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PubMed2006

[Adjuvant chemotherapy with TS-1 for head and neck cancer--side effect of two-week application followed by one-week rest regimen].

Multimodality therapy incorporated with radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy are used in the treatment of head and neck cancer in order to improve the local control and survival rate. TS-1, a newly developed oral antitumor agent which could achieve the same therapeutic concentration as that of 5-FU under continuous and intravenous treatment, has been used as adjuvant therapy for carcinomas in recent years. We presented our experience applying a new regimen of TS-1 and its side effects. TS-1 has been applied for head and neck carcinomas since 2001. The oral application of TS-1 has been used in 32 cases of head and neck cancer in our department since 2003, and the agent has been applied in 22 of 32 cases as adjuvant therapy. The primary sites of malignancy included hypopharyngx (7 cases), larynx (6 cases), maxillary sinus (2 cases), oropharynx (2 cases), oral cavity (4 cases), submandibular gland (1 case) and one case in which the primary site was unknown. A regimen of four-week application followed by two-week rest had been used in 6 cases in the first part of this trial. However, a high frequency of blood toxicity was found from the third week, requiring alteration of the protocol. Thus, a new regimen of two-week application followed by one week rest was thereafter used in the other 16 cases. Blood toxicity was found in 66.7% of those cases receiving a four-week application followed by two-week rest regimen. In the 16 cases receiving the two-week application followed by one-week rest regimen, only one case showed grade 2 leucopenia while continuous application for more than eight weeks was possible in 9 cases. Mild macrocytic anemia was found in some of these cases, however none of which required any necessary interruption of the treatment. Side effects other than blood toxicity, such as edema or pigmentation of lower limbs, erythema of skin and diarrhea, were found in the other cases, requiring suspension of the treatment. But the subsequent application was possible after a break or decreasing the dosage. We concluded that the new regimen of two-week application followed by one-week rest is less likely to be interrupted by the side effects and is safer to be used outpatiently, compared with the four-week application followed by two-week rest.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Nonacademic characteristics of dental school applicants.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the average dental school applicant's participation in four nonacademic areas: shadowing, extracurricular activities, volunteer experiences, and research. Demographic, academic, and nonacademic information was compared for 12 percent of all applicants to U.S. dental schools in 2005. Applicants had an average GPA of 3.23 and DAT Academic Average of 18.6. Applicants participated in an average of 3.7 extracurricular activities, 3.2 volunteer experiences, and 0.8 research projects. The average nondental employee applicant shadowed 172 hours. As shadowing hours increased, GPA declined. While academically similar, women reported significantly greater (p<.05) participation in all four nonacademic areas than males. Overall, Hispanic students reported the most shadowing hours and had the greatest percentage of parents as dentists, while black students had the least in both areas. Black students reported the most extracurricular activities. More than 90 percent of all applicants participated in three or four of the major nonacademic areas. Participation in extracurricular activities, volunteer experiences, and research projects was correlated; however, there was no relationship between shadowing hours and the other areas. Applicants with the most shadowing tended to be less academically qualified. The typical applicant reported a total of approximately eight extracurricular, volunteer, and research endeavors and 170 or more hours of shadowing. Results of this study can assist dental admissions committees in making qualitative comparisons between applicants with similar academic qualifications and aid health career counselors in advising predental students.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1989

[Applicants for disability pensions in the municipality of Tårnby before and after the pension reform of 1984. Social characteristics and abuse of alcohol and drugs].

One hundred and eighty-eight and 167 first applications for disability pensions in 1981 and 1985 respectively were examined. Social parameters, diagnoses and the occurrence of alcohol and drug abuse were studied. There was a decrease in the number of male applicants and a small increase of female applicants from 1981 til 1985. Unskilled workers were overrepresented. Most applicants had been working within the last two years before the pension was awarded, and generally they had had long job periods. In 1985, had only 27% of the applicants under 50 attempted rehabilitation, and 12% had received social security allowances. The new types of social pensions were mostly awareded to married women of more than 50 years of age. Pensioning caused by a combination of social and health circumstances was rare. Female applicants were generally awarded lower pensions than male applicants. More than half of the diagnoses included mental diseases, diseases of the musculo-skeletal system and disease of the circulation. In 1985, 15% of the applicants were abusers, mainly of alcohol. 50% of male applicants younger than 50 years of age were abusers. The abusers were very disabled.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1967

Applicants to Canadian medical schools for 1966-67.

An examination of applicants to Canadian medical schools for 1966-67 revealed that 4534 applications were received for the approximately 974 available places. The number of Canadian applications was 2866 and these were made by 1815 individual applicants, an increase of 48 over 1965-66. United States applicants declined from 1143 to 1013.Evaluations made by the schools concerning the acceptability of the Canadian applicants disclosed that 55 applicants who rated as "acceptable" by one or more schools failed to gain admission to any medical school in 1966-67 (as compared to 36 in 1965-66). However, of those applicants who did find a place 76 were evaluated as "marginal" or "unacceptable", while another 126 were rated as "acceptable" by one school but "marginal" and/or "acceptable" by one or more other schools.These results were interpreted to imply that the Canadian medical schools were still experiencing difficulty in attracting well-qualified applicants for study in medicine.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

VA residency programs in optometry: characteristics of the applicants.

BACKGROUND: Residency programs in optometry have become an important part of the training of doctors of optometry. Although there have been many studies on the subject, there are no known reports which concentrate solely on the characteristics of residency programs' applicants. METHODS: Applicant data obtained from the application and matching services utilized by VA programs for the 1991-92 and 1992-93 residency years was analyzed and, in certain circumstances, compared against appropriate national data. RESULTS: The ratio of applicants to available residency positions exceeded 2:1. The majority of applicants were women. During each residency application year studied, at least one applicant came from each of the accredited schools and colleges of optometry. Stronger scores from the National Board of Examiners in Optometry and higher grade point averages from the optometry curriculum correlated with the matching of an applicant to a residency program. CONCLUSIONS: As the practice of optometry continues to evolve, the profile of many aspects of optometric education, including residency training, will also change over the years. This paper, as baseline information, may serve in future analyses to demonstrate these changes with respect to applicant characteristics.

Female↗

PubMed1997

One residency's experience with the electronic residency application service.

For medical students and residency programs alike, the residency application process is time-consuming. This paper examines one program's experience with a computerized system designed by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) to simplify and standardize the filing and receipt of applications over the Internet. A large-scale pilot test of the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) was implemented in 1995-1996 for applicants to first-year residency positions in OB-GYN. Each student completed the computerized application, which was transmitted, along with other documents, to student-specified programs by the dean's office via the AAMC "electronic post office." ERAS will be extended to family practice residencies in 1997-1998. A major advantage of ERAS to residency programs is that materials were received in a well-organized, complete, and consistent format. Built-in filters allow grouping of applicants according to various criteria. Opening envelopes and filing documents is no longer necessary. Each student completes one application, and faculty write one letter of recommendation per student. Disadvantages of the 1995-1996 system related to the software, which had an inflexible interface and did not allow a spreadsheet view of the database. Personal statements and recommendation letters were often sent as unformatted ASCII text and were difficult to read. Dean's offices reported problems scanning documents such as transcripts and photographs. These problems led to resubmission of materials and receipt of duplicate copies. With the standard application format, ASCII-style personal statements and "generic" recommendation letters caused applicants to lose individuality. Specific recommendations to the AAMC for improving ERAS include providing a spreadsheet view, allowing students and faculty to write personal statements and letters in standard word processing formats, and allowing faculty to send unique letters to specific residency programs.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed2004

Inaccuracies on applications for emergency medicine residency training.

OBJECTIVES: Studies have shown erroneous claims of authorship by medical students applying for residency. Authors have hypothesized that investigation of advanced degrees, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) status, and peer-reviewed publications all show important rates of inaccuracy. METHODS: A retrospective review of all applicants offered an interview for the authors' emergency medicine (EM) residency (entering class of 2002), excluding foreign medical graduates and current residents, was conducted. After verifying peer-reviewed publications by MEDLINE search and journal review, errors were tabulated as follows: reference not found, not referenced as an abstract, incorrect author list, or clerical error. AOA status was verified by the AOA organization. Advanced degrees were verified by the awarding institutions. RESULTS: Of 194 applications screened (58.3% of applications), 21 (10.8%) were excluded (9 foreign medical graduates, 12 current residents). Multiple inaccuracies on a single application were counted separately. Of the 173 remaining applications, 23 (13.3%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 8.8% to 19.5%) had at least one misrepresentation and seven of 173 (4.0%; 95% CI = 1.8% to 8.5%) had two or more. Authorship of at least one peer-reviewed article was claimed by 47 of 173 (27.2%), with ten of 47 (21.3%; 95% CI = 11.2% to 36.1%) having one inaccuracy and six of 47 (12.8%, 95% CI = 5.3% to 26.4%) having two or more. AOA membership was claimed by 14 applicants (8.1%), but five claims (35.7%, 95% CI = 14.0% to 64.4%) were inaccurate. Advanced degrees were claimed by 15 (8.7%); four (26.7%, 95% CI = 8.9% to 55.2%) were in error. CONCLUSIONS: Applications for EM residency contain frequent inaccuracies in publications listed, AOA status, and advanced degrees. Careful review of applications is necessary to ensure appropriate credit is given for claims of these types.

Authorship↗

PubMed2005

Modeling and designing a proteomics application on PROTEUS.

OBJECTIVES: Biomedical applications, such as analysis and management of mass spectrometry proteomics experiments, involve heterogeneous platforms and knowledge, massive data sets, and complex algorithms. Main requirements of such applications are semantic modeling of the experiments and data analysis, as well as high performance computational platforms. In this paper we propose a software platform allowing to model and execute biomedical applications on the Grid. METHODS: Computational Grids offer the required computational power, whereas ontologies and workflow help to face the heterogeneity of biomedical applications. In this paper we propose the use of domain ontologies and workflow techniques for modeling biomedical applications, whereas Grid middleware is responsible for high performance execution. As a case study, the modeling of a proteomics experiment is discussed. RESULTS: The main result is the design and first use of PROTEUS, a Grid-based problem-solving environment for biomedical and bioinformatics applications. CONCLUSION: To manage the complexity of biomedical experiments, ontologies help to model applications and to identify appropriate data and algorithms, workflow techniques allow to combine the elements of such applications in a systematic way. Finally, translation of workflow into execution plans allows the exploitation of the computational power of Grids. Along this direction, in this paper we present PROTEUS discussing a real case study in the proteomics domain.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1996

Suicide and HIV infection. Mortality follow-up of 4147 HIV-seropositive military service applicants.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of suicide among individuals positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) following screening for evidence of HIV infection. Prior studies have reported a 7- to 36-fold increased risk of suicide for persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Military service applicants from throughout the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Death from suicide. METHODS: The National Death Index was searched for mortality among 4147 HIV-positive military service applicants and 12437 HIV-negative applicants disqualified from military service due to other medical conditions (matched 1:3 on age, race, sex, and screening date and location) identified by the US Department of Defense between October 1985 and December 1993. Death certificates were obtained from individual states. Identifiers and HIV status of living applicants were known only by the Department of Defense. RESULTS: The HIV-positive applicants were 92% male, 37% white, and 56% black. Median age was 24 years (range, 17-57 years). Median follow-up time was 70 months (range, 0-99 months). Ten HIV-positive (49 per 100 000 person-years) and 24 HIV-negative applicants (36 per 100 000 person-years) died of suicide (rate ratio [RR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.58-2.93). Suicide rates among both HIV-positive (RR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.00-3.82) and HIV-negative (RR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.07-2.48) applicants are marginally higher than those for the US general population, after adjustment for age, race, and sex. Time from screening to death was less than 3 months for 3 of 10 HIV-positive and 2 of 24 HIV-negative applicants who died of suicide. CONCLUSIONS: The HIV-positive individuals do not appear to have a significantly increased risk of death from suicide in the months following HIV screening in this study population. Because suicide risk is reported to be greatly increased after symptomatic HIV disease is present, clinicians should consider asking persons with HIV infection about suicide risk factors during both initial counseling and subsequent medical care.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed2004

NIH peer review of grant applications for clinical research.

CONTEXT: Support of research to facilitate translation of scientific discoveries to the prevention and treatment of human disease is a high priority for the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). Nevertheless, a perception exists among clinical investigators that the NIH peer review process may discriminate against clinical research. OBJECTIVE: To describe recent trends and outcomes of peer review of grant applications to NIH requesting support for clinical research. DESIGN AND SETTING: Peer review outcomes of grant applications submitted to NIH by MDs were compared with those of non-MDs, and outcomes of applications involving inclusion of human subjects were compared with those not involving human subjects. Analyses were carried out using an inclusive definition of clinical research and after stratifying clinical research into specific categories. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Median priority scores and funding rates. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2002, on average, 25.2% of total grant applications (ranging from 27 607 to 34 422 per year) were submitted by MDs, and 27.5% of awards (ranging from 8495 to 10 769 awards per year) were made to MDs. Median priority scores (239.0 vs 250.0) and funding rates (31.4% vs 29.1%) reviewed in 2 grant cycles in 2002 were more favorable for MDs than for non-MDs (P<.001). However, median priority scores (254.0 vs 244.0) and funding rates (23.9% vs 28.1%) were less favorable (P<.001) for R01 applications for clinical research (n = 7227 applications) than for nonclinical research (n = 10 209). This trend was most convincingly observed for clinical research categorized as mechanisms of disease (P =.006) or clinical trials and interventions (P =.001). Similar trends were observed for grant mechanisms other than R01. Concerns about safety and privacy of human subjects may have contributed to the less favorable outcomes of clinical research applications. CONCLUSION: Although physicians compete favorably in the peer review process, review outcomes are modestly less favorable for grant applications for clinical research than for laboratory research.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed1998

Survey of cadaveric donor application files: 1978-1993.

Information derived from application files of potential cadaveric donors to our body donation program from the period of 1978-1993 was entered into a customized database to assess the characteristics of people contributing to such a program. A total of 1,267 application files were reviewed and the following information analyzed: 1) year of application submission, 2) age, 3) sex, 4) race, 5) marital status, 6) education, 7) occupation, and 8) disposition of cremains (return or not to family). Overall the typical body donor applicant to our program was likely to be a white married female homemaker of about 70 years of age. She was a high school graduate and chose not to have her cremains returned to her family. The males closely follow the above mentioned characteristics (with the exception of occupation), but were outnumbered by females in nearly every category throughout the span of our analysis. An analysis of the application numbers over the 15 year period of our survey indicated a reduction in applications during the period of 1982-1984 and a linear increase of applicant numbers from 1989 to 1993. Finally, we observed a tendency for married couples to donate together with 32.1% of our married applicants showing this phenomenon.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research in application technology for pest management.

A research summary is presented that emphasizes ARS achievements in application technology over the past 2-3 years. Research focused on the improvement of agricultural pesticide application is important from the standpoint of crop protection as well as environmental safety. Application technology research is being actively pursued within the ARS, with a primary focus on application system development, drift management, efficacy enhancement and remote sensing. Research on application systems has included sensor-controlled hooded sprayers, new approaches to direct chemical injection, and aerial electrostatic sprayers. For aerial application, great improvements in on-board flow controllers permit accurate field application of chemicals. Aircraft parameters such as boom position and spray release height are being altered to determine their effect on drift. Other drift management research has focused on testing of low-drift nozzles, evaluation of pulsed spray technologies and evaluation of drift control adjuvants. Research on the use of air curtain sprayers in orchards, air-assist sprayers for row crops and vegetables, and air deflectors on aircraft has documented improvements in application efficacy. Research has shown that the fate of applied chemicals is influenced by soil properties, and this has implications for herbicide efficacy and dissipation in the environment. Remote sensing systems are being used to target areas in the field where pests are present so that spray can be directed to only those areas. Soil and crop conditions influence propensity for weeds and insects to proliferate in any given field area. Research has indicated distinct field patterns favorable for weed growth and insect concentration, which can provide further assistance for targeted spraying.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2002

Geographic information system based manure application plan.

A geographic information system (GIS) based manure application plan has been developed for the site-specific application of animal waste to agricultural fields in the Westbrook sub-catchment of the Murray-Darling Basin, south-east Queensland, Australia. Sites suitable for animal waste application were identified using a GIS based weighted linear combination (WLC) model. The degree of land suitability for animal waste application was determined using a range of social, economic, environmental, and agricultural factors. As eutrophication and toxic blue-green algae blooms are a known problem in the catchment, the manure application rates were limited to the rate of crop phosphorus removal. Maximum manure application rate was calculated spatially by taking the crop nutrient (P2O5) requirement and the manure nutrient (P2O5) content into account. The environmental suitability of the fields receiving animal waste was considered in prescribing the final application rate of solid and liquid manures generated by local animal production facilities. The degree of site suitability of the agricultural fields was also used to suggest manure management practices to minimise the socio-environmental risks and increase the nutrient use efficiency of the applied manure. The amount of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) that would be added to the soil by satisfying the P2O5 requirement using manure sources was also calculated and an applied NH4-N map was created. This map could be used to assist farmers identify additional nitrogen requirements after manure application.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1979

Dopamine effects on the microcirculation and veins of the skin after local application and their changes by antagonistic drugs.

Dopamine causes reflex erythema, central blanching, and piloerection depending on the dose and the type of application wheal reaction. Intracutaneous application shows from 1.5 gamma/0.1 ml wheal formation, erythema, piloerection, and blanching combined with increased heat radiation from the skin surface (AGA thermovision). Epicutaneous application from 500 ml (occlusive patch test) following horny layer stripping, causes marked blanching with weak piloerection. Iontophoretic application of dopamine 1/1,000 (60 s, 0.5 mA) causes only blanching and weak surrounding erythema; application of dopamine 1/100 additionally causes piloerection. This application shows no changing of infrared radiation. Iontophoretic application of dopamine 1/100 or 50 gamma/0.1 ml i.c. in a blanched area after locally applied corticosteroids (McKenzie test) shows diminution of infrared radiation proved by AGA thermovision thermography. Antihistaminics, applied externally, decrease reddening, wheal development as well as blanching by dopamine. Guanethedine (1% in eucerin) increases the blanching phenomenon (false transmitter effect of dopamine). Phentolamine 1% in W/O emulsion is without effect on dopamine reaction. Caffeine ointment (4%) reduces erythema and accentuates the degree of blanching. Oral haloperidol has no influence on the dopamine skin reaction, but increases the blanching in areas of antihistamine treatment. Skin veins and varices show marked vasoconstriction within 10 min after iontophoretic (1 : 100, 3.5 mA, 60 s) or i.c. application (50 gamma/0.2 ml).

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Early Application of Ethrel Extends Tomato Fruit Cell Division and Increases Fruit Size and Yield with Ripening Delay.

Flowers of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants cv. Castle Rock were sprayed with 100 ppm of ethrel, 0.5 mm aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), or water (control) 2 days after anthesis. The fruit period of cell division was extended up to 16-18 days after anthesis with the application of ethrel but reduced from 10-12 days (control) down to only 6-8 days with the application of AOA. In a trend opposite to AOA application, fruits that received ethrel treatment were of higher ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) levels than control. This was noticed not only during the first 2 weeks after anthesis but also during the fruit climacteric phase. Mesocarp cells of ethrel-treated fruits were greater in number/mm(2) but smaller in size than control; an opposite trend was obtained with the application of AOA. This was observed for a period of 18 days after anthesis, but by that time or at earlier ages, fruits of AOA treatment were larger in size and heavier in weight than control, and both were larger and heavier than ethrel-treated ones. At 5 weeks after anthesis and thereafter, the fruit response to all treatments was totally reversed because early ethrel-treated fruits became significantly larger in size and heavier in weight with a ripening delay of about 10 and 15 days compared with those of control and AOA-treated ones, respectively. When the same treatments were applied to the whole plant, similar results were obtained because the early application of ethrel increased the fruit yield by about 15% over control with a pronounced ripening delay; an opposite trend was obtained with the application of AOA. No significant differences were found among all treatments in terms of flower or fruit abscission or fruit number/plant. The data suggest that ethylene regulates tomato fruit transmission from cell division to cell enlargement. In addition, fruit cell division is terminated only when endogenous ethylene decreases to its basal level, allowing cell enlargement to dominate and proceed as in the case of the early application of AOA. The ripening delay of ethrel-treated fruits may be caused by the longer time required for the increased cell number to reach maturation. A low level of ethrel application at the tomato early fruiting stage may be used for increasing fruit yield by increasing fruit size and consequently its quality.Key Words. Tomato-Ethrel-AOA-Cell division-Cell enlargement-Ethylene-ACC-Ripeninghttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00344/bibs/18n1p15.html

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary antigens as markers of papillary toxicity. II: Application of monoclonal antibodies for the determination of papillary antigens in rat urine.

We have previously reported the preparation of monoclonal antibodies specific for antigens localized in the rat renal papilla. Three of the monoclonal antibodies reacting with antigens localized in papillary and cortical collecting duct epithelia were selected for the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-type assays. The papillary antigens ('PapA') determined in these tests were designated PapAl (applying the monoclonal antibody PapX 5C10), PapA2 (applying the monoclonal antibody PapX 12F6), and PapA3 (applying the monoclonal antibody PapXI 3C7). Using these assays antigen excretion was determined in the urine of rats. Depending on the test compound used. the application route, and the dose, the observed antigen release patterns differed. Whereas after a single intraperitoneal application of 2-bromoethanamine or of propyleneimine an increased release of PapA1 but not of the two other antigens was observed oral application of bromoethanamine had minor effects. In contrast, both a single intraperitoneal application or repeated oral applications of indomethacin resulted in an increased release of all the three antigens. Daily application of ipsapirone in the diet or in drinking water resulted in significantly elevated urinary release of PapAl which increased incrementally for the duration of the application. Release of PapA2 and PapA3 was not affected and remained in the normal range. These results show that with the tests developed changes in the rat renal papilla caused by xenobiotics can be detected early by urinary analysis and monitored during follow-up studies. Moreover. the different antigen release patterns obtained after application of the different compounds suggest a possible differing mode of action.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effect of application duration of 2% lidocaine jelly on aqueous lidocaine concentration for topical anesthesia in cataract surgery.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the intraocular penetration of lidocaine 2% gel after different duration of application and to assess their effects on intraoperative pain. METHODS: Samples of aqueous humor were obtained in 41 eyes that had phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia with 2% lidocaine gel. The duration between lidocaine gel application and paracentesis was recorded. The aqueous concentration of lidocaine was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Patients were also asked to report the severity of intraoperative pain using a verbal analogue scale. Correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between duration of lidocaine gel application, aqueous lidocaine concentration and intraoperative pain score. RESULTS: The mean duration of lidocaine gel application was 20.3+/-6.1 min and the mean aqueous lidocaine level was 14.2+/-8.5 micro g/ml. Longer duration of lidocaine gel application was significantly associated with higher aqueous concentration of lidocaine (Spearman's rho=0.58, P<0.001). Eyes in which lidocaine gel was applied for 20 minutes or more had significantly higher aqueous lidocaine level (two-tailed t-test, P=0.001) However, the duration of lidocaine gel application and the aqueous concentration of lidocaine showed no correlation with the patent's perceived pain score (P=0.20 and P=0.79, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Increase in duration of lidocaine gel application resulted in higher aqueous concentration of lidocaine. Patients' level of perceived pain during phacoemulsification under lidocaine gel anesthesia was not related to the intraocular lidocaine absorption level after 10 min of gel application.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Guidelines for the planning and implementation of telemedical applications].

Before a telemedical application can be implemented in practice, various technical, organisational, and legal questions have to be solved. The answers to these questions are, however, in most cases not very obvious. Telemedicine guidelines which could provide a path to follow currently exist only for selected medical fields and are frequently customized for particular medical and technical scenarios. The use of existing telemedicine guidelines in Austrian health care is further complicated by the fact that most of them are based on foreign legal systems. This paper therefore aims to develop general telemedicine guidelines which are appropriate for all application areas of telemedicine in Austrian health care. From nine existing telemedicine guidelines for individual medical fields, two generally applicable guidelines were derived. The corresponding abstraction process was based on a categorization of telemedical applications, which is oriented on the communication partners involved. The derived, general guidelines address seven typical problem domains in the practical application of a telemedical application. As opposed to the existing guidelines, they (1) are independent of special medical fields and are therefore appropriate for all application areas of telemedicine -- also in medical fields where no specific guidelines have existed before; (2) are adapted to the Austrian legal system; (3) provide additional insight for medical fields where specific guidelines have already existed, as they can benefit from recommendations of other medical fields where equivalent telemedical applications are employed.

Austria↗