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PubMed2006

The thin ideal and body image: an experimental study of implicit attitudes.

Thin-ideal internalization is a core construct in body dissatisfaction, central to eating disorders and generally assessed with explicit measures. To compare implicit and explicit measures of thin-ideal internalization and their relationship to body image, the authors developed a thin-ideal implicit association test (IAT). Although the IAT revealed a strong cognitive bias toward fat as negative (differences in response latencies: t[85]=9.829, p<.001, d=1.06), this failed to discriminate among participants on body image. In contrast, the explicit measure of thin-ideal internalization significantly correlated with body dissatisfaction (r=.39), drive for thinness (r=.29), and restraint (r=.32). Automatic associations assessed by the IAT indicated that fat is generally held as a negative attribute; thus, the thin-ideal IAT was insufficiently sensitive to predict body dissatisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Body image of and contraceptive use by college females.

83 sexually active college females completed a body-image scale and were classified on the basis of type of contraceptive used and consistency of contraceptive use. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified sets of body-image items which significantly discriminated among the three groups of contraceptive types and four groups of contraceptive consistency.

Body Image↗
PubMed1990

Physical fitness in relation to amount of physical exercise, body image, and locus of control among college men and women.

The relations of amount of exercise, body image, and locus of control to physical fitness were investigated. The Hall Physical Fitness Test Profile, the Winstead and Cash Body Self-relations Questionnaire, and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale were administered to 243 freshmen. Students estimated the amount of time spent exercising on a 9-point scale ranging from no regular exercise to 10 or more hours per week for the preceding three months. Exercise included brisk walking, jogging, aerobics, and sports activities like soccer, tennis, and swimming. Increased fitness was associated with increased amounts of exercise, internal locus of control, and good body image. There was a statistically significant interaction between sex and amount of exercise. For students who exercised 2-4.9 hours per week, men were more fit than women. Fitness was comparable for men and women exercising less than two hours or at least five hours per week. Women had to exercise 5 or more hours weekly to achieve the fitness level of men who exercised 2 to 4.9 hours per week.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Lesbians, bisexual women, and body image: an investigation of gender roles and social group affiliation.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of considering oneself to be masculine, feminine, or androgynous in appearance, of having friends who share one's gender and sexual orientation, and of affiliating with three subcommunities within the lesbian society on various aspects of body image. METHOD: Self-report measures were obtained from 188 lesbian and bisexual females. RESULTS: Feminine women reported lower body satisfaction than did androgynous or masculine identified subjects. Those whose friends shared their sexual orientation and gender had more positive body images than those whose friends shared only gender. In contrast, community affiliation was unrelated to body satisfaction. DISCUSSION: Within-group differences among lesbians may be central to understanding body image in this group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Body image and acute burn injuries: a literature review.

This article reviews the literature on adaptation to altered body image. An understanding of the factors affecting this may enable practitioners to help patients cope with the changes in body image caused by disfiguring burn injuries.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Body image of patients with burns sequellae: evaluation through the critical incident technique.

The present investigation is a descriptive study, with a retrospective, ex-post facto, design. The objectives of this study were to characterize the body image changes in patients with burn sequellae, through the critical incident technique and to identify and categorize critical incidents, comparing them to the characteristics defined by the Taxonomy of the North American Nursing Diagnoses Association (NANDA) for the body image disturbance nursing diagnosis. Thirty-five patients were interviewed. Two types of critical incidents were identified: 'facing the mirror'--the moment the patient looks at himself/herself and notices the changes in his/her body, and 'facing other people'--the moment the patient becomes aware that he/she calls the attention of others. Associated with the perceptions of changes in their bodies, the patients reported feelings of fear (19), rebellion (18) and shame (12). They also presented coping mechanisms of denial (12), rationalization (7), minimization (7) and repression (2). NANDA's body image disturbance diagnosis was identified in all patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Body image changes associated with surgery.

The concept of body image is an increasingly important factor which should be considered by both the surgical and perioperative nurse when caring for patients undergoing surgery. The body is the most visible and material part of oneself and occupies a central part in an individual's perception of self. Any surgery by its very nature is an invasion upon the body and will invariably cause temporary or permanent changes, some of which are not anticipated or only emerge after the patient has been discharged. Alteration of the body's structure disturbs a person's perception of his/her integrity and can often create a threatening situation.

Body Image↗
PubMed2004

Sex-role orientation associations with college students' body-image preferences.

Sex roles dictate acceptable attitudes and preferences for men and women. Further, perception of ideal body type is one attitude and preference that may be associated with sex-role orientation. Therefore, the current study examined the association between sex-role orientation and men's and women's reports of their preferred body type and their views of others' preferred body type for men and women. Responses from 172 university students indicated sex-role associations with participants' personal body-type preferences and participants' perceptions of the body types others prefer. Analysis indicates that a more masculine sex-role orientation was associated with men's and women's perceptions of larger ideal body images. Results are discussed in terms of the association between sex-role orientation and possible susceptibility to societal standards of ideal body images.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body image, self-concept, and self-esteem in women who had a mastectomy and either wore an external breast prosthesis or had breast reconstruction and women who had not experienced mastectomy.

The perceptions of three groups of women regarding their body image, self-concept, total self-image, and self-esteem were compared. The groups included 64 women who had mastectomies and wore external breast prostheses, 31 women who had mastectomies and underwent breast reconstruction, and a control group of 78 women who had not experienced mastectomy. The body image, total self-image, and self-esteem mean scores indicated that the prosthesis and reconstruction groups had more positive feelings regarding their bodies than did the control group. There were no significant differences in self-concept among the three groups. These findings challenge a common assumption that mastectomy automatically results in psychiatric morbidity caused by an altered body image and suggest that health professionals should not make assumptions about how a woman will psychologically respond to mastectomy.

Body Image↗
PubMed1978

[Dysperception of body image and dysmorphophobias in mental anorexia. Apropos of 115 cases involving both sexes. I. Altered mechanisms of perception in mental anorexia].

We noted frequency of body-image disturbance (BID) and dismorphophobias (DPP) in 97 girls and 8 boys among 107 girls and 8 boys with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), seen since 1973 and coming up semiologic criterions of Laboucarie and Dally & Sargant. 91,5% of the girls and 7 out of 8 boys presented a BID at one time of their evolution. The other ones did not form a characteristic group. BID prevailed in no-perception of emaciation. No-perception of overweight was exceptional. That of variations of weight was frequent, explaining to need objective elements to measure real volume. BID seems to result from an incapacity to integrate well individually perceived details into a coherent image. Its apparition signals starting of AN, and it is a fundamental criterion of evolutivity. It's not frequent it's extended to body-image disperception of the close people, but it is often associated to an increase of mental representation of ingested feed volume.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Food preferences, dieting behaviors, and body image perceptions of elite figure skaters.

The objectives of this study were to determine food preferences, body image perceptions, dieting behaviors, and nutrient intakes of elite male and female figure skaters. Male (n = 23) and female (n = 26) figure skaters completed a food preference checklist, a questionnaire examining their demographics, dieting behaviors and body image perceptions, and 3-d food records. Male skaters had a higher preference (score > or = 6) for grains, fruit, meat, dairy, fats, and sweets. Female skaters had higher preference for grains and fruits. Of the female skaters, 30% considered themselves overweight and indicated a preference for a thinner body contour. Both male and female skaters expressed a preference for leaner body contours for members of the opposite gender. Total energy intake, total fat (females) and dietary fiber were below the dietary recommendations. Vitamin E, vitamin D, folate (females), pantothenic acid (females), calcium (females), magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus (females) were less than two-thirds of the dietary recommendations. Macronutrient intake of male skaters was associated with preferences for the grain group, although no association was observed among female skaters. Results suggest that these behaviors and attitudes need to be assessed and addressed among figure skaters, given their impact on dietary intakes and overall well-being.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Body-image disturbance: cognitive behavioural formulation and intervention.

An account of the genesis and maintenance of disturbed body image is presented, drawing on cognitive-behavioural concepts of human experience, and emphasizing the central importance of fear and avoidance in mediating such difficulties. Intervention strategies, extrapolated from work in dysmorphophobia and in anxiety disorders, are described, together with a clinical example. Difficulties with the cognitive-behavioural approach to disturbed body image are discussed, and possible applications of the formulation to client care are suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The assessment of body image investment: an extensive revision of the appearance schemas inventory.

OBJECTIVE: The Appearance Schemas Inventory (ASI) is a 14-item instrument that assesses body image investment in relation to certain beliefs or assumptions about the importance, meaning, and influence of appearance in one's life. Despite empirical support of the ASI, critical examination evinces several limitations of this assessment. These problems entail the inclusion of explicitly self-evaluative items and social stereotypes, few behavioral items, and a repeated failure to find expected gender differences on the ASI. METHOD: We initially constructed a 45-item measure (40 new items plus 5 original items) and administered it, along with the original ASI and other validational assessments, to 603 college students (468 women and 135 men). RESULTS: The end result was a 20-item revision of the inventory (ASI-R), which included two factors: Self-Evaluative Salience and Motivational Salience. For both genders, the composite ASI-R and its two factors had high internal consistency and were significantly convergent with other pertinent measures of body image and psychosocial functioning. The ASI-R and its two subscales showed significant gender differences, whereas the original ASI did not. We also examined racial differences on the ASI-R, its correlations with body mass, and its unique contribution to the prediction of disturbed eating attitudes. DISCUSSION: We offer this measure as an improved, psychometrically sound replacement for the ASI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The body-image questionnaire: an extension.

The 19-item Body-Image Questionnaire, developed by our team and first published in this journal in 1987 by Bruchon-Schweitzer, was administered to 1,222 male and female French subjects. A principal component analysis of their responses yielded an axis we interpreted as a general Body Satisfaction dimension. The four-factor structure observed in 1987 was not replicated. Body Satisfaction was associated with sex, health, and with current and future emotional adjustment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

What are the differences in body image between patients with a conventional stoma compared with those who have had a conventional stoma followed by a continent pouch?

This paper describes a qualitative study of seven patients which explored the perceptions of body image in patients with a conventional stoma, compared with those who have had a conventional stoma followed by a continent pouch. The operation of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis (the group of patients in the study) who wish to avoid permanent ileostomy is restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir, more commonly known as the 'pouch' procedure. The outcome of this study, using a phenomonenological approach, reflects the problems faced by patients undergoing stoma surgery; that is, patients with a stoma, on the whole, expressed difficulties in coming to terms with an ostomy, with perceived negative feelings of body image. In contrast, patients with a continent pouch, provided they were not experiencing difficulties with the pouch, were of the opinion that such a procedure enhanced their lives over that of an ileostomy. However, in examining these patients' feelings, it was found that the majority still considered their experience traumatic. This implies that the benefits of a continent pouch were not so obvious, as body image changes of stoma surgery still had a perceived negative effect on the patients. This affected the outcome of the study so that the differences of the two groups of patients were not as significant as perceived by the writer.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Body image distortion in Anorexia Nervosa--is there really a perceptual deficit?

Perceived and ideal body image were analysed in 36 inpatients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and 18 control patients (age 11-23 years). A computer-based image distortion technique allowed distortion of the whole body and of body parts. Subjects rated their own image. A body perception index (BPI) was calculated by dividing estimated dimension with real dimension. There was no general overestimation of body dimensions in AN patients in comparison to controls but AN patients more often under- or overestimated their body dimensions. Control patients showed a significant lower ideal BPI than AN patients, whose ideal body shape was similar to the observed body shape. Profile analyses of the body part estimation procedure revealed significant differences between groups in the ideal body shape at the body regions thigh, hip, waist and chest with control patients again showing a lower BPI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Depersonalization, self-esteem and body image in male-to-female transsexuals compared to male and female controls.

Whether postoperative male-to-female transsexuals differ in regard to measures of self- and body image from a nontranssexual control group was investigated. A group of 30 postoperative male-to-female transsexuals and control groups of 30 males and 30 females completed self-report measures (depersonalization, self-esteem, gender identity traits, body image). Results showed that transsexuals and males scored higher on self-esteem and dynamic body image than the females did. No differences between the groups were found in terms of depersonalization and satisfaction. Transsexuals and females described themselves as more feminine than males. Regarding sex-role orientation, more androgynous subjects were found among transsexuals than in the control groups. General satisfaction is associated with feminine and masculine traits in transsexuals. Results are discussed in context of the function of these personality features for the identity development of male-to-female transsexuals.

Adult↗