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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Subacute thyroiditis in a lateral thyroid gland: evaluation of the pituitary-thyroid axis during the acute destructive and the recovery phases.

Subacute thyroiditis in a lateral, ectopic thyroid has been previously unreported. A 4 10/12-YEAR-OLD GIRL HAD AN ENLARGING MASS IN THE LEFT UPPER ANTERIOR NECK. Initially, the serum concentration of T4 was normal, T3 was elevated, and TSH was undetectable without response to TRH. RAI uptake was 1%. The data were consistent with subacute thyroiditis. Twelve weeks later the serum concentration of T4 was low and TSH was elevated; thyroid replacement therapy was given for 20 weeks. When this was discontinued, there was an initial increase and then a decrease in the TSH values accompanied by an increase in serum concentrations of T3 and T4 to normal during eight weeks. One must consider a lateral ectopic thyroid gland in the differential diagnosis of masses in the neck. Physicians must be aware that temporary hypothyroidism occurs during the course of subacute thyroiditis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on thyroid epithelial cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis but not in Graves' disease or papillary thyroid cancer.

In order to study the possible role of antigen-independent adhesion systems in thyroid autoimmunity, we evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence the expression of lymphocyte functional antigen-1 (LFA-1) and its ligand ICAM-1 on mononuclear cell infiltrates (when present) and thyroid follicular cells of four patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 30 with Graves' disease, five with papillary cancer, two with follicular adenoma, and two normal thyroid specimens. The expression of MHC class I and class II antigens was also evaluated. Most mononuclear infiltrates were LFA-1 positive, as expected. A positivity for ICAM-1 on follicular cells was observed in three out of four Hashimoto's thyroiditis specimens; such a phenomenon was totally absent in Graves' disease or any other pathological condition, or in normal tissue. MHC class II expression on thyrocytes was observed in all the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in 27 out of 30 with Graves' disease and in three out of five papillary cancer specimens.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Autoimmune thyroiditis with transient thyrotoxicosis: comparison between painful thyroiditis and painless thyroiditis.

Clinical and laboratory findings and long-term outcomes in 8 patients (7 women) with autoimmune thyroiditis (AT), aged 34-59 years, who had a painful tender goiter and a transient thyrotoxicosis with a low thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), were compared with those in 15 patients (13 women) with painless thyroiditis (PT), aged 23-69 years. Six painful AT and 6 PT patients had a history of prior awareness of goiter. All patients with painful AT had a moderate or marked elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a positive result for C-reactive protein, while only 3 PT patients (group B) did. There were no significant differences between the mean age, duration of symptoms, white blood cell count, serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations, serum T3/T4 ratio and duration of thyrotoxicosis after the initial examination and prevalences of positive results for antithyroglobulin and -microsomal antibodies in the two diseases. Two of 8 painful AT patients showed a histologically chronic fibrous variant and 6 others showed chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. All PT patients examined also showed lymphocytic thyroiditis. Two and 5 painful AT patients developed transient and persistent hypothyroidism, respectively, while 8 [7 in group A (normal ESR), 1 in group B] and 3 PT patients (1 in group A, 2 in group B) did, respectively. The mean serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level in the hypothyroid phase in painful AT patients was higher than that in PT patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Thyroid abnormalities in dermatitis herpetiformis. Prevalence of clinical thyroid disease and thyroid autoantibodies.

We studied thyroid abnormalities in 50 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Two patients had a history of hyperthyroidism, and 5 had hypothyroidism and were on thyroid replacement therapy. Three patients had had thyroidectomies for nodules, and 5 had asymptomatic goiter. Two patients were clinically euthyroid with elevated thyrotrophin and low normal thyroxine levels, indicating early thyroid insufficiency. Thyroid microsomal antibodies were seen in 38% of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis compared to 12% of controls. The presence of clinical or serologic thyroid abnormalities in 26 of 50 patients shows a significant but unexplained association between dermatitis herpetiformis and thyroid disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

Effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone on adenyl cyclase activity and intermediary metabolism of "cold" thyroid nodules and normal human thyroid tissue.

"Cold" thyroid nodules do not concentrate (131)I before or after thyrotropin (TSH) administration. In an attempt to elucidate the reason for this TSH unresponsiveness, the effect of TSH in vitro on several metabolic parameters was studied in 11 "cold" thyroid adenomas, 2 medullary carcinomas, and in the surrounding normal thyroid tissue. Basal adenyl cyclase activity, glucose-1-(14)C oxidation, and (32)P incorporation into phospholipids were significantly greater in the adenomas than in the adjacent normal thyroid; basal cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) concentration and adenine-(3)H incorporation into (3)H-labeled cyclic AMP were not different. In adenomas as well as normal thyroid, all parameters responded significantly to in vitro TSH stimulation. The response to TSH of adenyl cyclase activity and (32)P incorporation was enhanced in adenomas compared with that of the adjacent normal thyroid. These differences were not explained by an increased cellularity of the adenomas. Medullary carcinomas did not respond to TSH in any of the above parameters. The studies demonstrate an intact, TSH-responsive adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system in the adenomas and, accordingly, imply the presence of receptor sites for TSH on the cells of the adenoma. The failure of such nodules to concentrate (131)I may be owing to a subsequent impairment in the expression of cyclic AMP action on iodine metabolism.

Adenine↗
PubMed1978

Tetanus toxin interactions with the thyroid: decreased toxin binding to membranes from a thyroid tumor with a thyrotropin receptor defect and in vivo stimulation of thyroid function.

Normal rat thyroid membranes adsorb neurotoxicity when incubated with purified tetanus toxin. Membranes from a rat thyroid tumor with a thyrotropin receptor defect adsorb very little neurotoxicity when similarly evaluated. This inability of the tumor membranes to adsorb neurotoxicity is correlated with a defect in their ability to bind both 125I-labeled tetanus toxin and [125I]iodothyrotropin. The effect of tetanus toxin on the release of radioiodine from the thyroids of appropriately prepared mice has been measured by adapting methods used for the bioassay of thyrotropin. One minimum lethal dose of tetanus toxin given sc caused a significant release of radioiodine into the blood of mice 48 h after injection. In mice subjected to the stress of prior bleedings or anesthesia, the release of radioiodine from the thyroid by tetanus toxin was accelerated, i.e., the increase in blood radioiodine could be measured 24 h after injection. These results again suggest that tetanus toxin may interact with thyrotropin receptors on thyroid plasma membranes. The "sympathetic overactivity syndrome" seen in some patients with tetanus and the syndrome characterized as "thyroid storm" in patients with Graves' disease are discussed as they may relate to these observations.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Regulation of differentiated thyroid function by iodide: preferential inhibitory effect of excess iodide on thyroid hormone secretion in sheep thyroid cell cultures.

Primary cultures of sheep thyroid cells have been used to study the inhibitory effects of iodide on thyroid function. Under the influence of TSH, iodide was concentrated with a cell to medium ratio of 20. When thyroid hormone secretion was measured from cells cultured without addition of exogenous iodide, preferential T3 secretion was evident. The optimum iodide concentration for T4 and T3 synthesis and secretion was 10(-6) M. Prior exposure to 10(-5) M or more iodide decreased subsequent iodide transport in a concentration-dependent manner compared to that in cells acutely exposed to iodide. Although cell to medium ratios were decreased, intracellular iodide concentrations continued to rise with increasing external iodide concentrations, and iodide available for thyroid hormone synthesis was not in limited supply. Iodide concentrations of 10(-4) M or greater inhibited iodothyronine synthesis and thyroid hormone secretion, assessed by both assay of trichloroacetic acid-insoluble Na125I activity in cells and RIA of T4 and T3 in the medium and cell layer. An intermediate concentration of 10(-5) M iodide had a marked inhibitory effect on T4 and T3 secretion, but iodothyronine formation on thyroglobulin was only slightly affected. Our results suggest a preferential inhibitory effect of elevated iodide concentrations on thyroid hormone secretion. The adaptive advantages of this selective inhibition would allow storage of iodothyronines in times of iodide sufficiency while maintaining euthyroidism.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The thyroid reserve in children with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis revealed by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone tests.

Serum thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations were measured before and after the administration of TRH (10 micrograms/kg body weight) and bovine TSH (10 IU) in 14 children with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. The TRH test showed that the responsiveness of TSH was positively correlated with the basal TSH (P less than 0.001) and inversely with the increase in serum thyroid hormones, for delta T3 (P less than 0.05) and for delta T4 (P less than 0.001). Overall, the patients had significantly lower mean values for basal T4, but not for T3. The TSH test revealed that the delta T3 was positively correlated with delta T4 (P less than 0.05). delta T3 after TSH administration was positively correlated with it after TRH (P less than 0.05). The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of their peak TSH values after TRH administration. In Group 1 (peak value below 40 microU/ml; N = 5); T3 increased significantly after TRH and TSH administrations (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.025, respectively). In addition, delta T4 was significant after TSH administration. In Group 2 (peak TSH above 40 and less than 100 microU/ml; N = 6); only delta T3 after TRH was significant (P less than 0.05). In Group 3 (peak TSH above 100 microU/ml; N = 3); the response of thyroid hormones was blunted. Thus, the thyroid hormone responses to endogenous TSH coincided with that to exogenous TSH, and the exaggerated TSH response to TRH indicates decreased thyroid reserve.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Adenyl cyclase activity in human thyroid plasma membranes from normal human thyroid tissue and thyroid adenomas.

The adenylcyclase (AC) activity of crude human thyroid plasma membranes were studied in some detail and conditions for optimal cyclic AMP-production established. Membranes from eight "cold" and two "hot" thyroid adenomas were investigated and compared to membranes from corresponding normal, paranodular tissues. The investigated membranes were found to contain similar basal AC activities, which were stimulated three to five times with TSH and 20--30 times with fluoride. Further, no difference in the TSH-sensitivity of AC from normal and "cold" adenomas could be detected. Thyrotrophin 0.02 mU/ml caused a measurable and 0.15 mU/ml a half-maximal stimulation of the cAMP-production. The data indicate, that disturbances of thyroid hormone production characteristic of thyroid adenomas, are not caused by alterations of the TSH-AC system and suggest that in a thyroid cell the degree of thyroid hormone synthesis do not alter the amount of plasma membrane-bound adenylcyclase.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1976

Autoimmune murine thyroiditis. VIII. Role of different thyroid antigens in the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.

Mice of the C57Br strain, which are susceptible to the induction of autoimmune thyroiditis with mouse thyroglobulin, and C57Bl mice, which are resistant, were immunized with human and rabbit thyroglobulins in Freund's complete adjuvant. Susceptible strain C57Br developed higher degrees of thyroid infiltration than the resistant strain. The results indicate that the responses to xenogeneic (foreign) thyroglobulins parallel allogeneic and syngeneic (mouse) thyroglobulin. BSVS mice, which are highly susceptible to thyroiditis, were immunized with mouse thyroid extract from five different mouse strains including syngeneic antigen. Recipients of C57Bl and DBA thyroid extracts showed lower indices of pathology than recipients of similar extracts from C3H, BSVS and non-inbred CF-1 mice. The results suggest that there is a difference in the immunogenicity of mouse thyroid extracts from different strains. Purified thyroglobulin was prepared from congenic strains B10.D2 (H-2d, resistant) and B10Br (H-2k, susceptible). H-2k thyroglobulin gave a greater response in both H-2k and H-2d mice than H-2d thyroglobulin.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Transient thyrotoxicosis in an infant delivered to a long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS)- and LATS protector-negative, thyroid-stimulating antibody-positive woman with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

A thyrotoxic infant was delivered to a woman with a long-standing history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but with no evidence of Graves' disease. Long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) and LATS protector were absent, but thyroid-stimulating antibody was transiently present in the infant and markedly and persistently elevated in the mother. It is concluded that the maternal level of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins determines the presence and duration of transient neonatal thyrotoxicosis, and that thyroid-stimulating antibody is distinct from LATS and LATS protector.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Effect of increased circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone on in vitro thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation of thyroid and adipose tissues.

Hormones have been shown to regulate the number and/or binding properties of their own receptors. The present studies examined the effect of chronic increased endogenous TSH levels, induced by tapazole or thyroidectomy, on in vitro TSH responsiveness and binding in thyroid and adipose tissues. The results showed that TSH and prostaglandin E1 significantly increased cAMP levels in the thyroids of weight- and age-matched controls, whereas thyroids from tapazole-treated rats responded only to prostaglandin E1. Iodide organification was also measured, and the thyroids from tapazole-treated rats showed a significantly reduced effect of TSH compared to weight- and age-matched controls, although stimulation by dibutyryl cAMP was equivalent in all three groups. TSH or epinephrine stimulation of cAMP and glucose oxidation was equivalent in adipose tissue from control and hypothyroid rats. There was a significant 50% reduction in the number TSH-binding sites in thyroids from tapazole-treated rats: the affinity remained unchanged. [125I]TSH binding to adipose tissue plasma membranes was similar in control and hypothyroid groups. These studies demonstrate that elevated levels of TSH appear to regulate the number of TSH receptors in thyroid, but not adipose, tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

[Effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis and frequency of thyroid enlargement (thyroid goiter) and clinical diagnosis of thyroid diseases in inhabitants of the Szczecin region after the Czernobyl accident].

The study, supported by program MZ-XVII, was carried on 4567 inhabitants of the area of Szczecin (2350 females and 2217 males). The population was chosen randomly, according to a simple drawing scheme. All subjects were clinically examined using standardised questionnaires. In 3468 persons (including 1807 girls and women, 1661 boys and men) apart form clinical examination, the assessment of thyrotropin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum and frequency of antithyroglobulin antibodies and antithyroid membrane antibodies were evaluated. The data indicate that 94% of children in Szczecin's region received the prophylactic dose of iodine, mostly between the 1st and the 5th of May 1986. Only 17% of the adults received iodine. The most common preparation was Lugol solution given in a single dose. Among all persons who received iodine, only in 5% of subjects the side effects were noted (mostly in children), including symptoms of gastrointestinal tract (vomiting, abdomen pain) and occasionally intrathyroid side effects (thyroid pains). In examined population the high frequency of thyroid enlargement, mainly in women (up to 43-44% at the age group 30-50 years) was found. The frequency of clinical diagnosis of thyroid disease was higher in women than in man (most often the diffuse goiter, rarely the nodular goiter). The frequency of thyroid enlargement and clinical diagnosis of thyroid disease was not dependent on prophylactic iodine intake. The iodine prophylaxis did not influence on thyroid hormones and TSH serum levels and on frequency of antithyroid antibodies.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effect of xenotransplantation of human thyroid tissue following radioactive iodine-induced thyroid ablation on thyroid function in the nude mouse.

We have attempted to determine whether xenotransplanted human thyroid tissue into nude mice would act as a physiological substitute for the mouse thyroid gland after the mice had been rendered hypothyroid, using radioactive iodine (131I). The dosage of 0.2 millicuries of 131I was given to each mouse. The xenotransplantations of human thyroid tissue, i.e., normal, Graves' and nontoxic multinodular goitre, were carried out three weeks after radioactive ablation. The values of TSH in all mice rose to high levels (71 +/- 15.6 ng/ml, +/- SD) by three weeks after 131I administration. The TSH values in the mice declined rapidly and reached normal levels by 3-5 weeks after xenotransplantation. In addition, the serum T4 values were generally in the euthyroid range by 3-6 weeks after xenotransplantation. There were no marked differences in the changes of serum T4 and TSH when the three groups were compared. These results indicated that the xenografted human thyroid tissue permitted a return to a normal feedback system as reflected by normal serum TSH and T4 values in the animals. The Graves' thyroid tissue reverted to normal physiological function when removed from its human (abnormal) immune environment, signifying that Graves' thyrocytes are mere passive captives to immune events. This model should prove to be useful in the study of human thyroid physiology and pathophysiology.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Papillary thyroid carcinoma in a median ectopic thyroid associated with intra-abdominal thyroid tissue].

A 17-year-old female underwent surgical removal of a painless submental lump presumed to be a median cervical cyst. Histology showed a papillary thyroid carcinoma with invasion of the surrounding connective tissue. A 99m-technetium scan, performed in preparation for a planned total thyroidectomy, demonstrated no thyroid tissue. On subsequent 123-iodine scanning there was an area of increased uptake about 3 cm above the larynx, but no normal thyroid tissue. Histological sections, obtained during further surgical exploration of the base of the tongue, showed scattered thyroid cell rests in the lingual muscles. Whole-body scanning, carried out in connection with administration of radioiodine for ablation of remaining thyroid tissue, disclosed an unexpected area of increased uptake in the epigastrium. Sonography and CT scans failed to demonstrate any corresponding morphological abnormality. Following a further dose of radioiodine 4 months later, no areas of increased uptake were noted.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1988

Existence of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors in the porcine thyroid gland and the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5.

We have investigated whether nuclear T3 receptors exist in the thyroid cell. Nuclear proteins extracted from porcine thyroid nuclei with 0.4 mol/l KCl were incubated with [125I]T3. The mixture was then analysed by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation which revealed that the T3-binding proteins migrated at the same position of 3.6 S as rat liver nuclear T3 receptors. Fractionation by high performance liquid chromatography using a size exclusion column and an ion exchanger column also demonstrated elution patterns of T3-binding similar to those of the rat liver receptor. Scatchard plots of crude nuclear extracts from porcine thyroid represented a curvilinear pattern. However, when the nuclear proteins partially purified by a DEAE column chromatography were analysed, a single binding component was found; the association constant was 4.1 x 10(10) l/mol and the maximal binding capacity was 602 fmolT3/mg protein. Displacement study with several T3 analogues showed a highly selective affinity for L-T3. Cultured rat thyroid cells of the FRTL-5 line also contained a single class of saturable, high affinity T3-binding site. Subconfluent cells in 100-mm dishes were incubated with increasing amounts of [125I]T3 at 37 degrees C for 3 h and radioactive T3 in isolated nuclei was counted. Scatchard analysis of data showed that the association constant and the maximal binding capacity were 3.44 +/- 0.63 x 10(10) l/mol and 63.7 +/- 17.8 fmolT3/mg protein, respectively. These results strongly suggest that there are nuclear T3 receptors, indistinguishable from the hepatic T3 receptors, in the porcine thyroid and rat FRTL-5 cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Binding of peripheral blood and thyroidal T lymphocytes to thyroid cell monolayers: possible role of "homing-like" receptors in the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity.

The specific binding of blood lymphocyte populations to non-antigenic receptors on high endothelial cells in peripheral lymphoid organs is well established. Such "homing" receptors in target tissues may also play a role in the early phase of organ specific autoimmunity. In this study binding of peripheral blood and thyroid-derived T cells to human thyroid (THY) cells was examined. Binding was measured as the percentage 51Cr-labelled T cells bound to THY monolayers. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enhanced the binding of peripheral blood T cells (PBL-T) from patients with Graves' disease (GD) and normals, but not from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), to allogeneic THY monolayers. The binding of T cells from patients with HT to untreated allogeneic THY monolayers was significantly greater than that for T cells from patients with GD or normals. TSH inhibited the IFN-gamma enhancement of binding of PBL-T from 4 normals and one HT patient to both allogeneic (n = 5) and autologous (n = 4) THY monolayers. Intra-thyroid T cells (ITL-T) bound to autologous THY monolayers significantly more than PBL-T from the same patient, while ITL from patients with HT or Graves' disease bound more than their PBL-T to both allogeneic and autologous THY monolayers. ITL-T, but not PBL-T, bound significantly more to autologous THY than to autologous thyroid-derived fibroblast monolayers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗