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Results for “sensorimotor function”

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PubMed2026

The Acute Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Ankle Muscle Reaction Time and Proprioception in Healthy Individuals.

Blood flow restriction (BFR) induces hypoxic and metabolic stress, which may alter afferent feedback and neuromuscular control. However, its acute effects on ankle sensorimotor function remain unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of lower-limb BFR on multidimensional ankle sensorimotor function in healthy adults. Twenty-four participants (12 females, 12 males) completed two conditions in randomized order and a crossover design: BFR at 60% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) and a control condition (20 mmHg). All measurements were performed during occlusion. Outcomes included joint position sense (active and passive), kinesthesia, static and dynamic balance, lower-limb muscle activation (surface electromyography), and muscle reaction time during sudden ankle inversion. BFR impaired active joint position sense at 20 degrees of inversion (p = 0.011), with no changes at other angles or in kinesthesia. Static balance deteriorated, with increases in sway area (p = 0.017), sway distance (p = 0.029), and sway velocity (p < 0.001), particularly under eyes-closed single-leg stance. Posterolateral reach distance decreased (p = 0.023), accompanied by reduced lower-limb muscle activation. Tibialis anterior muscle reaction time during 30 degrees of inversion in the ankle neutral position was shortened (p < 0.001), whereas peroneus longus muscle responses were unchanged. Acute lower-limb BFR impairs ankle sensorimotor control by reducing proprioceptive accuracy, balance performance, and muscle activation, while shortening reaction time. These findings suggest caution when applying BFR during tasks that require high postural demands or end-range control. Registration number and date: NCT07307339, 12/26/2025.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Chronic infusion of GABA into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis or frontal cortex of rats: a behavioral and histological study.

In order to determine the influence of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) on the sensorimotor function of the frontal cortex (FCx) of the rat, GABA at various concentrations (10, 50 or 100 micrograms.microliters-1) was administered into these structures. GABA was infused for four consecutive days after which saline was infused for another four. On the contralateral side the order of administration was reversed. Each structure received GABA while its homologous on the contralateral side received saline. Before, during and after drug infusion, the animals were weighted and their performance in two non-reinforced behavioral tasks (beam walking and spontaneous rotation) was examined. When GABA was infused into the FCx, a dose-dependent and reversible sensorimotor deficit was observed along with a behavioral withdrawal syndrome upon GABA discontinuation. When GABA was administered into the NBM, a reversible sensorimotor deficit was observed only when GABA was infused at the highest concentration. In this case no behavioral changes were observed upon GABA discontinuation. Histologically, a gliosis was observed in the NBM in which GABA was infused at the two highest concentrations without saline pretreatment; these effects were not observed when GABA was infused without saline pretreatment into the FCx. In relation to our previous findings, these results suggest that i) the FCx is directly involved in the expression of sensorimotor functions, while the influence of the NBM on these functions appears only after severe subcortical damage, ii) a GABA withdrawal syndrome is observed following GABA administration in the FCx but not in the NBM, and iii) "tonic" effects of GABA are dose-related and partially dependent upon pretreatment conditions and the brain region infused.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1992

Electrocortical arousal and spindles on physiological cortico-subcortical interactions.

The neuronal mechanisms of electrocortical arousal and sleep spindles were reviewed on the basis of intracellular analyses on the motor cortex in atraumatically maintained encéphale isolé cat preparations. When arousal is initiated by subcortical afferents from the brainstem, the cortical neurons respond with either excitation (E), inhibition (I), disfacilitation (DF), or disinhibition (DI), in a cascade pattern proceeding from the superficial to deep layers. These neuronal activities on arousal involve DF of the output neurons that may set the subcortical sensorimotor functions in a readiness state for a possible adaptive behavior of animals. This initial transient arousal termed phasic develops soon to the next, more sustained phase termed tonic by the action of other subcortical afferents. The cascade transmissions then occur again, producing E, I, DF, and DI in the cortical neurons but with a reverse laminar pattern proceeding from the deep to superficial layers. These neuronal activities on tonic and arousal deliver the cortical outputs to the subcortical systems that may trigger an orienting or searching behavior of animals in their environment. Sleep spindles also accompany the cascade transmissions that are partly common to those in arousal. Various modes of the cascade transmissions were further examined by applying electric shock stimuli to the cortical surface, the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, and the cerebral peduncle to activate the subcortical afferents converging onto different cortical layers. The combined results from these experiments may imply that the cortico-subcortical interactions in which all the cortical neurons participate with dynamic harmony are instrumental to set a physiological sequence of animal behavior. If these interactions be impaired on the way of normal growth of the brain, as in the case of disorders with the Rett syndrome, many forms of ill adaptation may be brought about by dedifferentiation of sensorimotor functions.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1990

Spinal functions in sensorimotor control of movements.

The transformation of sensory information to movement patterns in spinal interneuronal systems is far from just being a stereotyped reflex pattern. Information from the different sensory modalities (skin-, muscle, and joint receptors) is integrated at the interneuronal level and transformed into patterns of coordinated movements which are adapted to the current position and the phase of movement of a limb. In addition, spinal interneuronal systems are capable of generating rhythmic motor activities like locomotion or scratching without a sensory feed-back from the periphery and without a corresponding drive from supraspinal structures. The same interneuronal systems which are engaged in the reflexogenic control and generation of movements at the spinal level also convey information for the performance of supraspinally-induced, goal-directed ("voluntary") movements. The inherent convergence between descending and peripheral afferent information onto common interneuronal systems implies an improved coordination and adaptation of movements in dependence on the peripheral conditions. Disturbance of the supraspinal control of these interneuronal systems leads to an impairment of the transformation of sensory inputs into motor acts. Spasticity is probably partly caused by such a disturbed control of the transmission in the interneuronal systems.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sensorimotor central conduction time in comatose patients.

Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) following magnetic stimulation were recorded in 22 patients comatose as a result of head injury (13 cases), stroke (7 cases) or anoxia (2 cases). Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) from median nerve were recorded as well in 19 cases in the same session. Thirteen patients died or remained vegetative (59.1%), 3 were severely disabled (13.6%) and 6 showed a good recovery (27.3%). MEPs were significantly related to the outcome; they appeared to be a more accurate prognostic indicator than the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). However, 1 out of 6 patients with bilaterally absent MEPs (16.7%) showed a good recovery. SEPs were significantly related to the outcome as well, but the combined use of SEP and MEP improved the outcome prediction, decreasing the rate of false negatives. Two patients had normal sensorimotor function, 13 a combined sensorimotor dysfunction, while 4 had a pure motor dysfunction. Our results suggest that SEPs and MEPs may improve the assessment of sensorimotor dysfunction in comatose patients. A significant relationship between MEPs and outcome appears to exist, but the assessment of MEP reliability requires further study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Sensorimotor and cognitive consequences of middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Rats were subjected to either right proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion or sham operation, and examined for an extended period on a battery of tests designed to measure simple motor function, sensorimotor integration and cognitive function. Rats with MCA occlusion showed extensive neuronal loss in the dorsolateral striatum and variable neuron loss in the parietal, temporal and frontolateral neocortex. MCA occluded animals exhibited significant impairments in tests of postural reflex, visual and tactile forelimb placing, locomotor coordination, and a test of simultaneous bilateral tactile extinction. The reflex and sensorimotor function deficits recovered to pre-operative levels by Day 30 post-ischemia. Five weeks following surgery, rats were tested in 2 versions of the Morris water task. Rats with MCA occlusion demonstrated significant impairments in their ability to navigate to a hidden platform, but were not significantly impaired on the visible (cued) version of the task. This general pattern of transient sensorimotor and reflex deficits, but with more persistent cognitive impairments, is similar to that seen in humans following MCA infarcts.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Experience with the island inferior gluteal thigh flap compared with other local flaps for the reconstruction of the pelvic area.

The pelvic area can be one of the most difficult areas in the body to reconstruct. We divide pelvic wounds into three functional categories: spinal cord injury with no sensation or motor function, spinal cord injury with partial sensorimotor function, and miscellaneous injury, such as that resulting from congenital causes, trauma, or tumor resection. We have found the posterior thigh, particularly the island inferior gluteal thigh flap, to be an excellent choice for all three types of wounds, with the added advantages of sensate coverage and sparing of ambulation musculature in patients for whom such aspects are important. We have found that designing flaps based on the vascular territories of major blood vessels--the angiosome approach described by Taylor and Palmer--provides an excellent and reliable flap for most wounds in the pelvic area. In most patients, the major source vessel is the inferior gluteal artery and the flap is taken as an island flap. When this is not possible or when the island flap does not offer an advantage, we have chosen other local flaps. Our report covers our experience with 36 such procedures in 31 patients, with follow-up ranging from 3 months to 2 years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Stroke rehabilitation: sensorimotor integrative treatment versus functional treatment.

This study compares the effectiveness of two occupational therapy approaches to treating cerebrovascular accident patients--the functional and sensorimotor integrative approaches. Subjects were 90 patients admitted to Holy Family Hospital in Vancouver, Canada, within 12 weeks after a first stroke. Consenting subjects were randomly assigned on admission to one of two occupational therapy treatment groups. All subjects received similar medical and nursing care and physical therapy. An independent clinical evaluator assessed subjects' function in self-care and mobility, meal preparation, and sensorimotor integration at specified times after admission. Neither the evaluator nor the subjects were aware of the treatment group to which they had been assigned. Results showed no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups on the three outcome measures. We therefore concluded that any differences between the effectiveness of the two approaches are small.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1986

Age-related regional loss of caudate-putamen dopamine receptors revealed by quantitative autoradiography.

Senescent (26-28 months) Fischer 344 rats were shown to have a lower density of D2 sites (-36%) without any change in affinity in membranes prepared from homogenized caudate-putamen (CPU), as compared to young adult (5-6 months) rats. In additional rats prepared for quantitative autoradiography of [3H]spiroperidol binding, the loss was shown to be specific for and quite extensive (50-60%) in the lateral to ventrolateral region of the CPU. The region of the CPU that shows the major age-related loss of D2 sites is critically involved in sensorimotor functions; therefore this regional loss of D2 sites may contribute importantly to the sensorimotor deficits in aged rats.

Aging↗

PubMed1992

Comparison of screening approaches.

Neurobehavioral techniques have been used extensively in animal toxicology studies because, in many cases, such procedures are designed to evaluate neurobiological functions thought to be affected in chemical-exposed humans, e.g., changes in sensorimotor function. Procedures used to identify or screen for the presence of neurotoxicity are usually designed to test large numbers of animals and are not considered to be as sensitive to subtle effects as more specialized tests for neurobiological dysfunction. For purposes of screening, the use of a functional observational battery (FOB) is now generally accepted. In general, FOB evaluations in animals are similar to clinical neurological examinations in humans in that they rate the presence and, in some cases, the severity of behavioral and neurological signs. A number of batteries containing different observations and measurements have been developed in several laboratories for rodents, dogs, and non-human primates. Frequently, the FOB is used in conjunction with other measures of neurotoxicity, i.e., neuropathology or sensory evoked potentials. FOB used in screening typically assess several neurobiological domains including neuromuscular (i.e., weakness, incoordination, abnormal movements, gait, motor seizures, myoclonia, rigidity and tremor), sensory (i.e., auditory, visual and somatosensory) and autonomic (i.e., pupil response, salivation) functions. Most FOB used for screening do not assess cognitive function (i.e., learning and memory). FOB evaluations can yield important information concerning dose-response characteristics and data on the onset, duration and persistence of an effect. FOB should be able to differentiate neurotoxicants from non-neurotoxicants and neurotoxicants having different mechanism(s) or site(s) of action.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Org2766 improves performance of rats with unilateral lesions in the fimbria fornix in a spatial learning task.

ACTH and related peptides are known for their effects on behavior and for their efficacy on peripheral nerve regeneration. More recently, evidence demonstrating neurotrophic effects of Org2766 on recovery after damage of the central nervous system has become available. Aging studies indicated that particularly the hippocampus appears susceptible to peptide treatment. Therefore, in this study the neurotrophic influence of Org2766 on recovery of hippocampal functioning was studied after transection of the fimbria fornix connection. Analogous to results obtained with recovery of sensorimotor function following peripheral nerve damage a chronic treatment with Org2766 facilitates recovery of the impaired function, i.e. spatial learning in a Morris maze. However, the lesion-induced impairment of avoidance behavior was not influenced by the peptide treatment.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1987

Oral administration of nimodipine accelerates functional recovery following peripheral nerve damage in the rat.

Oral administration of the Ca2+-entry blocker nimodipine accelerates in a dose-dependent manner the recovery of sensorimotor function following a crush lesion of the rat sciatic nerve. The beneficial effect of nimodipine was apparent in both a foot shock withdrawal test and in a test analyzing the walking pattern of the rat. These data are the first demonstration of nimodipine-induced enhanced recovery following peripheral nerve damage.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1990

A region in the dorsolateral striatum of the rat exhibiting single-unit correlations with specific locomotor limb movements.

1. To examine the activity of single units in the lateral striatum of the awake rat with respect to sensorimotor function, 788 units were recorded during locomotion and passive testing. The focus of this report is on 138 units (18%) that fired in relation to sensorimotor activity of a single limb. The remaining units were related to other body parts (16%), to general body movement (38%), or were unresponsive (28%). 2. Firing rates of limb-related units were near zero during resting behavior but increased markedly during treadmill locomotion. Each of the 138 units exhibited a rhythmic pattern of discharge in phase with the locomotor step cycle. Passive testing revealed that 86/97 units tested (89%) responded to passive manipulation of a single limb, exhibiting increased firing rates. Of these, 77 (90%) were related to contralateral and 9 (10%) to ipsilateral limbs. Sixty-one units (71%) were related to a forelimb and 25 (29%) to a hindlimb. Of the 86 units responding to passive manipulation. 34/48 units tested (71%) also responded to cutaneous stimulation of the same limb but no other part of the body. 3. To study in greater detail the rhythmic unit discharges in phase with the locomotor step cycle, computer-synchronized videotape recordings were used to generate perimovement time histograms constructed around discrete locomotor movements of each limb (n = 17 units). Activity of each unit was shown to be restricted to a specific portion of a particular limb's step cycle. The majority of units discharged throughout (8 units) or during a portion of (3 units) the swing phase, whereas other units fired during a portion of stance (3 units), footfall (2 units), or foot off (1 unit). 1. The specificity of unit firing was further demonstrated by the finding that rhythmic discharges, related to discrete locomotor limb movements in the forward direction, were completely absent during spontaneous deviations such as backward or disrupted locomotion. 5. Units related to limb movement were located in the far lateral, especially the dorsolateral, subregion of the striatum. This subregion extend rostrocaudally from A-P +1.6 to -1.0 mm relative to bregma. No clear somatotopic organization was observed, but this issue requires further study. 6. These results show that functional representations of individual limbs can be demonstrated in the lateral striatum of the rat, within a subregion containing terminals of projections from somatic sensorimotor cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Dysphagia in patients with the post-polio syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Dysphagia may develop in some patients many years after an attack of acute paralytic poliomyelitis. To identify clinical or subclinical signs of oropharyngeal dysfunction, we examined 32 patients (mean age, 48.9 years) with the post-polio syndrome (defined by new weakness in the limbs). Of the 32 patients, 14 had symptoms of new swallowing difficulties, and 18 were asymptomatic in this respect; 12 had a history of bulbar involvement during acute poliomyelitis. Swallowing function was assessed objectively by ultrasonography, videofluoroscopy, and an oral motor index score for 10 components of oral function. RESULTS: All but 1 of the 32 patients, regardless of whether they had new symptoms or previous bulbar involvement, had some abnormality on detailed testing of oropharyngeal function; only 2 patients had any signs of aspiration. The mean oral motor index score (a quantitative measure of oral sensorimotor function) in the patients was higher than that in age-matched normal subjects (P less than 0.001). Videofluoroscopy showed abnormalities of varying severity, including unilateral bolus transport through the pharynx, pooling in the valleculae or pyriform sinuses, delayed pharyngeal constriction, and impaired tongue movements. On ultrasonography, the mean (+/- SD) duration of wet swallows was significantly longer in the symptomatic patients than in the asymptomatic patients (2.67 +/- 0.70 vs. 1.65 +/- 0.42 seconds). The four patients who were reexamined two years later had objective signs of worsening oropharyngeal function and corresponding new symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with the post-polio syndrome, the bulbar muscles often have clinical or subclinical signs of dysfunction. These abnormalities suggest that in bulbar neurons there is a slowly progressive deterioration similar to that in the muscles of the limbs.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Animal models of cerebral stroke: pharmacological protection of function.

We used a photochemical technique which induces thrombotic infarction by intravenous injection of the fluorescein derivative Rose Bengal and focal illumination of the intact skull surface. Following such photochemically induced infarcts in the sensorimotor neocortex of rats, posttreatment with flunarizine, a class IV calcium antagonist, within a critical period of the first 6 h after infarction, results in marked sparing of sensorimotor function (tactile/proprioceptive limb placing reactions), while animals remain normoglycemic and are free of drug-induced behavioral toxicity. This could reflect flunarizine-induced coping of neuronal tissue with ischemia-related ionic shifts. It is argued that photochemical thrombosis and middle cerebral artery occlusion can fruitfully complement each other as experimental stroke models.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Medical and social factors affecting behaviour patterns in patients with acquired brain damage: a study of patients living at home three years after the incident.

This study aimed to describe the consequence of stroke or brain trauma 3 years after the incident for individuals living at home, and how patterns of behaviour were influenced by determinants. One hundred and eighty-eight individuals in three age groups answered a questionnaire. Answers were classified according to WHO's ICIDH, and 11 areas of behaviour were distinguished. Diagnoses and locations of lesions were noted from medical records. Impairment and disability increased with increasing age at the time of the incident. Individuals working before but not after the incident indicated decreased life satisfaction and changed intellectual function, personal care, and domestic/housework/gardening activities, and inability to organize their time. Those who had resumed work but at different tasks indicated changed emotional and sensorimotor function and content in leisure activities. The influence of the localization and lateralization of the lesion is also discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1986

Effects of early and late transection of the corpus callosum in children. A study of tactile and tactuomotor transfer and integration.

Five children, aged 6 to 16 years, were tested for unilateral discrimination and interhemispheric transfer of tactile information as well as tactuomotor learning at various intervals before and after therapeutic callosotomy. Comparison of preoperative and postoperative capacities revealed that younger children are considerably less affected by the interruption of callosal transmission than older children. Bilateral organization of speech and participation of the anterior commissure can largely be excluded as possible compensatory mechanisms. The most plausible explanation for the excellent preservation of interhemispheric integration of tactile functions in the younger patients appears to be continued reliance on ipsilateral pathways. The relatively greater deficits observed in the older children, on the other hand, suggest that sensorimotor functions come to depend more extensively on contralateral pathways as the corpus callosum reaches functional maturity.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical evaluation of the short half-life injectable benzodiazepine midazolam, and of the specific antagonist flumazenil in upper digestive tract endoscopy.

In a first step, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and diazepam 0.15 mg/kg administered intravenously were blindly evaluated as a sedating preparation in 3 groups of each 30 patients undergoing gastroscopy. Although amnesia is better with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, the induced sedation is protracted, which is not to be wished in ambulatory patients. On the other side, diazepam 0.15 mg/kg was locally less well tolerated. Taking into consideration the efficacy and the general and local tolerance, the dose of midazolam 0.05 mg/kg seems the best compromise. In a second step, the specific benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil was blindly evaluated at two intravenous doses, 1 mg and 0.5 mg, against placebo for reversal of midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) induced sedation in gastroscopy patients. 1 mg of flumazenil (and to a lesser degree 0.5 mg) suppresses the sedation and amnesia induced by midazolam and normalizes attention and sensori-motor functions. However a certain degree of resedation can reappear 45-60 min. after the administration of flumazenil. Though this phenomenon did not alter the tests measuring attention and sensorimotor functions and the recovery of memory (contrary to placebo), it incites to be cautious when the drug is given to ambulatory patients.

Amnesia↗