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PubMed2003

Adaptation of Cucumber mosaic virus soybean strains (SSVs) to cultivated and wild soybeans.

Cucumber mosaic virus soybean strains formerly called soybean stunt virus (SSV) were inoculated onto 23 wild soybeans collected from four Asian countries to investigate their infectivity in order to improve understanding of the co-evolution of SSVs and soybean. SSV inoculation resulted in systemic infection in most of the wild soybeans used. However, an SSV strain (SSV-In), which was isolated in Indonesia, did not result in systemic infection of many of the wild soybeans distributed in southern Japan. This exceptional infectivity of SSV-In may be due to its specific adaptation to the local soybean population(s) of Indonesia, which has rarely been affected by gene flows from wild soybean. In the present study, the nucleotide sequences of the 3a and CP genes of SSV were determined, and the data were used to classify seven SSV isolates among known Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strains. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the seven SSVs formed a distinct cluster separated from the other CMV strains despite their different geographical origins; SSV-In was the most divergent of the seven isolates. Comparison of the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions revealed that the SSV group had evolved faster than subgroup IA. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the so-called Red Queen hypothesis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

Glyphosate-tolerant soybeans remain compositionally equivalent to conventional soybeans (Glycine max L.) during three years of field testing.

Previous studies have shown that the composition of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans (GTS) and selected processed fractions was substantially equivalent to that of conventional soybeans over a wide range of analytes. This study was designed to determine if the composition of GTS remains substantially equivalent to conventional soybeans over the course of several years and when introduced into multiple genetic backgrounds. Soybean seed samples of both GTS and conventional varieties were harvested during 2000, 2001, and 2002 and analyzed for the levels of proximates, lectin, trypsin inhibitor, and isoflavones. The measured analytes are representative of the basic nutritional and biologically active components in soybeans. Results show a similar range of natural variability for the GTS soybeans as well as conventional soybeans. It was concluded that the composition of commercial GTS over the three years of breeding into multiple varieties remains equivalent to that of conventional soybeans.

Breeding↗

PubMed2004

Feeding and maturation by soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on soybean affected by weed, fungus, and nematode pests.

Feeding and maturation by the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were investigated in a 2-yr study on 'Davis' soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., grown alone and combined with the weed hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rybd. ex. A. W. Hill, the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and the charcoal rot fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Of the three pests, hemp sesbania had the greatest effects on plant growth and insect feeding and maturation. When fed foliage from soybean stressed by hemp sesbania, soybean looper larvae remained longer in feeding stages, consumed more foliage, and showed altered weight gain compared with larvae fed control foliage. Results suggest that nutrient (s) critical for proper development of larvae may have been limited in weed-stressed soybean foliage. Less dramatic results were observed when larvae fed on foliage from soybean with roots colonized by the charcoal rot fungus. Such larvae consumed more foliage, weighed more, and showed a slight increase in larval feeding period, but only in 1 yr of the study. Colonization of soybean roots by the root-knot nematode had no consistent effects on either the soybean host or insect.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effect of soil potassium availability on soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) population dynamics and soybean yield.

Studies were conducted to examine the effect of potassium (K) on soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, population growth. A laboratory feeding assay examined the effect of K-deficient foliage on life table parameters of soybean aphids, and field experiments were designed to determine the effect of three soil K treatment levels on aphid populations and their impact on soybean yields. The feeding assay found that life table parameters differed between aphids feeding on the K-deficient and nondeficient soybean leaves. Soybean aphids in the K-deficient treatment exhibited significantly greater intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)), finite rate of increase (lambda), and net reproductive rate (Ro) relative to aphids feeding on nondeficient leaves. No significant difference was observed in mean generation time (T) between the two treatments. However, the field experiment repeated over 2 yr showed no effect of K on soybean aphid populations. Soybean aphid populations were high in unsprayed plots and feeding resulted in significant yield losses in 2002 at all three K treatment levels: when averaged across 2001 and 2002, unsprayed treatments yielded 22, 18, and 19.5% less than the sprayed plots in the low, medium, and high K treatments, respectively. No significant interaction was observed between aphid abundance and K level on soybean yields in either year. This study therefore suggests that although aphids can perform better on K-deficient plants, aphid abundance in the field may be dependent on additional factors, such as dispersal, that may affect final densities within plots.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Soybean plant stage and population growth of soybean aphid.

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a newly invasive species of aphid in North America. Previous studies disagree as to whether soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., plant stage has an impact on aphid intrinsic rate of increase. Therefore, the growth rate of soybean aphids on soybean plants of different stages was examined at two different scales in the field. A planting date experiment was used to measure the population growth of soybean aphids on plants of different stages. Clip-cages were used to measure life history characteristics of individual aphids on plants of different stages. No differences were found in the population growth or dynamics of soybean aphids in the planting date experiment. The life history characteristics of individual aphids also showed no significant difference when feeding on different growth stages of soybean plants. The impact of these findings on soybean aphid management is discussed and the possible reasons why the results differ from previous estimates of the aphid growth-plant stage relationship are considered.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1996

The composition of glyphosate-tolerant soybean seeds is equivalent to that of conventional soybeans.

One important aspect of the safety assessment of genetically engineered crops destined for food and feed uses is the characterization of the consumed portion of the crop. One crop currently under development, glyphosate-tolerant soybeans (GTS), was modified by the addition of a glyphosate-tolerance gene to a commercial soybean cultivar. The composition of seeds and selected processing fractions from two GTS lines, designated 40-3-2 and 61-67-1, was compared with that of the parental soybean cultivar, A5403. Nutrients measured in the soybean seeds included macronutrients by proximate analyses (protein, fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates), amino acids and fatty acids. Antinutrients measured in either the seed or toasted meal were trypsin inhibitor, lectins, isoflavones, stachyose, raffinose and phytate. Proximate analyses were also performed on batches of defatted toasted meal, defatted nontoasted meal, protein isolate, and protein concentrate prepared from GTS and control soybean seeds. In addition, refined, bleached, deodorized oil was made, along with crude soybean lecithin, from GTS and control soybeans. The analytical results demonstrated the GTS lines are equivalent to the parental, conventional soybean cultivar.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2002

Soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) oviposition on cotton and soybean of different growth stages: influence of olfactory stimuli.

Soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), oviposition in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., of various stages of plant phenological development was evaluated in field cages in 1994, 1995, and 1996. Overall, females preferred to oviposit on soybean over cotton when both crops were compared in vegetative or prebloom stages, when both crops were blooming, and when soybean was blooming or in early pod stage compared with prebloom cotton. Females preferred to deposit eggs on the lower leaf surface in the upper two-thirds of the plant canopy in cotton and soybean. Oviposition in upper and middle canopy levels varied with plant growth stage. Females tended to lay more eggs in the upper canopy compared with the middle canopy in prebloom cotton and vegetative soybean; more eggs were laid in the middle canopy of blooming cotton and reproductive stages of soybean. Females responded to both cotton and soybean volatiles in an olfactometer. There was no significant difference in response to the two sources of volatiles.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Duodenal flow of microbial and feed nitrogen in sheep fed normal soybean meal or soybean meal treated with modified zein.

The effect of protecting soybean meal from microbial degradation in the rumen on duodenal flow of microbial N and feed N was studied with sheep. The soybean meal was protected with chemically modified zein. Two groups of four wethers, each equipped with a ruminal cannula and a duodenal reentrant cannula, were fed a diet based on corn silage (1 kg of DM/d) that contained either a normal or protected soybean meal supplement. The results showed no appreciable differences between the two supplements in ruminal fluid pH, total N, and NAN concentrations; however, the concentration of total VFA was lower for protected soybean meal than for normal soybean meal. Although the flow of NAN into the duodenum was not affected, bacterial N flow was 18% lower, and feed N flow was 195% higher, for protected soybean meal than for normal soybean meal. The digestibilities of OM, ADF, and N in the digestive tract were not affected by the type of supplement. The treatment of soybean meal decreased the degradability of total feed N in the stomach by 22 percentage points, but the increased supply of feed N into the small intestine because of the treatment was at the expense of decreased bacterial synthesis of protein in the rumen, probably because of a shortage of RDP in the diet.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

Characterization and quantitation of soybean proteins in commercial soybean products by capillary electrophoresis.

Capillary electrophoresis was applied for the first time to determine soybean proteins in commercial soybean products. The most suitable conditions for the analysis of these products in less than 7 min were 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 8) with 1 M urea; detection wavelength, 254 nm; applied voltage, 20 kV; and temperature, 30 degrees C. Quantitation of soybean proteins was achieved using referenced conditions by means of the method of standard additions, using as standard a soybean protein isolate. This method was validated and applied to the quantitation of soybean proteins in commercial products derived from soybean protein isolate and soybean seeds.

Buffers↗

PubMed2006

Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects.

BACKGROUND: Partially hydrogenated fat has an unfavorable effect on cardiovascular disease risk. Palm oil is a potential substitute because of favorable physical characteristics. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effect of palm oil on lipoprotein profiles compared with the effects of both partially hydrogenated fat and oils high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. DESIGN: Fifteen volunteers aged > or =50 y with LDL cholesterol > or =130 mg/dL were provided with food for each of 4 diets (35 d/phase) varying in type of fat (partially hydrogenated soybean, soybean, palm, or canola; two-thirds fat, 20% of energy). Plasma fatty acid profiles, lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein(a), glucose, insulin, HDL subfractions, and indicators of lipoprotein metabolism (HDL-cholesterol fractional esterification rate, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, phospholipid transfer protein, and paraoxonase activities) were measured at the end of each phase. RESULTS: Plasma fatty acid profiles reflected the main source of dietary fat. Partially hydrogenated soybean and palm oils resulted in higher LDL-cholesterol concentrations than did soybean (12% and 14%, respectively; P < 0.05) and canola (16% and 18%; P < 0.05) oils. Apolipoprotein B (P < 0.05) and A-I (P < 0.05) concentrations mirrored the pattern of LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations, respectively. No significant effect on the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio was observed for palm oil compared with the other dietary fats. HDL3 cholesterol was higher after palm oil than after partially hydrogenated and soybean oils (P < 0.05). Differences in measures of glucose and HDL intravascular processing attributable to dietary fat were small. CONCLUSION: Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils, compared with soybean and canola oils, adversely altered the lipoprotein profile in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects without significantly affecting HDL intravascular processing markers.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Intake of 25 g of soybean protein with or without soybean fiber alters plasma lipids in men with elevated cholesterol concentrations.

Twenty-one mildly hypercholesterolemic men consumed a diet that was low in fat (< 30% of energy) and cholesterol (300 mg/d) and were given muffins containing 25 g protein + 20 g dietary fiber daily from either isolated soybean protein + soybean cotyledon fiber, isolated soybean protein + cellulose, casein + soybean cotyledon fiber or casein + cellulose. All subjects progressed through the low fat, low cholesterol baseline period, lasting 2 wk, and then through all four dietary treatments, lasting 4 wk each, according to a Latin square design. Plasma concentrations of total, LDL, HDL and VLDL cholesterol, total and VLDL triacylglycerols, and apolipoprotein A-I and B were measured at the end of each period. When data from all subjects were analyzed, dietary treatments did not influence lipemia; however, in subjects with initial total cholesterol concentrations > 5.7 mmol/L, both isolated soybean protein treatments resulted in significantly lower total cholesterol compared with the two casein treatments (P < 0.05). In addition, a negative linear relationship was observed when a subject's total or LDL cholesterol change after each of the soybean treatments was regressed against the subject's baseline cholesterol concentration (P < 0.05). Apolipoprotein A-I varied dependent on baseline cholesterol with no apparent pattern, whereas apolipoprotein B levels were not affected. Results indicate that consumption of 25 g soybean protein/d is associated with lower total cholesterol concentrations in individuals with initial cholesterol concentrations > 5.7 mmol/L.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Diversity of chloroplast DNA SSRs in wild and cultivated soybeans: evidence for multiple origins of cultivated soybean.

Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the major crops in the world and was domesticated from a wild progenitor, Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc., in East Asia. In order to address the questions concerning the evolution and maternal lineage of soybean, we surveyed the variation in chloroplast DNA simple sequence repeats (cpSSR) of 326 wild and cultivated soybean accessions that were collected from various Asian countries. Twenty-three variants were detected at six cpSSRs in the accessions tested. All of the variants were found in wild soybean, whereas only 14 variants existed in the cultigen. Combining the variants at the six cpSSRs gave 52 haplotypes in the former and eight haplotypes in the latter. Both analyses indicated a considerably higher genetic diversity in the wild soybean. Around 75% of the cultivated accessions tested possessed a common haplotype (no. 49), which was detected in only seven wild accessions, six from southern Japan and one from southern China. The predominant haplotype in the cultigen may therefore have originated from a rare haplotype of the wild soybean that is presently distributed in the southern areas of Japan and China. The remaining seven haplotypes in the cultigen were distributed regionally, and except for three rare haplotypes, largely overlapped with the distributions of wild accessions with the same respective haplotypes. Our results strongly suggest that the cultivated soybeans with different cpDNA haplotypes originated independently in different regions from different wild gene pools and/or hybrid swarms between cultivated and wild forms.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Quantification of genistein and genistin in soybeans and soybean products.

It has been suggested that the isoflavone, genistein,, may have some role as a chemopreventive agent against cancer in humans. Levels of genistein and its beta-glucoside conjugate, genistin, ingested in soybeans and related bean products by the Japanese were quantified by HPLC, to estimate daily intake of these compounds. Amounts of genistein and genistin in soybeans, soy nuts and soy powder were in the range of 4.6 to 18.2 and 200.6 to 968.1 micrograms/g food, respectively. The values for soy milk and tofu (bean curd) were 1.9 to 13.9 and 94.8 to 137.7 micrograms/g food, respectively. Levels of isoflavones in fermented soybean products, miso (bean paste) and natto (fermented soybeans), were 38.5 to 229.1 micrograms/g food for genistein and 71.7 to 492.8 micrograms/g food for genistin. Thus, the level of genistein in the fermented soybean products was higher than in soy beans and soybean products such as soy milk and tofu. From these observations, it is suggested that the beta-glycosyl bond of genistin is cleaved to produce genistein by microbes during fermentation to yield miso and natto. Soy sauce was also found to contain both isoflavones, but at levels lower than in miso and natto. On the basis of these data for average annual consumption of soybeans and related products, daily intake of genistein and genistin by the Japanese is calculated to be 1.5-4.1 and 6.3-8.3 mg/person, respectively. These levels are much higher than those for Americans or Western Europeans, whose mortality rates for breast, colon and prostate cancers are greater than the Japanese.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗

PubMed2005

Strain-specific P3 of Soybean mosaic virus elicits Rsv1-mediated extreme resistance, but absence of P3 elicitor function alone is insufficient for virulence on Rsv1-genotype soybean.

When challenged by mechanical inoculation, the Rsv1 gene of soybean invokes extreme resistance (ER) against Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strain N, but not SMV-G7 and its experimentally evolved variant, SMV-G7d. SMV-G7 provokes a lethal systemic hypersensitive response (LSHR), whereas SMV-G7d induces systemic mosaic. Thus, for Rsv1-genotype soybean, SMV-G7 and SMV-G7d are both virulent virus strains. The elicitor function of SMV-G7 provoking Rsv1-mediated LSHR was recently mapped to P3, and the influence of amino acids 823, 953, and 1112 of the precursor polypeptide of SMV-G7d on evasion of Rsv1-mediated recognition provoking LSHR was demonstrated. We have now extended this study to SMV-N. Initially, amino acids corresponding to those of SMV-G7d at these positions were substituted, individually or in combinations. All the mutants remained replication competent on rsv1-genotype soybean; however, none lost the elicitor function provoking Rsv1-mediated ER. Subsequently, P3 of SMV-N was precisely replaced with P3 of SMV-G7 or SMV-G7d and vice versa. All the chimeras were replication competent on rsv1-genotype soybean, but surprisingly SMV-N/G7P3 and SMV-N/G7dP3 failed to gain virulence on Rsv1-genotype soybeans. However, SMV-G7/NP3 and SMV-G7d/NP3 lost virulence, and this loss of virulence function was mapped to the N-terminus domain of SMV-N P3. The data indicate that SMV strain-specific P3 provokes Rsv1-mediated ER; however, virulence on Rsv1-genotype soybean is not solely a consequence of the absence of the P3 elicitor functions provoking Rsv1-mediated ER and LSHR.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Description of the soybean pod gall midge, Asphondylia yushimai sp. n. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a major pest of soybean and findings of host alternation.

The soybean pod gall midge is an important pest of soybean in Japan and is known to occur also in Indonesia and China. This gall midge is described from Japan as Asphondylia yushimai sp. n. and is clearly distinguished from its congeners by the arrangement of the lower frontal horns of the pupa and the sequence of the mtDNA COI region. It is concluded that Prunus zippeliana Miquel is a winter host of the soybean pod gall midge since haplotypes of the soybean pod gall midge coincide with those of the Prunus fruit gall midge that produces fruit galls on P. zippeliana. In addition, phenological and distributional information on the two gall midges and on their host plants supports the identification of the winter host. In Japan, the soybean pod gall midge overwinters as a first instar in the fruit galls on P. zippeliana and emerges as an adult from the galls in May. In summer and autumn, the soybean pod gall midge has two or more generations in the pods of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill or wild fabaceous and caesalpiniaceous plants. Thus host alternation by A. yushimai is confirmed. This is the second finding of host alternation by a species of Asphondylia, the first instance being that of Asphondylia gennadii (Marchal) in Cyprus.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Hepatic secretion of lipids and apolipoproteins in rats fed soybean phospholipid and soybean oil.

Dietary phospholipid (PL) containing phosphatidylethanolamine alters serum lipoproteins in rats. To clarify the underlying mechanism for the alteration of serum lipids and apolipoproteins, secretions of lipids and apolipoproteins from isolated perfused livers in rats fed soybean PL or soybean oil were compared in this study. Soybean PL significantly decreased the rates of accumulation of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and cholesterol in the liver perfusate. The secretion of newly synthesized apoA-I labeled with [3H]lysine into the perfusate also significantly decreased in rats fed soybean PL. The secretion patterns of triglyceride and apolipoproteins other than apoA-I were similar for rats fed either diet. Constant infusion of oleic acid into the liver perfusion medium did not alter the response of the secretion of lipids and apolipoproteins to soybean PL feeding. In rats injected with Triton WR-1339, concentrations of serum triglyceride and high-molecular-weight apoB at 20 hours after injection were significantly increased by soybean PL feeding, whereas until 2 hours postinjection the accumulation of serum triglyceride was similar for rats fed either diet. Thus, soybean PL affects not only secretion of hepatic lipoproteins but also metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins derived from the liver.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Activity of rubidium and cesium in soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): insect feeding on cotton and soybean measured by elemental markers.

Uptake and translocation of the elemental markers rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs) within adult soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the laboratory in various feeding and mating treatments. Neonates were tested to determine marker transfer from male and female adults fed rubidium chloride (RbCl)-treated artificial nectar, cesium chloride (CsCI)-treated artificial nectar, or both. All females contained detectable levels of Rb, Cs, or both, which were obtained either through direct feeding or via spermatophores. Rubidium was present in females at significantly greater levels than Cs. No significant differences in Rb levels were observed between feeding or spermatophore acquisitions. Most neonates had significantly higher levels of Rb than Cs. In a field cage study to evaluate adult feeding and oviposition behavior on blooming cotton and blooming soybean treated with RbCl and CsCl, respectively, more eggs contained Rb than Cs, indicating greater feeding on cotton nectar than soybean nectar, regardless of the host plant upon which eggs were laid. Females laid more eggs on blooming soybean than on blooming cotton. Higher levels of Rb in cotton than Cs in soybean were recorded and may be attributed to initial elemental marker quantities available to the insects. This study provides the support for the generalized observations that soybean looper infestations in soybean can be related to feeding activities by adults in cotton.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Efficacy of phytase in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in soybean meal and corn-soybean meal diets for pigs.

Four experiments involving 225 pigs were conducted to assess the efficacy of a microbial phytase (FINASE, Alko Ltd. Biotechnology, Rajamäki, Finland) produced by Aspergillus niger in corn-soybean meal or dextrose-cornstarch-soybean meal-based diets. In two experiments with growing-finishing pigs, fortified corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to be adequate (.50%) or inadequate (.40 or .30%) in P during the growing phase followed by adequate (.40%) or inadequate (.30%) P in the finishing phase. Mono-dicalcium phosphate was the source of supplemental P. Half the diets were supplemented with phytase (500 phytase units/g). Rate and efficiency of gain and bone breaking strength were decreased when P-deficient diets were fed. Phytase supplementation of the low-P diets restored growth rate and feed:gain to levels that approached those of pigs fed the adequate-P control diet. Bone strength was partially restored to that of the controls. In two additional experiments, pigs were fed low-P basal diets in which all the dietary P came from soybean meal or a corn-soybean meal blend. Both diets contained .05% available P. Graded levels of monosodium phosphate were added to these diets, up to .15% added P, to establish a standard curve. Phytase was added to the basal diet at 250, 500, or 1,000 units/g. Growth rate and bone strength improved linearly (P < .01) with added monosodium phosphate and with increasing levels of supplemental phytase. Based on estimates of total and available P intakes, the highest level of phytase (1,000 units/g) increased the bioavailability of the P from 25% in the soybean meal diet to 57% in the phytase-supplemented diet, and from 15% in the corn-soybean diet to 43% in the phytase-supplemented diet. Expressed on the basis of the improvement in phytate P availability, this level of phytase converted approximately one-third of the unavailable P to an available form. The results indicate that the phytase was efficacious in improving the bioavailability of phytate P for pigs.

6-Phytase↗