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PubMed1992

A validity study of the posture and fine motor assessment of infants.

This study investigated the concurrent and construct validity of the Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants (PFMAI) (Case-Smith, 1991). The subjects were 90 infants, 65 of whom were healthy and full-term and 25 of whom were premature and had medical risk factors. Concurrent validity was investigated through administration of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (Folio & Fewell, 1983) and the PFMAI (n = 25). Strong positive correlations resulted between the Peabody Gross Motor scale and PFMAI Posture scale and between the Peabody Fine Motor scale and PFMAI Fine Motor scale. Concurrent validity was also measured through correlation scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley, 1969) with scores on the PFMAI. The correlations between the Bayley Motor scale and the PFMAI Posture scale and between the Bayley Mental scale and the PFMAI Fine Motor scale were high. Construct validity was estimated through an evaluation of how accurately the PFMAI discriminated between the premature subjects and the full-term subjects. A discriminant analysis indicated that the PFMAI accurately classified 78% of the subjects as being either premature or full-term (i.e., 80% of the full-term subjects and 72% of the premature subjects). When the premature subjects were categorized as low-risk or high-risk according to their medical histories, the PFMAI accurately classified 66.7% of the total subject population as full-term, low-risk premature, or high-risk premature. These results indicate that the PFMAI has the adequate reliability and validity necessary for use as a clinical and a research instrument.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Brain Damage, Chronic↗

PubMed1991

Siriraj stroke score and validation study to distinguish supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage from infarction.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a simple, reliable, and safe diagnostic tool for acute stroke syndromes in a setting where computerised brain scanning was not readily available and to validate its accuracy with regard to pathological types of stroke. DESIGN: 13 clinical variables that potentially might differentiate supratentorial cerebral haemorrhage from infarction were recorded and tested by multivariate analysis in a prospective study of 174 patients with acute stroke. In developing the Siriraj stroke score stepwise discriminant analysis of the variables was followed by a linear discriminant equation to differentiate between supratentorial haemorrhage and infarction. The score obtained was validated against scores in 206 other patients with stroke, computerised brain scans being used for definitive diagnosis. SETTING: Siriraj Hospital Medical School, Mahidol University, Bangkok. SUBJECTS: Prospective study: 174 consecutive patients with acute supratentorial stroke syndrome (not subarachnoid haemorrhage) admitted to Siriraj Hospital during 1984-5; validation study: 206 patients admitted to Siriraj Hospital or another hospital for supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage or infarction. RESULTS: The Siriraj stroke score was developed and calculated as (2.5 x level of consciousness) + (2 x vomiting) + (2 x headache) + (0.1 x diastolic blood pressure) - (3 x atheroma markers) - 12. A score above 1 indicates supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage, while a score below -1 indicates infarction. The score between 1 and -1 represents an equivocal result needing a computerised brain scan or probability curve to verify the diagnosis. In the validation study of the Siriraj stroke score the diagnostic sensitivities of the score for cerebral haemorrhage and cerebral infarction were 89.3% and 93.2% respectively, with an overall predictive accuracy of 90.3%. CONCLUSION: The Siriraj stroke score is widely accepted and applied in hospitals throughout Thailand as a simple and reliable bedside method for diagnosing acute stroke.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1990

Validation studies from the Western Australian Congenital Malformations Registry.

A series of studies was undertaken in 1989 to validate the data held by the Western Australian Congenital Malformations Registry. Comparison with hospital discharge data identified 1585 children six years of age or younger with malformations discharged from hospitals in Western Australia in 1986, 226 of whom were not already recorded on the Congenital Malformations Register. When the records of a special register for cleft lip and palate were examined, all cases of facial cleft known to the special register were also recorded on the Malformations Register. Comparison of the Western Australian data for major groups of malformations with data from the South Australian Birth Defects Register raised the possibility of under ascertainment in Western Australia of cases of congenital heart disease. Multiple sources of ascertainment and evaluation of the ways in which such sources are tapped are important factors in striving for complete and accurate information on congenital malformations for research and public health purposes.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1992

Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: a cross-validation study.

The purposes of this study were to develop and cross-validate the "best" prediction equations for estimating fat-free body mass (FFB) from bioelectrical impedance in children and youth. Predictor variables included height2/resistance (RI) and RI with anthropometric data. FFB was determined from body density (underwater weighing) and body water (deuterium dilution) (FFB-DW) and from age-corrected density equations, which account for variations in FFB water and bone content. Prediction equations were developed using multiple regression analyses in the validation sample (n = 94) and cross-validated in three other samples (n = 131). R2 and standard error of the estimate (SEE) values ranged from 0.80 to 0.95 and 1.3 to 3.7 kg, respectively. The four samples were then combined to develop a recommended equation for estimating FFB from three regression models. R2 and SEE values and coefficients of variation from these regression equations ranged from 0.91 to 0.95, 2.1 to 2.9 kg, and 5.1 to 7.0%, respectively. As a result of all cross-validation analyses, we recommend the equation FFB-DW = 0.61 RI + 0.25 body weight + 1.31, with a SEE of 2.1 kg and adjusted R2 of 0.95. This study demonstrated that RI with body weight can predict FFB with good accuracy in Whites 10-19 yr old.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1989

Emotional indicators in the human figure drawings of hearing-impaired children: a small sample validation study.

The use of human figure drawings as projective personality assessment techniques is a well-established practice among psychological service providers to hearing-impaired children yet few studies have shown these techniques to be valid indicators of emotional functioning in any population. The purpose of the present work is to establish concurrent validity for the Koppitz scoring technique in a sample of 7- to 12-year old hearing-impaired students. Results indicate that the Koppitz technique shows a positive correlation with emotional status as measured on the Stress Response Scale. The Koppitz technique is especially sensitive to impulsive and passive-aggressive types of response modes.

Child↗

PubMed2026

Predicting 5-Year Mortality in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Using the Korean Central Cancer Registry: Model Development and Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, making prognostic prediction clinically essential. Machine learning models are increasingly used to assess prognosis; however, developing systems that combine high discrimination with clear, clinically interpretable reasoning remains challenging. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop deep learning models that predict 5-year mortality in NSCLC using data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry and quantify feature importance through permutation testing. METHODS: We identified 3144 patients diagnosed between 2014 and 2017 who had complete clinical data, pulmonary function test results, histological information, genomic data, and staging details. After preprocessing, the cohort was divided into stratified training, validation, and test sets in a 70%-15%-15% ratio. Five models were tuned using Hyperband across 10 predefined feature groups. The primary evaluation metric was the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC); additional metrics included accuracy, F1-score, precision, and recall. Groupwise permutation importance was calculated for each model, and the concordance of importance rankings was assessed using the Friedman test. RESULTS: All 5 models yielded comparable discrimination values on the test set (AUC=0.875-0.879). Model A was selected as the primary model and achieved an AUC of 0.879, an accuracy of 0.806, an F1-score of 0.824, and a Brier score of 0.142. Permuting the stage resulted in the largest decrease in AUC (0.217), followed by the pulmonary function test (0.016). Gene mutation had a modest overall impact but became more influential within the adenocarcinoma subset. The Friedman test showed no statistically significant differences in importance rankings across the models (P=.93). CONCLUSIONS: A grouped-input deep learning framework achieved discrimination comparable to a conventional Cox proportional hazards model using the same routine clinical variables for 5-year mortality prediction in NSCLC. Group-level permutation importance provided stable and reproducible insights into the clinical factors influencing risk, which may guide future model refinement and clinical decision-making.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Psychosocial vulnerability, life stress, and suicide ideation in a jail population: a cross-validation study.

The purpose of this present investigation was to cross-validate a stress-psychosocial vulnerability model of suicidal ideation and behavior in a jail population. Measures of social alienation, cognitive distortions, adaptive resources, situational (jail environment) stress, depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation were administered to 146 male inmates at a county jail facility. It was predicted that each of the vulnerability factors, in addition to jail stress, would be significantly related to suicide ideation among inmates. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that psychosocial vulnerability among inmates would interact with jail stress to best explain suicide intent. The result of a multiple-regression analysis, stepwise forward-inclusion algorithm, indicated that 51% of the variation in suicide ideation could be accounted for by the linear combination of low reasons for living, irrational beliefs, jail stress, and loneliness. In addition, when the variables were entered into a hierarchical multiple-regression model, interactions between select psychosocial vulnerability factors and jail stress were found to best explain suicide intent. Results of the study are discussed in terms of the proposed model, and implications for future research and prevention efforts in jail suicide are noted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Arousability and stress-related physical symptoms: a validation study of Coren's arousal predisposition scale.

Coren's Arousal Predisposition Scale was validated against 249 college students' self-ratings of stress-related physical symptoms and an item that assessed general level of health. As we predicted, the 126 high-arousability subjects were substantially higher in mean stress-related symptoms score and lower in general health than the 123 peers low in arousability. These data suggest that the Arousal Predisposition Scale may be a useful instrument in the study of human stress.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Validation studies for brain blood flow assessment by radioxenon tomography.

A tomographic technique has been used recently for cerebral blood flow measurements with inhaled radioxenon. Based on experiments in a specially developed dynamic phantom and on studies in primates in vivo, we have analyzed the validity of this method for measurements of both regional and total blood flow in the brain. We have also examined the errors introduced into flow computations as a function of changes in such parameters as: rate of xenon input, size of region of interest, magnitude of regional flow rates, and inter-regional flow differences. Our findings indicate a reasonable degree of accuracy for flow measurements in gray matter regions that are 3 cm in diameter or larger, while white matter blood flow is generally overestimated. The accuracy for regional flow assessments degrades as a function of: diminishing region size, increasing inter-regional flow differences, and flow rates in excess of 100 ml/100 g/min. Measurements for brain regions 2 cm or smaller in diameter can be in error by 25-50% as a result of partial volume averaging. Although the technique is not ideal for accurate flow measurements in small regions of the brain, it nevertheless provides a convenient means of assessing perfusion in major vascular territories of the brain in routine clinical applications.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Separation-individuation, family functioning, and psychological adjustment in college students: a construct validity study of the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence.

We evaluated the construct validity of the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence (SITA; Levine, Green, & Millon, 1986). Based on a review of the theoretical literature on separation-individuation issues during late adolescence, predictions were made as to how SITA scores would correlate with aspects of family functioning and psychological adjustment. The SITA and a battery of self-report family and adjustment measures were administered to 454 college students (272 females and 182 males; 74% White, 16% African American, and 10% Asian American or Hispanic). Correlational analyses offered partial support for the construct validity of the SITA. Cluster analyses revealed four distinct groups of subjects (anxious deniers, healthy separators, peaceful detachers, and succorance seekers), each with its own coherent set of scores on the SITA and instruments measuring family relations and positive and negative psychological adjustment. Criticisms concerning the labels and composition of the SITA scales are also discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2026

Simultaneous determination of imiquimod and terbinafine in skin permeation studies: Validation of a liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection.

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, neglected subcutaneous mycosis posing significant therapeutic challenges. A topical strategy combining terbinafine (TBF), an antifungal, with imiquimod (IMQ), a TLR-7/8 agonist immunomodulator, has emerged a promising alternative. However, no validated analytical method is currently available to simultaneously quantify both drugs in skin, which is crucial for novel formulation development. This study reports the development and validation of a simple HPLC method with fluorescence detection (excitation 236 nm, emission 340 nm) for the simultaneous determination of TBF and IMQ extracted from porcine skin. Separation was achieved on a C8 reversed-phase column (125 × 4.0 mm, 5 μm) using a mobile phase of methanol and water (60,40, v/v), both containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The method showed excellent linearity (r > 0.999) over 0.01-1.0 μg/mL for IMQ and 0.1-2.0 μg/mL for TBF. Intra- and inter-day precision demonstrated coefficients of variation below 5%, and recovery rates from skin (79-105%) confirmed accuracy. Limits of detection were 0.001 μg/mL for IMQ and 0.004 μg/mL for TBF, with quantification limits of 0.02 μg/mL and 0.16 μg/mL, respectively. This selective, sensitive, and reproducible method represents a valuable analytical tool for supporting the development and quality control of topical formulations for chromoblastomycosis and other fungal skin diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[The use of the impedance measurement technic for calculating body fat mass. A validity study].

The body composition of water and fat may be calculated on the basis of measurements of its impedance. Calculations are based on algorithms developed by all measurements of the body compositions of a reference material, by means of standard methods (eg hydrodensiometry, total body water by isotope dilutimetry). A commencial impedance analyser with built-in algorithm for calculation of total body water and body fat mass was evaluated and compared with measurements of the total body water in 42 young men and women. Very good agreement was found (mean values for total water were 34.2 and 33.5, respectively, for women and 46.8 and 47.0, respectively, for men). These calculations of total body water correlated better with the reference values than calculations from four other algorithms published in the literature. Simple anthropometric measurements (skin-fold thickness, BMI) resulted in significantly higher calculations of body fat mass than calculations based on impedance measurement. This study has shown that the technique of impedance measurement has good reliable validity for calculation of the body fat mass and that, on account of its simplicity, the method is suitable for field studies and also individual measurements.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1990

A discriminant validity study of negative symptoms with a special focus on depression and antipsychotic medication.

If the construct validity of the negative symptom syndrome is to be established, the conceptual and operational overlap between negative symptoms and other syndromes such as depression and the effects of medication must be explained. The author assessed 26 patients with schizophrenia and 21 patients without schizophrenia, most of whom had depression, at the end of an average 2-week drug washout period and after approximately 2 months of psychotropic medication administration. Negative symptoms were remarkably consistent in patients with schizophrenia despite pharmacological intervention. In contrast, the patients without schizophrenia manifested significant decreases in negative symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A cross-validation study for predictors of scores on state board examinations.

Regression equations were computed and cross-validated for predicting nurses' scores on each of the five state board examinations (SBEs). Scores on five National League for Nursing (NLN) achievement tests of 101 nurses who graduated from a baccalaureate program between 1968 and 1972 were used as predictor variables. Stepwise regression analysis was used to compute the equations which were, in turn, used to predict the SBE scores for an independent sample of nurses who graduated in 1973. Cross-validation correlations between the predicted and actual obtained scores of the 1973 graduates ranged from .64 to .81. For each equation, the NLN test scores in Nursing of Children and Obstetric Nursing were consistently the best indicators of performance on the SBEs. Additionally, a factor analysis indicated that the SBEs do not measure independent entities, but that all five examinations have high loadings on the same factor. The results suggest that nursing programs should develop and validate prediction equations to assist nurses in preparing for SBEs.

Achievement↗

PubMed1989

A factorial, reliability, and validity study of the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale.

This investigation explored the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale, employing a large (n = 648) sample of children. Factor analysis suggested that the Devereux scale can be described by four factors, which were named Disruptive-Oppositional, Poor Comprehension-Disattention, Cooperative-Initiating, and Performance Anxiety. All four factors showed high internal consistency, and three of the four were stable over a 17-mo. period. Correlations of the four factors with academic achievement, IQ, socioeconomic status, and peer ratings of social competence are presented. All four factors showed significant relations with these variables, with Poor Comprehension-Disattention the strongest of all. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the Poor Comprehension-Disattention factor accounted for significant variance in academic achievement even after IQ was taken into account. Large differences between classroom means on the factor scores suggested that Devereux ratings for individual students may need to be interpreted cautiously.

Achievement↗

PubMed1992

Real-time ultrasonography as a noninvasive tool for the examination of canine gallbladder emptying: a validation study.

An ultrasonographic measurement of the gallbladder volume based on an ellipsoid approximation of the gallbladder shape was validated in vivo in the dog. The mean difference between the ultrasonographically determined and the true gallbladder volumes amounted to 2.0 +/- 1.6 cm3 (mean +/- SD), whereas the regression line computed for the ultrasonographically measured versus true gallbladder volumes was y = 0.892x + 3.0, r = 0.955, p much less than 0.001. The ultrasonographic method enabled a noninvasive, repetitive measurement of either a meal- or caerulein-induced gallbladder emptying in the dog.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Reliability and validity studies of the comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS).

1. The most important properties of a rating instrument aimed at detecting possible changes in psychopathology are as follows: a) communicability to not yet experienced raters; b) satisfactory levels of reliability and validity; and c) sensitivity to changes. Since its construction some years ago these properties of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) have been investigated in several sessions, both experimental, and in the course of clinical drug trials. 2. Raters with a different training background (physicians, psychologists, social workers, nurses), and a different level of experience in ratings have participated in the sessions. 3. In all instances the CPRS has proved to be highly reliable and highly sensitive. It appeared to be easily communicable, also in its international versions, and its content seems to fit very well with different cultural contexts. Information about its validity has been inferred from the studies mentioned above, and, also from correlations with other well known rating instruments.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Leisure-time physical activity as an estimate of physical fitness: a validation study.

This paper describes a new interview questionnaire for the assessment of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), and its validation as an alternative estimate of physical fitness. British subjects (77 males, 41 females) provided details of their LTPA over a period of a "typical" 2 weeks, enabling the estimation of the energy expended. Physical fitness was assessed with a battery of measures, the optimal single measure being sub-maximal physical work capacity (PWC). The questionnaire showed LTPA to be stable following test-retest administration (r = 0.86; p less than 0.0001) for total LTPA energy expenditure. Total LTPA was found to be significantly related to PWC (r = 0.48, p less than 0.0001), as were very hard (r = 0.55; p less than 0.0001) and hard LTPA (r = 0.38; p less than 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis with PWC as the dependent variable yielded a multiple correlation of r = 0.87, with significant contributions from very hard and hard LTPA. It is concluded that whilst this questionnaire is both reliable and a valid estimate of physical fitness amongst a population consistent in their leisure-time physical activities, there is scope for its further use within larger populations, allowing for an analysis of the effects of age and gender on the associations so far observed.

Adolescent↗