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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Cocaine-induced plasticity of intrinsic membrane properties in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons: adaptations in potassium currents.

Drug-induced adaptations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contribute to several core aspects of addictive behaviors, but the underlying neuronal processes remain essentially unknown. Here, we demonstrate that repeated in vivo exposure to cocaine persistently reduces the voltage-gated K+ current (VGKC) in PFC pyramidal neurons, resulting in enhanced membrane excitability. Analysis of dopamine D1-class receptor (D1R)-mediated modulation of VGKC indicates that, despite the absence of direct D1R stimulation, downstream D1 signaling (the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway) is increased during withdrawal from chronic cocaine treatment and plays a central role in the drug-induced membrane plasticity in PFC. This long-lasting, cocaine-induced plasticity of membrane excitability in PFC pyramidal neurons may contribute to the impaired decision making and drug craving that characterize cocaine withdrawal.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2002

Remission from alcohol dependence without help: how restrictive should our definition of treatment be?

OBJECTIVE: Studies on untreated remissions from addictive behaviors have utilized very different definitions of treatment, ranging from regular self-help group participation to almost no help at all. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of different treatment definitions on triggering and maintenance mechanisms of recovery. METHOD: Sample 1 consists of 103 remitted alcohol dependent subjects (30% female) who never received any kind of treatment or counseling for alcohol problems. Sample 2 consists of 75 remitted alcohol dependent subjects (20% female) who received minor help, defined as contact with alcohol treatment not exceeding nine self-help group sessions or three counseling sessions by a specialty provider. Sample 3 consists of 50 remitted alcohol dependent subjects (24% female) who regularly participated in self-help group meetings. All participants were media recruited. Groups were compared on grounds of a comprehensive, standardized interview, including the assessment of sociodemographic and substance related variables as well as triggering and maintenance factors of remission. RESULTS: On most triggering and maintenance factors of the remission, remitters from alcohol dependence who received minor help are comparable with remitters who received no help, and both groups differ significantly from regular self-help group participants. CONCLUSIONS: Inconsistencies in studies on recovery from alcohol dependence without treatment cannot be accounted for by varying definitions of treatment, as the inclusion of subjects who received some minor help does not lead to a bias in most variables associated with remission.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Validity of the CRAFFT in American-Indian and Alaska-Native adolescents: screening for drug and alcohol risk.

OBJECTIVE: Native-American adolescents are reported to be at high risk for drug and alcohol use and related negative consequences. A brief screening instrument that is culturally and developmentally appropriate can aid clinicians who work with Native youth in determining whether more extensive assessment of substance use is necessary. The CRAFFT has been shown to be a valid and reliable screen among general adolescent outpatient clinic samples. METHOD: Data were collected as part of the Journeys of the Circle project, a collaborative effort between the Seattle Indian Health Board (SIHB) and the University of Washington's Addictive Behaviors Research Center. Psychometric properties of the CRAFFT were examined in 70 American-Indian and Alaska-Native youths ages 13 to 19 recruited from public schools and SIHBs outpatient clinics. RESULTS: The CRAFFT demonstrated good internal consistency (alpha = 0.81). A score of 2 or higher on the CRAFFT was found to be optimal for capturing youths with high alcohol-related problems (sensitivity, 0.95; specificity, 0.86), frequent alcohol use (sensitivity, 1.00; specificity, 0.72) and frequent marijuana use (sensitivity, 1.00; specificity, 0.75). A cut-point of 3 was appropriate for identifying adolescents with frequent other drug use (sensitivity, 0.86; specificity, 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: The CRAFFT may be a valid instrument for identifying Native youths at risk for alcohol and other drug problems. This brief screen can be effective in helping providers determine the need for further assessment and treatment or prevention services for Native-American adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Oscillation follows drug sensitization: implications.

This paper begins with the question of whether physiological systems can sensitize indefinitely or whether, at some point, countervailing mechanisms are activated in the organism's attempt to maintain homeostasis. The question is addressed by the review and presentation of considerable data encompassing a host of systems showing that when they reach or approach their biological limits, unidirectional sensitization gives way to oscillation. The implications of this evolution to an oscillatory pattern of response are discussed with regard to cyclic disorders, addictive behavior, and the marked individual differences that characterize drug sensitization.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A phenomenological investigation of being bored with life.

The majority of research on boredom concerns the situational aspects of boredom, such as monotonous stimuli and decreased arousal; however, clinical concerns such as addictive behaviors involve people who experience boredom habitually. This paper describes a phenomenological study focused on 6 persons (16 to 67 years old) who experienced habitual boredom, those who were bored with their lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The drinking-smoking syndrome and social context.

Drinking and smoking concurrence is examined in a national sample of 6,072 respondents. Results indicate that the two addictive behaviors are synergistically associated in the general population: persons who both drink and smoke tend to drink to a greater extent than nonsmokers; drinkers smoke more than nondrinkers and smokers drink more than nonsmokers. As predicted, a multivariate analysis of drinking and smoking covariance was significantly correlated with social group affiliation, both across the life span and proportionately among men and women. The social context of interpersonal relationships may therefore be a critical factor in the process of pharmacological conditioning and environmental reinforcement of the drinking and smoking habits. This report confirms the strong drinking and smoking covariation found among social drinkers and heavy alcohol consumers in clinical and experimental studies, suggesting that drinking and smoking may also be interrelated in the rehabilitative process. Finally, it is suggested that the present investigation extends the research literature on the drinking and smoking syndrome in several important respects. Various implications of the study are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The prevention of drug abuse--state of the art and directions for future actions.

Based on a public health model, three types of strategies to prevent drug abuse can be discerned: primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention programs (anticipation and prevention of the occurrence of drug abuse) have mostly been directed to elementary grade school children in general. As knowledge about genetic predisposition increases, early developmental periods are increasingly plastic, and substance abuse is now beginning at earlier ages. Prophylactic interventions need to focus on childhood high-risk groups. With respect to secondary prevention (aiming at the discontinuation of infrequent drug-use) the stage (or stepping-stone) hypothesis is currently being challenged. Continuation is mainly a function of the type of drug as well as social and personality factors. Progression to higher-rank drugs depends mainly on the intensity of prior drug use. Comorbid psychiatric diseases are increasingly recognized and tractable. As in primary prevention the focus of secondary prevention shifts from sociocultural influences to the individual at risk. Regarding tertiary prevention (preventing the retaking of substances after achieving abstinence), research evaluating programs for the treatment of abuse of alcohol and other drugs indicates a limited staying power. Recent insights in the psycho- and neurobiologies of addictive behavior and in the psychopharmacological properties of alcohol and other drugs provide clinicians with new pharmacological tools to prevent relapse.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗
PubMed1998

Drug therapy to aid in smoking cessation. Tips on maximizing patients' chances for success.

The arsenal of pharmacologic agents available for smoking cessation has expanded in the last few years, and it is likely to continue to do so. It is important that practicing physicians keep abreast of new methods as they become available and encourage patients who smoke to undertake cessation measures. Nicotine-replacement therapy is available in gum, patch, nasal spray, or inhaler form, and bupropion therapy aids in smoking cessation through dopaminergic activity. The foundation of effective intervention is likely to remain unchanged: an individualized plan addressing behavioral, addictive, pharmacologic, and relapse-prevention components. In addition to the necessary information about treatment choices, physicians should offer motivation, support, and follow-up to their patients who wish to quit smoking.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1993

Road to recovery. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the hidden victim.

1. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by the development of a set of specific symptoms following a psychologically distressing event that is outside the range of usual human experience. 2. Recovery does not seem to feel as difficult or overwhelming if it is approached "one day at a time." 3. The psychologic damage that occurs in PTSD is due primarily to holding the experiences inside, "stuffing" them down through various psychodynamics, or keeping the experiences subdued through addictive behaviors. 4. PTSD among Vietnam veterans is not a mental illness; it is a reaction to extreme stress and a reaction to keeping memories stuffed down and not allowed to surface.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

It's a rave new world: rave culture and illicit drug use in the young.

Illicit drug use by young people has changed in the last decade, with the increasing use of "designer" or "club" drugs such as ecstasy. Keeping abreast of current trends in illicit drug use prepares the primary care clinician to recognize the clinical effects of drug use, to manage drug emergencies, and to detect addictive behavior. Today's widely used drugs, their street names, their effects, and how to manage overdoses are reviewed.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring stage of change for assessing readiness to increase fruit and vegetable intake among 18- to 24-year-olds.

PURPOSE: To examine the appropriateness of the five-stage schema developed for addictive behaviors when applied to nonaddictive behaviors such as fruit and vegetable consumption. DESIGN: A cross-sectional mail survey was conducted. SETTING: Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to the home addresses of respondents recruited in 10 states and returned upon completion. SUBJECTS: In all, 116 male and 185 female young adults (response rate = 70%) completed the questionnaires. Most respondents were Caucasian (74.4%) and college students (62.2%). MEASURES: Statistical analyses included analysis of variance with Scheffe's test, Pearson correlation and Cronbach's alpha coefficients, factor analysis, and cluster analysis. RESULTS: Staging algorithms for fruits and vegetables were developed according to the five-stage schema, and their construct validity was verified by the incremental trend of food intakes. The algorithms identified more than 80% of the subjects as precontemplators, preparers, or maintainers for both food groups. This distribution pattern agreed well with the three-factor solution generated from the stages of change questionnaire, for which internal reliability and validity were confirmed. Seven cluster profiles of the respondents were derived based on the three generated factors and appeared to represent stage subgroupings of those factors. The two food groups shared marked similarities regarding the profiling of the clusters, which was validated by comparing food intake. The results, however, cannot be generalized because of limitations involved in the current sample. CONCLUSIONS: The original five stages of change and traditional staging measures may need to be adapted and/or extended for dietary change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A follow-up study on chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes of alcoholics during early, medium, and long-term abstinence.

The frequencies of structural chromosomal aberrations were analyzed in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 31 chronic alcoholics at the beginning of an intensive outpatient treatment program at a neuropsychiatric clinic and were compared with 31 controls matched for gender, age, smoking habits, and nondrinkers. A statistically significant difference was observed in the level of chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells from alcoholics when compared with controls (3.01% vs. 1.28%, p < or = 0.001). A follow-up study was carried out for a subset of the patients after 3 months (8 subjects) and 12 months (14 subjects) of controlled abstinence. A statistically significant increase in the mean frequency of cells with aberrations was observed in the group of 14 subjects reinvestigated after 12 months of abstinence when compared with the mean value of the first blood samples immediately after hospitalization (4.61% vs. 3.01%; p < or = 0.001). An excessive increase in cigarette consumption during alcohol abstinence, reflected by a dramatic elevation of CO-hemoglobin levels, may, at least in part, account for this finding. In conclusion, chronic alcoholism leads to genotoxic effects that, instead of recovering after 1 year of alcohol abstinence, are even enhanced, most likely due to the "shift in addictive behavior."

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebral metabolism in opiate-dependent subjects: effects of methadone maintenance.

BACKGROUND: The long-term effects of opiate use on human brain are not known. The goal of this preliminary study was to determine whether human subjects with histories of opiate dependence have persistent differences in brain function as compared with individuals without substance use disorders, and whether methadone maintenance reverses or ameliorates the potential abnormality. METHOD: Positron emission tomographic (PET) [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) method was used to compare the regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose(rCMRglc) in three groups: four opiate-dependent subjects currently receiving methadone maintenance therapy (MM), four opiate-dependent subjects not receiving methadone maintenance therapy (MW), and a comparison group of five subjects without substance use disorders. RESULTS: A significant difference in rCMRglc in the anterior cingulate gyrus was found between the MW and Control groups (Mann-Whitney U=2.0, p=0.05). Generally speaking, rCMRglc's in MM subjects were intermediate between those of MW and Control groups, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that neurobiological abnormalities can persist in the brain of a chronic opiate user several years after detoxification from methadone. Future research is needed to replicate these results and to determine whether the observed rCMRglc differences are related to opiate use or to neurochemical abnormalities that play a role in developing addictive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Introduction to the special section on empirical underpinnings of the ethics of alcohol administration in research settings.

This article introduces the special section of Psychology of Addictive Behaviors that focuses on the ethics of administering alcohol to human research participants, particularly those with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence. It is argued that many assumptions underlying ethical decision making can be put to an empirical test. These assumptions involve the degree to which participants can understand and give informed consent as well as the types and magnitude of possible risks associated with consuming alcohol in a research setting. The research literature relevant to these assumptions is reviewed in this series.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2000

Future directions in alcoholism research. Genomics and gene transfer.

Alcohol affects the process by which genes direct the synthesis of proteins (i.e., expression). Therefore, patterns of gene expression in the presence of alcohol can help scientists identify the specific molecular sites of alcohol's actions within the brain. New technologies can detect and quantify changes in the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously by scanning microscopic gene arrays applied to glass or silicon chips an inch or so square. However, genes whose activity is altered in the presence of alcohol may either be contributing to alcoholism development or may be reacting to alcohol's presence. This question can be researched by observing the effects of manipulating the level of specific gene products. One way to accomplish this end is by means of viruses that have been engineered to express a specific gene in infected cells. This technique has been applied successfully in studying addictive behaviors. It is suggested that patterns of gene expression may become a diagnostic tool, with different disease states being characterized by distinct expression profiles.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2001

GABA(A) receptors containing (alpha)5 subunits in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal fields regulate ethanol-motivated behaviors: an extended ethanol reward circuitry.

GABA receptors within the mesolimbic circuitry have been proposed to play a role in regulating alcohol-seeking behaviors in the alcohol-preferring (P) rat. However, the precise GABA(A) receptor subunit(s) mediating the reinforcing properties of EtOH remains unknown. We examined the capacity of intrahippocampal infusions of an alpha5 subunit-selective ( approximately 75-fold) benzodiazepine (BDZ) inverse agonist [i.e., RY 023 (RY) (tert-butyl 8-(trimethylsilyl) acetylene-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo [1,5a] [1,4] benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate)] to alter lever pressing maintained by concurrent presentation of EtOH (10% v/v) and a saccharin solution (0.05% w/v). Bilateral (1.5-20 microgram) and unilateral (0.01-40 microgram) RY dose-dependently reduced EtOH-maintained responding, with saccharin-maintained responding being reduced only with the highest doses (e.g., 20 and 40 microgram). The competitive BDZ antagonist ZK 93426 (ZK) (7 microgram) reversed the RY-induced suppression on EtOH-maintained responding, confirming that the effect was mediated via the BDZ site on the GABA(A) receptor complex. Intrahippocampal modulation of the EtOH-maintained responding was site-specific; no antagonism by RY after intra-accumbens [nucleus accumbens (NACC)] and intraventral tegmental [ventral tegmental area (VTA)] infusions was observed. Because the VTA and NACC contain very high densities of alpha1 and alpha2 subunits, respectively, we determined whether RY exhibited a "negative" or "neutral" pharmacological profile at recombinant alpha1beta3gamma2, alpha2beta3gamma2, and alpha5beta3gamma2 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. RY produced "classic" inverse agonism at all alpha receptor subtypes; thus, a neutral efficacy was not sufficient to explain the failure of RY to alter EtOH responding in the NACC or VTA. The results provide the first demonstration that the alpha5-containing GABA(A) receptors in the hippocampus play an important role in regulating EtOH-seeking behaviors.

Animals↗