being nonsignificantly discriminable from the controls. It was suggested that past evidence of CRT response-selection deficit among mixed schizophrenics might have been attributable primarily to the performance of the paranoids, whose performance appears to be adversely affected by an increase in the number of dimensions relevant to response selection.

Association↗

PubMed2003

Diminished performance on response-selection tasks in Type 2 diabetes.

Comparisons of visual perception, response-selection, and response-execution performance were made between Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and a matched nondiabetic control group. 10 well-controlled male patients with Type 2 diabetes without diabetic complications (M age 58 yr.) and an age and IQ-matched non-diabetic control group consisting of 13 male healthy volunteers (M age 57 yr.) were included. Significant differences were found only between the two groups on response-selection performance, which concerns the selection and preparation of an appropriate motor action.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Variance components and selection response for feather-pecking behavior in laying hens.

Variance components and selection response for feather pecking behavior were studied by analyzing the data from a divergent selection experiment. An investigation indicated that a Box-Cox transformation with power lambda = -0.2 made the data approximately normally distributed and gave the best fit for the model. Variance components and selection response were estimated using Bayesian analysis with Gibbs sampling technique. The total variation was rather large for the investigated traits in both the low feather-pecking line (LP) and the high feather-pecking line (HP). Based on the mean of marginal posterior distribution, in the Box-Cox transformed scale, heritability for number of feather pecking bouts (FP bouts) was 0.174 in line LP and 0.139 in line HP. For number of feather-pecking pecks (FP pecks), heritability was 0.139 in line LP and 0.105 in line HP. No full-sib group effect and observation pen effect were found in the 2 traits. After 4 generations of selection, the total response for number of FP bouts in the transformed scale was 58 and 74% of the mean of the first generation in line LP and line HP, respectively. The total response for number of FP pecks was 47 and 46% of the mean of the first generation in line LP and line HP, respectively. The variance components and the realized selection response together suggest that genetic selection can be effective in minimizing FP behavior. This would be expected to reduce one of the major welfare problems in laying hens.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Dissociable contributions of prefrontal and parietal cortices to response selection.

The ability to select between possible responses to a given situation is central to human cognition. The goal of this study was to distinguish between brain areas representing candidate responses and areas selecting between competing response alternatives. Event-related fMRI data were acquired while 10 healthy adults performed a task used to examine response competition: the Eriksen flanker task. Left parietal cortex was activated by either of two manipulations that increased the need to maintain a representation of possible responses. In contrast, lateral prefrontal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices were specifically engaged by the need to select among competing response alternatives. These findings support the idea that parietal cortex is involved in activating possible responses on the basis of learned stimulus-response associations, and that prefrontal cortex is recruited when there is a need to select between competing responses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Direction-selective responses of units in the dorsal terminal nucleus of cat following intravitreal injections of bicuculline.

Extracellular recordings from single units in the dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN) of the cat accessory optic system (AOS) were made before and after intravitreal injections of the GABA antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI). Direction-selective responses of DTN cells elicited through the contralateral, injected eye were abolished 7-12 h following the injection. For the concentrations tested, direction-selective responses through the contralateral (injected) eye did not recover within 26 h. Direction-selective responses through stimulation of the ipsilateral (uninjected) eye were also dramatically depressed for 1-9 h after contralateral eye injections. However, direction-selective responses through the ipsilateral eye eventually returned and were often more vigorous in the final stages. BMI injections into the ipsilateral eye failed to block direction-selective responses through the ipsilateral eye. The effects of intravitreal BMI on contralateral eye responses imply that DTN units receive input from direction-selective retinal ganglion cells. In addition, these results suggest that direction-selective input to the DTN from the visual cortex is independent of the retinal pathway. Using pharmacological methods described here, for the first time direction-selective responses of AOS units driven through the ipsilateral eye can be experimentally isolated.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Response selection processes for conjunctive targets.

A model is proposed for identification and response selection of cross-dimensional conjunctive stimuli. The model assumes that the formation of conjunction representations involves processes similar to those used in response selection for single-feature targets. It predicts that discrimination between conjunctive targets leads to separate competitions in each of the relevant component dimensions and that detection of a predefined single conjunctive target is done at the conjunctive map level. Experiments 1 and 2 support these two sets of predictions. Experiment 3 demonstrates that responses to conjunctions of features within the orientation dimension are qualitatively different from those for cross-dimensional conjunctive targets. It is speculated that line-orientation conjunctions are handled by the visual object-recognition system, whereas cross-dimensional conjunctions, as exemplified by the model, may be performed by a different system that is closely associated with response selection processes.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Discrimination, reversal, and shift learning in Huntington's disease: mechanisms of impaired response selection.

In a series of three experiments, we investigated different aspects of response selection in early-stage clinically symptomatic Huntington's disease (HD) patients in the context of discrimination learning. A series of structurally related response selection tasks involving discrimination, reversal, and shift learning were employed. In Experiment 1, the mechanisms of our previously reported [37] finding of impaired extra-dimensional shift learning were explored. The results suggested that impaired shift learning in HD is a result of perseverative responding. In Experiment 2, performance on a concurrent-pair (CP) discrimination and reversal task was examined. HD patients showed no deficits in CP discrimination learning or reversal. In Experiment 3, the performance of HD patients on a probabilistic discrimination and reversal task was examined. HD patients were impaired in the learning of a probabilistic discrimination, and also its reversal. This reversal deficit was again the result of perseverative responding. In addition, there was a strong correlation between HD patients' activities of daily living scores and reversal errors. The result are consistent with current theories of the role of the basal ganglia in cognition, and suggest specific impairments in response selection mechanisms in HD, in particular, in overcoming selection biases based on prior reinforcement.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Interference with performance of a response selection task that has no working memory component: an rTMS comparison of the dorsolateral prefrontal and medial frontal cortex.

It has been suggested that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in free selection (FS), the process by which subjects themselves decide what action to perform. Evidence for this proposal has been provided by imaging studies showing activation of the DLPFC when subjects randomly generate responses. However, these response selection tasks have a hidden working memory element and it has been widely reported that the DLPFC is activated when subjects perform tasks which involve working memory. The primary aim of this experiment was to establish if the DLPFC is genuinely involved in response selection. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to investigate whether temporary interference of the DLPFC could disrupt performance of a response selection task that had no working memory component. Subjects performed tasks in which they made bimanual sequences of eight nonrepeating finger movements. In the FS task, subjects chose their movements at random while a computer monitor displayed these moves. This visual feedback obviated the need for subjects to maintain their previous moves "on-line." No selection was required for the two control tasks as responses were cued by the visual display. The attentional demands of the control tasks varied. In the high load (HL) version, subjects had to maintain their attention throughout the sequence, but this requirement was absent in the low load (LL) task. rTMS over the DLPFC slowed response times on the FS task and at the end of the sequence on the HL task, but had no effect on the LL task. rTMS over the medial frontal cortex (MFC) slowed response times on the FS task but had no effect on the HL task. This suggests that a response selection task without a working memory load will depend on the DLPFC and the MFC. The difference appears to be that the DLPFC is important when selecting between competing responses or when concentrating if there is a high attentional demand, but that the MFC is only important during the response selection task.

Attention↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Estimation of genetic variability and selection response for clutch length in dwarf brown-egg layers carrying or not the naked neck gene.

In order to investigate the possibility of using the dwarf gene for egg production, two dwarf brown-egg laying lines were selected for 16 generations on average clutch length; one line (L1) was normally feathered and the other (L2) was homozygous for the naked neck gene NA. A control line from the same base population, dwarf and segregating for the NA gene, was maintained during the selection experiment under random mating. The average clutch length was normalized using a Box-Cox transformation. Genetic variability and selection response were estimated either with the mixed model methodology, or with the classical methods for calculating genetic gain, as the deviation from the control line, and the realized heritability, as the ratio of the selection response on cumulative selection differentials. Heritability of average clutch length was estimated to be 0.42 +/- 0.02, with a multiple trait animal model, whereas the estimates of the realized heritability were lower, being 0.28 and 0.22 in lines L1 and L2, respectively. REML estimates of heritability were found to decline with generations of selection, suggesting a departure from the infinitesimal model, either because a limited number of genes was involved, or their frequencies were changed. The yearly genetic gains in average clutch length, after normalization, were estimated to be 0.37 +/- 0.02 and 0.33 +/- 0.04 with the classical methods, 0.46 +/- 0.02 and 0.43 +/- 0.01 with animal model methodology, for lines L1 and L2 respectively, which represented about 30% of the genetic standard deviation on the transformed scale. Selection response appeared to be faster in line L2, homozygous for the NA gene, but the final cumulated selection response for clutch length was not different between the L1 and L2 lines at generation 16.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Parallel response selection in dual-task situations.

Semantic priming and response priming were studied in a dual-task procedure. In two experiments, reaction times to the first and second stimuli were faster when the finger required for the Task 1 response was the same as the finger required for the Task 2 response. Such priming suggests that Task 2 response information was generated prior to the completion of Task 1 response selection. These data pose a potential challenge to the response-selection bottleneck (RSB) theory of dual-task performance, since they may indicate a violation of the discrete-stage processing assumption on which the underlying locus-of-slack logic depends. Accommodating these data while preserving the essential bottleneck character of RSB theory may be possible but may also alter the very nature of the bottleneck itself.

Choice Behavior↗

PubMed1994

A screening procedure for modified simplex in frequency-gain response selection.

The preference for hearing aid frequency-gain responses selected using the modified simplex procedure over that prescribed by NAL-R is not universal. A screening protocol used before individualized fitting may help streamline its use and ensure effective use of clinical time. In this protocol, listeners compare the prescribed frequency-gain response with selected alternate frequency-gain responses. Evaluation with the modified simplex procedure is indicated only when listeners consistently prefer the alternate frequency-gain responses in the screening procedure. Ten hearing aid wearers completed the screening protocol and the full modified simplex procedure. In addition, subjects compared their satisfaction for the prescribed and individually selected frequency-gain responses. The results were examined for efficiency, reliability, sensitivity, and efficacy of the selected frequency-gain response. Findings revealed that the screening protocol allowed reliable identification of listeners who needed fine-tuning of the prescribed frequency-gain response. Furthermore, satisfaction for selected frequency-gain response over prescribed frequency-gain response increased as more differences between the two responses were noted.

Acoustics↗

PubMed2006

Motor response selection in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Previous work has reported timing delays in motor response selection in children with prenatal exposure to alcohol when the information load involved responding to two stimulus choices. The present study examined whether the delay in response selection extends to conditions in which the information load is increased to four and eight stimulus choices. Twenty children aged between 12 and 17 years with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) were compared to 17 non-alcohol-exposed controls (NC) on a reaction time (RT) task involving 1, 2, 4 or 8 visual stimulus choices. The task demands required the participant to release a response key as fast as possible when the stimulus light electronically paired with the response key was activated. With the number of stimulus choices expressed on a logarithmic scale, there was a significant and linear increase in RT for the FASD children as predicted by information processing theory. Additionally, the increase in RT for the FASD group was comparable to that observed for the NC children at each level of stimulus choice examined. It was concluded that FASD adolescents require additional time to process increasing amount of information, but that the time required for motor response selection is not delayed relative to control group performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Orthopteran DCMD neuron: a reevaluation of responses to moving objects. I. Selective responses to approaching objects.

1. The "descending contralateral movement detector" (DCMD) neuron in the locust has been challenged with a variety of moving stimuli, including scenes from a film (Star Wars), moving disks, and images generated by computer. The neuron responds well to any rapid movement. For a dark object moving along a straight path at a uniform velocity, the DCMD gives the strongest response when the object travels directly toward the eye, and the weakest when the object travels away from the eye. Instead of expressing selectivity for movements of small rather than large objects, the DCMD responds preferentially to approaching objects. 2. The neuron shows a clear selectivity for approach over recession for a variety of sizes and velocities of movement both of real objects and in simulated movements. When a disk that subtends > or = 5 degrees at the eye approaches the eye, there are two peaks in spike rate: one immediately after the start of movement; and a second that builds up during the approach. When a disk recedes from the eye, there is a single peak in response as the movement starts. There is a good correlation between spike rate and angular acceleration of the edges of the image over the eye. 3. When an object approaches from a distance sufficient for it to subtend less than one interommatidial angle at the start of its approach, there is a single peak in response. The DCMD tracks the approach, and, if the object moves at 1 m/s or faster, the spike rate increases throughout the duration of object movement. The size of the response depends on the speed of approach. 4. It is unlikely that the DCMD encodes the time to collision accurately, because the response depends on the size as well as the velocity of an approaching object. 5. Wide-field movements suppress the response to an approaching object. The suppression varies with the temporal frequency of the background pattern. 6. Over a wide range of contrasts of object against background, the DCMD gives a stronger response to approaching than to receding objects. For low contrasts, the selectivity is greater for objects that are darker than the background than for objects that are lighter.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Relative satisfaction for frequency responses selected with a simplex procedure in different listening conditions.

The purpose of this study was to compare everyday satisfaction with hearing aid frequency responses selected using a Simplex procedure and those selected using the National Acoustic Laboratories' formula (NAL-R). Nineteen elderly subjects with impaired hearing selected their preferred frequency responses under six listening conditions. The conditions included syllable identification and discourse quality judgement in quiet, in moderate noise (65 dB SPL), and in loud noise (80 dB SPL) backgrounds. Subjects subsequently wore a multimemory hearing aid programmed with these frequency responses and compared their satisfaction with the various frequency responses in daily listening environments. Subjects showed differential preference across the available frequency responses. Subjects with sloping hearing losses did not show a difference in preference among the selected frequency responses, including that prescribed by NAL-R. On the other hand, subjects with a flat hearing loss showed a slight, but consistent, preference for frequency responses selected while listening to discourse passages in a moderate noise background. These observations suggest that the Simplex procedure may be useful for selecting preferred frequency responses for some hearing aid wearers.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

The selected response procedure: a variation on Appelbaum's altered atmosphere procedure for the Rorschach.

This article introduces the Selected Response Procedure, which is a supplementary technique for expanding the scope of the Rorschach test. The procedure is conducted as follows: After the standard administration of the Rorschach test, patients are asked to look through all of the cards a second time and select one more response from any card of their choice. A rationale for this procedure is developed through a comparison to another supplementary Rorschach technique, the Altered Atmosphere Procedure. The importance of understanding the selected response within a theoretical framework, as well as the clinical context of each selected response, is highlighted by a clinical example using object relations theory. Finally, a number of didactic questions are offered as potential ways to query the possible meaning of selected responses.

Attention↗

PubMed2001

Response selection and execution skills of professionals and novices during singles tennis competition.

This study extended research on sport expertise concerning the development of cognitive and motor skills in singles tennis (McPherson, 1999). 12 adult male professional and novice tennis players were videotaped during singles competition. Opponents for matches were randomly selected within each group of participants. Two tennis experts utilized an observational scale to judge players' performance generated during competition for serves and shots following the serve, e.g.. return of serves, lobs. Each player was scored on three performance components: quality of movement to or control of the ball for serves or shots attempted (control skills), appropriateness of serve or shot selections in the context of game situations (response selection skills), and quality of serves or shots produced (response execution skills). Relative frequency scores for the highest category of each performance component were derived according to the number of opportunities to respond. Serve performance indicated both groups were able to control their serves: however, professionals made more tactical selections and forceful executions. Shot performance indicated professionals made more successful movement to and control of shots, tactical shot selections, and forcing shot executions than novices. Overall, players' tactical response selections were greater than their forceful response executions. Thus, assessing players' decisions during competition may provide vital information concerning tactical skill development. Further, professional players exhibited higher and more consistent tactical behavior than elite collegiate players examined in 1999 by McPherson. Findings were attributed to tactical knowledge and motor skill development resulting from competition and practice experiences.

Achievement↗