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PubMed1997

Relationship between growth hormone (GH) status, serum leptin and body composition in healthy and GH deficient elderly subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Growth hormone (GH) secretion declines with age and is affected by body composition. The signal that mediates the latter relationship remains III-defined. Leptin, the protein product of the adipocyte specific ob gene, is thought to accurately reflect fat mass and could therefore be a candidate to influence GH secretion. We have therefore investigated the relationship between GH status, leptin and body composition in normal and GH-deficient elderly subjects. DESIGN: GH Secretion was assessed by 20-minute sampling over 24 hours and serum leptin concentrations were measured in a single morning, fasted sample. PATIENTS: Twenty-one GH deficient elderly patients (61-83 years) and 22 gender- and BMI-matched controls (61-88 years). MEASUREMENTS: Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). GH was measured in an ultrasensitive chemiluminescent assay and serum leptin was determined by radio-immunoassay. RESULTS: Leptin was correlated with percentage body fat in both sexes (male r = 0.75, female r = 0.89, both P < 0.001). Male patients had increased fat mass (FM) (P < 0.01) and leptin concentrations (P < 0.05) but similar lean mass (LM) compared with controls. However, leptin concentration per unit FM was identical in both groups (P = 0.3). In contrast, female patients had lower LM (P < 0.05) but similar FM to controls, yet their leptin concentration per unit FM was twice that of the controls (P < 0.05). In multiple linear regression (MLR) leptin was determined positively by FM and negatively by LM (controls r2 = 76%; patients r2 = 73%, both P < 0.0001). When controlled for gender, GH secretion in the controls was correlated negatively with leptin (r = -0.68, P < 0.01) and negatively with percentage body fat (r = -0.73, P < 0.01). In MLR, using leptin as a marker of body composition, 66% of the variability in GH secretion in the controls could be explained by gender (38%) and by leptin (28%). CONCLUSIONS: Both decreased lean mass and increased fat mass raise serum leptin concentrations in normal and growth hormone-deficient elderly subjects. Leptin is therefore a marker of body composition rather than fat mass alone. The influence of body composition on growth hormone secretion in the elderly may be mediated through leptin, acting as a peripheral signal from adipose tissue to decrease GH secretion.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2003

The influence of early steroid withdrawal on body composition and bone mineral density in renal transplantation patients.

Corticosteroid treatment may have an important effect on body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) in renal transplantation (RTx) patients. We investigated the effect of early steroid withdrawal on body composition and BMD of RTx patients in a prospective design. Post-transplant immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. Three months after RTx, 27 patients participating in a multi-center trial were randomized either to continue steroids (at a dose of 10 mg/day, n=17; steroid+) or be withdrawn from steroids within 2 weeks (n=10; steroid-). Body composition and BMD (lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femoral neck) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) just before and 3 months after randomization. With regard to body composition, fat mass tended to increase in the steroid+ group (1.1+/-2.3 kg; P=0.084), but did not change in the steroid- group. Increase in body fat percentage tended to be higher (P=0.08) in the steroid+ group (0.6+/-2.7%) than in the steroid- group (-0.7+/-2.1%). The change in lean body mass was not significantly different between the two groups. BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck decreased significantly in the steroid+ group (-1.4+/-3.2% and -2.3+/-2.9%, respectively, P<0.05) while no changes were observed in the steroid- group. The change in BMD of the lumbar spine was significantly different between the steroid+ and the steroid- group, whereas the change in BMD of the femoral neck was not significantly different. Thus, the increase in fat mass tended to be higher in the group continuing on steroids, though not significant, due to large inter-individual variation. In general, the effect of early steroid withdrawal on body composition after RTx appears to be modest. In addition, early steroid withdrawal seems to have beneficial effects on BMD in RTx patients, especially in the lumbar region.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Diabetes is associated with subclinical functional limitation in nondisabled older individuals: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the role of comorbid conditions and body composition in the association between diabetes and subclinical functional limitation, an indication of early functional decline, in well-functioning older individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 3,075 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70-79 years, enrolled in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. Diabetes was defined by self-report and/or hypoglycemic medication use or fasting glucose >/=126 mg/dl. Subclinical functional limitation was defined using self-report of capacity and objective performance measures. Comorbid conditions were identified by self-reported diagnoses, medication use, and clinical measures. Body composition measures included anthropometry and total fat (dual X-ray absorptiometry). RESULTS: Of 2,926 participants, 1,252 (42.8%) had subclinical functional limitation at baseline. Among 2,370 individuals without diabetes, 40% had subclinical functional limitation, whereas the prevalence was 53% among the 556 diabetic participants with an age/sex/race-adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.70 (95% CI 1.40-2.06). This association remained significant when adjusted for body composition measures (OR 1.54 [1.26-1.88]), diabetes-related comorbidities, and other potential confounders (OR 1.40 [1.14-1.73]). In the fully adjusted model, consideration of HbA(1c) (< or >/=7%) and diabetes duration showed that poor glycemic control in diabetic individuals explained the association with subclinical functional limitation. CONCLUSIONS: In a well-functioning older population, diabetes is associated with early indicators of functional decline, even after accounting for body composition and diabetes-related comorbidities. Poor glycemic control contributes to this relationship. Whether improvement in glycemic control in older people with diabetes would change this association should be tested.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Body composition in various nutritional conditions. Experimental study].

Body composition parameters were studied in different nutritional conditions in Wistar rats with experimental cancer. Results were submitted to statistical analysis. Under a hyperlipidic diet, fat increased in control rats and decreased in animals with tumor; sodium increase and potassium decrease was verified in rats with tumor. The NA/K ratio increased in both groups and the N/K ratio increased in rats with tumor under standard diet, but decreased in rats with tumor under hyperlipidic diet. Fat decreased in the animals with tumor under an aproteic diet, but sodium increased. Potassium increased in undernourished animals of both groups. The Na/K ratio increased in rats with tumor. A comparison was made according to two different standards: "fresh body weight" and "fat-free body mass". The parameters analysed showed no significant differences in body composition.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Body composition in middle-aged women with special reference to the correlation between body fat mass and anthropometric data.

A variety of anthropometric measurements was made in a randomized population sample of middle-aged women in five age strata in whom body composition was estimated from total body potassium and total body water determined by whole body counting and isotope dilution technique, respectively. No significant differences with age were found for total body potassium or total body water. A significant age difference was found for body fat mass. Simple linear correlations between anthropometric variables and body fat mass estimates were found to be 0.90, 0.86, 0.77 for body weight, buttock circumference, and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that these three variables accounted for 80 to 91% of the variation in body fat in the different age strata studied. Multiple regression equations for prediction of body fat from anthropometric variables are given. In about two-thirds of the subjects, the difference between predicted body fat mass and estimated body fat mass was found to be less than +/- 2.5 kg.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2000

Human body composition: in vivo methods.

In vivo methods used to study human body composition continue to be developed, along with more advanced reference models that utilize the information obtained with these technologies. Some methods are well established, with a strong physiological basis for their measurement, whereas others are much more indirect. This review has been structured from the methodological point of view to help the reader understand what can be examined with each technique. The associations between the various in vivo methods (densitometry, dilution, bioelectrical impedance and conductance, whole body counting, neutron activation, X-ray absorptiometry, computer tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) and the five-level multicompartment model of body composition are described, along with the limitations and advantages of each method. This review also provides an overview of the present status of this field of research in human biology, including examples of reference body composition data for infants, children, adolescents, and adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

The new National Collegiate Athletic Association wrestling weight certification program and sport-seasonal changes in body composition of college wrestlers.

Changes in body composition of college-age wrestlers (N = 21, 19.0 +/- 0.2 years of age, 8.2 +/- 0.6 years of experience) were studied throughout the season after implementation of the new National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) wrestling weight certification (WWC) program. Wrestlers were divided into 2 groups, starters (n = 10) and nonstarters (n = 11), based on the number of completed matches during the 1998-1999 season. Body density was measured via hydrostatic weighing, with residual volume determined via the nitrogen washout technique. Hydration was assessed by measuring specific gravity of urine (Usg). For body mass and fat-free mass (FFM), a significant difference in the pattern of change was found (p < 0.05), highlighted by a decrease in body mass (-3.0%, -2.5 kg, -5.8 lb) and a maintenance of FFM from preseason to peak season for the starters. The pattern of change over time was significantly different for refractometry Usg (p < 0.01) but not for the test strip Usg (p = 0.54). No significant interaction effects were seen for percentage of body fat or fat mass. Significant time main effects were found for percentage of body fat, body mass, fat mass, FFM, and refractometry Usg. Taken together, the results of this investigation demonstrate that collegiate wrestlers lose body mass but maintain FFM throughout the season, which may in part be associated with the new NCAA WWC program.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Validity of dual X-ray absorptiometry scanning for determination of body composition in IDDM patients.

Data on body composition in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are scarce. Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning has proved useful for this purpose in other groups of patients. We tested the validity of the DXA scanner for the determination of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass in IDDM patients and control subjects, as compared to other reference methods, i.e. total body potassium by 40K whole body counting (TBK), total body water by tritiated water (TBW), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and 24-h urinary creatinine excretion (Ucrea). A total of 13 healthy controls, 5 males and 8 females, aged 34.2 years +/- SD 10.4, and 11 IDDM patients, 5 males, 6 females, aged 28.1 years +/- 7.3, diabetes duration 4.2 +/- 2.9 (1.0-9.9), were examined. The patients had no long-term diabetic complications and they had normal ophthalmoscopy and urine albumin excretion. The agreement between FFM estimated by DXA and the other methods, expressed as mean difference +/- 2 SD was; for DXA vs. TBK, 0.09 +/- 6.26 and 0.50 +/- 5.26 kg for controls and IDDM patients respectively; DXA vs. TBW, -2.07 +/- 2.56 and -1.07 +/- 4.58 kg; DXA vs. Ucrea, -2.62 +/- 8.02 and 2.00 +/- 10.0 kg; DXA vs. BIA, -7.90 +/- 8.92 and -7.85 +/- 2.32 kg. The results obtained with BIA were significantly different from the other methods for both control subjects and IDDM patients. In conclusion, DXA scanning is a precise and valid method for estimation of fat-free mass in IDDM patients.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1978

Status of police officers with regard to selected cardio-respiratory and body compositional fitness variables.

Physical performance and body composition characteristics of members (n = 75) and recruits (n = 61) of the Louisville Police Department (total n = 136) were assessed. Members were randomly selected males and ranged in age from 20 to 55 years and were ranked from the newest inductee through and including the Chief of Police. Members between the ages of 20 and 29 years assigned to active duty possessed average cardio-respiratory fitness (Vo2max). With age, cardio-respiratory fitness decreased and body weight and body fatness progressively increased. Male and female recruits entering basic training also demonstrated average cardio-respiratory fitness. Significant (P less than .05) increases for males and females in Vo2max and decreases in body fatness (males) were found following 4 months of physically rigorous recruit training. Fifteen of the male recruits who completed training were retested following 1 year of active duty. During active duty, physical activity involvement was limited to job requirements with no additional physical training imposed. Cardio-respiratory fitness and body fatness reverted to pre-training levels. It was concluded that the physical demands associated with police work are too low to permit maintenance of physical fitness.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and measurement of total body water content by deuterium oxide dilution for estimating body composition in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare percentage of body fat (%BF) estimates from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with those derived from total body water (TBW) determination by deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution. ANIMALS: 31 healthy, adult, purebred dogs of various ages and breeds (body weight, 15 to 39 kg). PROCEDURE: The TBW was measured by D2O dilution and subsequent analysis via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Blood was collected before and 2 hours after IV administration of 275 mg of D2O/kg of body weight. Plasma was separated and stored at -30 C until analysis by deuterium NMR. The DEXA scans were obtained immediately after blood collection from dogs under general anesthesia. RESULTS: Measurements of %BF by DEXA averaged 15.8% higher than calculated estimates of TBW content by D2O dilution. The linear regression of %BF by TBW content on %BF by DEXA had a slope of 1.04 and a correlation coefficient of 0.84, indicating excellent relative agreement between methods despite the significant difference in absolute agreement between the 2 methods. The average difference between methods did not differ by breed, sex, body condition score, body weight, or %BF, as measured by DEXA. CONCLUSION: Comparability of our data with those of previous studies suggest that DEXA is useful for in vivo estimation of body composition in healthy dogs. Body fat estimated by D2O dilution will be less than that determined by DEXA, despite excellent relative agreement between methods.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1992

Resting metabolic rate and body composition of Pima Indian and Caucasian children.

Since a low metabolic rate (for a given body size and body composition) is a risk factor for body weight gain and obesity is prevalent among Pima Indians, we have tested whether Pima Indian children have a low resting metabolic rate (RMR) as compared to Caucasian children. Body composition (bioelectrical resistance) and RMR were measured in 43 Pima Indian children (22 male/21 female, mean +/- s.d. 9.9 +/- 1.1 years) and 42 Caucasian children (21 male/21 female, 9.7 +/- 1.2 years). Pima children were taller (143 +/- 9 vs. 137 +/- 8 cm, P less than 0.001), heavier (48.6 +/- 15.8 vs. 32.9 +/- 7.8 kg, P less than 0.001) and fatter (39 +/- 10 vs. 24 +/- 7% fat, P less than 0.001) than Caucasians. Absolute values of RMR were higher in Pimas than in Caucasians (6234 +/- 1201 vs. 5171 +/- 715 kJ/day, P less than 0.001), but similar when adjusted for differences in body size, body composition and sex. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not find a decreased RMR in Pima children when compared to Caucasian children. Therefore, the high prevalence of obesity in Pima children at age 10 suggests that excess energy intake and/or low levels of physical activity might be the major aetiological factor. However, this study does not exclude the possibility that a low metabolic rate might be a predisposing factor at an earlier age.

Basal Metabolism↗

PubMed1988

Racial variation in physique and body composition.

Racial variation in physique and body composition are of interest to sport scientists because these characteristics may be related to athletic performance, fitness, strength and injury. There is clearly variation among groups in mean somatotypes and the sitting height-stature relationship. Although differences are often emphasized, racial group distributions of variables describing physique often overlap to a considerable extent. Environment may be a factor in group differences in physique. Consistent Black-White differences are found in mean levels of variables related to bone mineralization, with Blacks exceeding Whites. It may be that the lean body mass of Blacks is of greater density than that of Whites. Gross morphological variation among groups is probably only a concomitant of variation in performance rather than a determinant of performance.

Black People↗

PubMed1995

Abnormal body composition and reduced bone mass in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults.

OBJECTIVES: The role of growth hormone in maintaining normal body composition and bone strength in adults has attracted much interest recently. We have assessed body composition and bone mass in GH deficient hypopituitary adults on conventional replacement therapy and compared them with matched controls. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: A cross-sectional study of 64 growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults (29 males and 35 females) on conventional replacement therapy and a large number of healthy control subjects matched for age, sex and body mass index (BMI). MEASUREMENTS: Skinfold thicknesses at two sites (triceps and subscapular), waist and hip girth circumferences were assessed by standard methods. Body composition was assessed using total body potassium (TBK), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Bone mineral mass was assessed at the lumbar spine and the total body by DEXA. Not every patient and control participated in every measurement. RESULTS: Obesity was common in the hypopituitary patients; BMI (mean +/- SD) was 27.5 +/- 4.6 kg/m2 and body weight was 111.8 +/- 18.5% of the maximal ideal for height (P < 0.001). The sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds was significantly higher in hypopituitary patients than in controls (men 46 + 15 vs 37 +/- 14 mm, P < 0.05; women 55 +/- 13 vs 47 +/- 17 mm, P < 0.05). Waist to hip circumference ratio was significantly greater in female hypopituitary patients than in matched controls but was not significantly different in men (men 0.94 +/- 0.07 vs 0.91 +/- 0.07, NS; women 0.84 +/- 0.09 vs 0.77 +/- 0.05, P < 0.001). The difference between patients and controls in the sum of skinfolds and the waist to hip ratio were present in non-obese (BMI < 26 kg/m2) subjects (21 patients and 32 controls). TBK corrected for body weight was significantly lower in hypopituitary patients (n = 44) than in controls (n = 31) (men 43.5 +/- 5.6 vs 50.1 +/- 5.9 mmol/kg, P < 0.003; women: 34.0 +/- 3.2 vs 40.6 +/- 5.3 mmol/kg, P < 0.0001). BIA-derived body water content (corrected for body weight) was significantly lower in hypopituitary patients (n = 56) than in controls (n = 57) (0.492 +/- 0.064 vs 0.545 +/- 0.067 l/kg, P < 0.0004). Percentage body fat derived from all the three methods was significantly higher in hypopituitary patients than in normal controls in both sexes (from TBK: men 34.7 +/- 9.4 vs 28.8 +/- 7.0%, P < 0.05; women 37.8 +/- 8.7 vs 30.4 +/- 9.7%, P < 0.01; from BIA: men 29.3 +/- 8.5 vs 23.2 +/- 8.4%, P < 0.01; women 34.6 +/- 8.1 vs 29.3 +/- 9.1% P < 0.01; and from DEXA: men 24.8 +/- 6.8 vs 20.4 +/- 6.1%, P < 0.05; women 38.9 +/- 7.9 vs 32.5 +/- 9.8%, P < 0.01). There was a significant difference between non-obese patients and controls in BIA-derived percentage fat in both sexes and in TBK-derived percentage fat in females only. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine in the L2-L4 region was lower in hypopituitary patients than in controls (men 1.116 +/- 0.129 vs 1.311 +/- 0.131 g/cm2, P < 0.0001; women 1.001 +/- 0.122 vs 1.131 +/- 0.138 g/cm2, P < 0.001). Spine BMD was also reduced in hypopituitary patients compared to the young adult and age and weight matched reference data. Total body BMD was significantly lower in patients than in controls (men 1.186 +/- 0.102 vs 1.250 +/- 0.080 g/cm2, P < 0.05; women 1.080 +/- 0.077 vs 1.149 +/- 0.073 g/cm2, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Hypopituitary adults on conventional therapy have abnormal body composition with increased fat content, reduced body water content and reduced bone mineral mass.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1996

Body composition of children on CAPD.

Our objectives were to estimate the body composition of children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), assess the fat-free mass (FFM) by bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and skinfold anthropometry (SF), and determine the effect of various parameters of the nutritional status and adequacy of dialysis on body composition. The design was a noninterventional retrospective clinical trial. The percent of fat ranged from 10% to 25% (15 +/- 2), when it was calculated from SF, and was from 9% to 32% (18 +/- 2) when it was calculated from BIA. There was a significant correlation between the percent of fat calculated by SF and by BIA (r = 0.94, p < 0.0001 with limits of agreement 4.16 to 1.37 and -0.40 to -3.19). The water content of FFM ranged from 70%-79%(74 +/- 1). There was a weak but significant correlation (r = 0.64, p = 0.016) between protein catabolic rate (PCR) and KT/V (V = 60% of weight). This correlation became more significant (r = 0.83, p = 0.0007) when the V of KT/V was calculated from BIA. The prediction of body composition with the use of bioelectrical impedance is a simple and reliable technique. Serial measurements of BIA might be an important tool for the assessment of the nutritional intervention.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1991

Long-term changes in body composition after pancreatoduodenectomy.

Body protein and fat stores were measured in four long-term survivors both before Whipple's procedure for malignancy at the ampulla of Vater and at a mean of 40 months (range 20-64 months) later. The results were compared with predicted well values. At follow-up patients also underwent dietary assessment and measurement of faecal fat losses. A dietary intake of mean (s.d) of 2690 (733) kcal per day and 85 (21) g protein per day met the patients' requirements. There was notable steatorrhoea (faecal fat 28 (21) g per day) but faecal protein losses were normal. Before surgery, body-weight was significantly lower than well-weight (P less than 0.0005), three patients having body fat stores lower than predicted well values. After surgery, body-weight and protein stores did not change significantly but fat stores fell in each patient (P less than 0.04). A curative Whipple's procedure prevents further weight loss in ampullary malignancy but weight gain does not occur because of steatorrhoea, perhaps a result of the accompanying truncal vagotomy.

Adenoma, Islet Cell↗

PubMed1996

Four-component model of body composition in chronic renal failure comprising dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and measurement of total body water by deuterium oxide dilution.

1. Assessment of nutrition in patients with chronic renal failure by body composition measurement techniques may be affected by variable hydration. 2. This study aimed to derive a four-component model of body composition (consisting of fat, protein, total body water and body mineral) from a combination of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and total body water measured by deuterium oxide dilution, allowing assessment of body protein stores without the effect of variation in hydration. Patients with chronic renal failure on haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and conservative treatment and a control group were studied. Patients with chronic renal failure were at an 'ideal' state of hydration on clinical assessment. 3. Hydration was defined by total body water as a percentage of fat-free mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and no differences were found between chronic renal failure subgroups and control subjects (except in the female undialysed chronic renal failure subgroup). Hydration was significantly correlated with percentage total body fat in the control groups but not in patients with chronic renal failure. 4. Lean tissue measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was significantly reduced in three of the six chronic renal failure groups compared with control subjects (male and female patients on haemodialysis and female patients on peritoneal dialysis). Protein estimated from the four-component model failed to detect these abnormalities. 5. Lean tissue measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal subjects strongly correlated with fat-free mass measured by total body potassium in normal subjects (male r = 0.91; female r = 0.89, both P < 0.0001). The correlation of protein estimated from the four-component model with fat-free mass measured by total body potassium was far weaker in male control subjects (r = 0.51, P < 0.05) and not significant in female control subjects (r = 0.38, P not significant). In the normal subjects protein estimated from the four-component model showed a much greater variation from protein estimated by total body potassium than did protein estimated simply as 27% of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry fat-free mass minus total body mineral. 6. Hydration in patients with chronic renal failure in whom fluid balance is believed to be normal on clinical criteria does not differ from that in normal subjects. The combined model of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and total body water is not a useful method for the measurement of body protein.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2004

Growth hormone improves body composition and motor development in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome after six months.

BACKGROUND: Infants with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) show abnormalities of body composition. Children with PWS treated with growth hormone (GH) demonstrate improved body composition and motor skills. OBJECTIVE: To assess body composition and motor changes in infants with PWS following 6 months GH therapy. METHODS: Twenty-five infants with PWS (mean age 15.5 mo) underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) assessment of body composition, and motor assessment with the Toddler Infant Motor Evaluation (TIME). Patients were then randomized to treatment (Genotropin, 1 mg/m2/day) or control, with reassessment at 6 months. RESULTS: GH treatment significantly increased lean body mass (6.4 +/- 2.4 kg to 8.9 +/- 2.7 kg) and decreased body fat (27.6 +/- 9.9% to 22.4 +/- 10.3%). Age equivalent motor scores improved 4 months in the treated group vs 2 months in controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Infants with PWS show significant body composition and motor development improvement following 6 months GH therapy. We are investigating whether this improvement leads to long-term reductions in obesity.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1987

Accuracy of anthropometric equations for estimating body composition of mentally retarded adults.

Body composition of 57 mentally retarded adults (25 women, 32 men) was assessed. Skinfold and girth measurements were collected to determine how accurately existing regression equations could predict percentage body fat for a retarded population when compared to hydrostatic weighing (criterion measure) at total lung capacity. No significant differences were found between five of the six regression equations evaluated for men and four of the six regression equations evaluated for women; however, three equations had the greatest predictability and were recommended for use in estimating the percentage body fat of retarded adults.

Adipose Tissue↗