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PubMed1994

[Self health care when faced with acute pathology in childhood].

OBJECTIVE: To quantify and describe the self-care practices for children up to 14 seeking care because of an acute pathology. DESIGN: An observation study carried out by means of a questionnaire administered to the person accompanying the patient. SETTING: Primary Care: an urban Health Centre. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: The total number of cases of acute pathology treated during April and May 1993 in the Centre's paediatric clinics. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 248 cases were studied (53% boys and 47% girls, with an average age of 5.3 +/- 3.85). Self-care (self-medication, 84.6%; non-pharmacological measures, 11.5%; both of these, 3.9%) was practised in 61.3% of cases (CI 95%: 55.2-67.4). The most common drugs were: antipyretics-analgesics (60%), antitussives (9.6%) and antibiotics (8.1%). Self-care was practised most often on patients presenting respiratory symptoms (69.6%) (p < 0.001), with self-medication predominant (91.2%) (p < 0.001). The number of days occurring between the appearance of symptoms and the medical consultation was greater among those who did not practise self-care (4.5 +/- 5.2 as against 2.1 +/- 1.8) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Self-care is a very common practice among people seeking paediatric treatment. Self-medication, especially for respiratory trouble, is the most common form. Patients who practise self-care tend to be earlier in seeking a medical consultation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Prescription writing in Gondar outpatient teaching hospital, Ethiopia.

A total of 19,119 prescriptions consecutively written between January-July 1992 were collected from Gondar outpatient hospital selling pharmacy and reviewed to determine physician's adherence to the basic principles of prescription order writing. In 36.6%, 16.8% and 12.4% of the prescriptions, respectively, age, sex and chart numbers of patients were not recorded. Twelve percent, 7%, 6.4%, 5.8% and 1.6% of the prescriptions did not indicate routes of drug administration, directions for drug use, frequency of drug administration, drug dose and duration of treatment, respectively. No prescription order had special advice or warnings to the patient and in 10.8% of the cases date was omitted. Out of the dispensed drugs, 82.9% were written in generic names and over 70% were included in the Essential Drug List of Ethiopia. The five most commonly dispensed individual drugs were ampicillin (10.4%), paracetamol (9.5%), TB 450 + isoniazid (7.4%), penicillin G (6.8%) and aspirin (5.8%). As therapeutic classes, antiinfectives were most common (47.8%) of which antibacterials constituted 38.1%, followed by analgesic-antipyretics (17.5%). Most drugs were prescribed by young medical interns and dispensed by less qualified personnel. Our preliminary survey indicates that essential components of a prescription order were omitted to a great extent and suggested to modify the existing undergraduate pharmacotherapeutic teaching in order to promote rational use and prescribing before bad habits get a chance to develop. The type of drugs dispensed at the selling pharmacy could not be beneficial to the patient without competent professional patient counselling, delivery of correct information as well as appropriate prescription monitoring.

Drug Prescriptions↗
PubMed1996

Cosolvent solubilization and formulation of an aqueous injection of ketoprofen.

Ketoprofen (1) an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent, is practically insoluble in water. An increase in the aqueous solubility of 1 was attempted by various cosolvents. The solubility increased up to 8556 times (maximum) in case of ethanol while it was 33 times (minimum) in case of glycerol. Using selected cosolvents and hydrotropes, aqueous injections of 1 were formulated.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1977

Some aspects of the pharmacology of butibufen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.

The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of butibufen, a non-steroidal compound, were assessed by a battery of standard tests. It activity as an anti-inflammatory agent was equivalent to ibuprofen and phenylbutazone. Butibufen was within the potency range of ibuprofen as an antipyretic and analgesic agent and greater than that of acetylsalicylic acid. The compound possesses the advantage of a low order to toxicity. Its ulcerogenicity was much lower than that of phenylbutazone. Therefore, butibufen appears to offer potential safety and efficacy in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Recall of metamizole from the market in countries with modern pharmacotherapy].

Metamizole sodium (noraminophenazon sodium) is a pyrazolone derivate with analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory activity, introduced in therapy in 1921. Since then, it was widely used all over the world, even in the counter preparations. In seventies its use was connected with severe, sometimes fatal side effects (agranulocytosis), resulting in gradual withdrawal of the drug. Metamizol has been withdrawn from the market in many developed countries, its use severely restricted in some of them, or permitted only in parenteral preparations for strictly defined indications (exceptionally severe pain such as posttraumatic, postoperative, abdominal colics and high body temperature unresponsive to the other antipyretics. In contrast to that, preparations containing metamizole are still in use in many countries, in some even as over the counter drugs.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1997

Pattern of drug use in Addis Ababa community.

Though important in the development of educational materials for the public, community drug use studies are rare in Ethiopia. This community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa between November 1995 and January 1996 to describe community's perception on drugs, identify people's various sources of modern drugs and determine factors associated with drug use. The study results show that out of the 903 persons who reported an illness in the four weeks recall period, 231 (26%) did not take any action for their illness. The reasons being mainly the perception that the illness was minor and economic inaccessibility. Regarding sources of modern drugs, the majority 398 (63%) of those who used modern drugs obtained their medications from government health institutions. Drug sharing was practiced by 156 (17%) of the respondents. In addition, 39 (6%) prematurely discontinued their treatment course and the majority did so either due to inability to comprehend the instructions or having some social entertainment. It was also found that 178 (20%) of the studied households were found hoarding drugs and the most common ones were oral antibiotics and antipyretic analgesics. In addition, gender and education were found to have an association with drug hoarding. The study also identified factors associated with household drug hoarding and drug sharing among family members or neighbours; in this respect, the former was found associated with education and gender but the latter was associated with sex, age, education and marital status. In conclusion, drug sharing among families, friends or relatives are commonly practiced in Addis Ababa community. In addition, many patients stopped taking their prescribed drugs once they started to feel better.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aspirin: a neuroprotective agent at high doses?

Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, is routinely used in clinics as an analgesic, antipyretic and in the secondary prevention of stroke. These effects are caused by low doses of the drug (0.3-3.6 g/day) through the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase, the enzyme responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. Higher doses of aspirin (4-6 g/day) are used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and recent laboratory findings suggest that it could play a role in neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity. This article reviews the possible mechanisms of action of high-dose aspirin in neuroprotection.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Acute toxicity and the central effect of 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-3-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl-5-methoxypyrazole (PZ-177)].

In a previous paper, we reported that PZ-177 had potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. In the present work, acute toxicity and action of PZ-177 on the central nervous system were tested in comparison with PZ-222, one of metabolites of PZ-177, and mepirizole. Acute toxicity of PZ-177 was slightly less than that of aminopyrine and the same as that of mepirizole in mice and rats. PZ-177 produced from sedation to loss of righting reflex with the increase of dose. At a low dose with which the righting reflex was hot lost, PZ-177 decreased spontaneous locomotion of mice in the Animex test, produced muscle relaxation in rotarod and inclined screen tests, produced sleeping-pattern in electroencephalogram of rabbit, potentiated hypnosis of barbiturates and exerted an anti-convulsive effect in mice. In these depressive effects on the central nervous system, PZ-222 was very much lower and mepirizole slightly lower than PZ-177. It would thus appear that PZ-177 has more potent analgesic, antipyretic and anti-tussive actions than do PZ-222 and mepirizole.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

[NSAID-use delays the diagnosis of 'acute abdomen'].

In three patients with abdominal pain, two men aged 63 and 18 years and a woman aged 46 years, the use of NSAIDs reduced the symptoms. They were in fact suffering from peritonitis due to gastrointestinal perforation, but the decision to operate was delayed because of the relatively mild presentation. The strong analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of NSAIDs can reduce the symptoms, signs and laboratory findings of peritonitis.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1989

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-substituted 4,6-diaryl-3-pyridazinones as analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic agents.

The synthesis and the pharmacological evaluation of 19 new 4,6-diaryl-3-pyridazinones are reported. All compounds were screened for analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities. Introduction of an arylpiperazinomethyl moiety in the 2-position of the pyridazinone ring resulted in the most potent activities. Compounds 2a, 2b, 2h and 2i exhibited a higher analgesic activity than did aspirin or noramidopyrine in the hot plate test.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1998

Analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic effects of S(+)-ketoprofen in vivo.

Many studies indicate that the S-enantiomers of arylpropionic (APA) nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the pharmacologically active enantiomers. S(+)-ketoprofen (dexketoprofen) stereoselectively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) in vitro but very little is known about the differential activity of ketoprofen enantiomers in vivo. We examined the analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic activities of S(+)-ketoprofen in rats and mice. First, we measured the antinociceptive action of S(+)-ketoprofen in abdominal pain models. After intravenous administration. 0.5 mg/kg S(+)-ketoprofen inhibited 92.1+/-2.2% of writhing in mice. Stereoselectivity in the activity was detected; intravenous administration of the R(-)-enantiomer resulted in no statistically significant activity in a dose range of 0.15-1 mg/kg. Similar results were obtained after oral administration in mice. In the rat, S(+)-ketoprofen was a more potent analgesic than diclofenac by both intravenous and oral administration. There was no significant difference between the analgesic effect of S(+)-ketoprofen treatment and the twofold dose of the racemic form in both the mouse and rat models. Second, we measured the antiinflammatory activity of S(+)-ketoprofen using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in the rat. Intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg of S(+)-ketoprofen almost completely inhibited edema formation. After oral administration, S(+)-ketoprofen is both more potent and effective than diclofenac. Third, we measured antipyretic activity. S(+)-ketoprofen showed a marked antipyretic action (ED50 = 1.6 mg/kg) and was the most potent of the NSAIDs tested. S(+)-ketoprofen is a potent antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agent in vivo, consistent with its potent anti-COX activity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and haematological effects of aethiopinone, an o-naphthoquinone diterpenoid from Salvia aethiopis roots and two hemisynthetic derivatives.

Aethiopinone (1), an o-naphthoquinone diterpene from Salvia aethiopis L. roots and two hemisynthetic derivatives 2 and 3 have been evaluated for toxicity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and haemostatic activities. The compounds tested showed low toxicity and a pharmacological profile similar to other NSAI substances on reducing the edema induced by carrageenan and contractions induced by phenyl-p-quinone; the most active compounds were 1 and 2. In the same way and as expected with these types of substances, the bleeding time increased. In the TPA-induced ear inflammation model, the three compounds showed a moderate reduction of edema, and 1 produced a significant increase in the reaction time against thermal painful stimuli in the tail immersion test. The results demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory, peripheral and central analgesic properties for 1, as well as antiedematose topical action and peripheral analgesic properties for 2 and 3.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1984

The antiinflammatory profile of (5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cyclohepten-5-ylidene)acetic acid (WY-41,770), an agent possessing weak prostaglandin synthetase inhibitory activity that is devoid of gastric side effects.

Wy-41,770 [(5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)acetic acid], a novel acrylic acid, was compared to indomethacin and aspirin in standard antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic animal models. The acute antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of Wy-41,770 (oral ED50S 50-170 mg/kg) was similar to aspirin; however, it was considerably more potent orally in adjuvant arthritis in the rat (ED50, 16 mg/kg) and urate-induced synovitis in the dog (ED50, 4.5 mg/kg). Wy-41,770 was a weak inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis and did not inhibit either 5- or 15-lipoxygenase. Furthermore, the cellular migration characteristic of carrageenan pleurisy was not affected by Wy-41,770. Unlike a majority of NSAIDs, it produced no gastric irritation in rats after either acute or chronic oral administration over the range 400-800 mg/kg. The major mechanism of action of Wy-41,770 has yet to be identified but does not seem to involve interference of arachidonic acid metabolism.

Acetates↗