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PubMed2003

Reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in experimentally challenged broilers by nitrate adaptation and chlorate supplementation in drinking water.

The effects of two feed supplements on Salmonella Typhimurium in the ceca of market-age broilers were determined. Broilers orally challenged 6 days before slaughter with a novobiocin- and nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium were divided into one of four groups (20 birds each). The first group (the control group) received no treatment, the second group received sodium nitrate (SN) treatment (574 mg of NaNO3 per kg of feed), the third group received experimental chlorate product (ECP) treatment (15 mM NaClO3 equivalents), and the fourth group received ECP treatment in combination with SN treatment. The SN treatment was administered via feed for 5 days immediately before slaughter, and ECP was provided via ad libitum access to drinking water for the last 2 days before slaughter. Cecal contents were subjected to bacterial analysis. Significant (P < 0.05) Salmonella Typhimurium reductions (ca. 2 log units) relative to levels for untreated control broilers were observed for broilers receiving ECP in combination with SN. The ECP-only treatment resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reductions (ca. 0.8 log) of Salmonella Typhimurium in trial 2. We hypothesize that increasing Salmonella Typhimurium nitrate reductase activity resulted in increased enzymatic reduction of chlorate to chlorite, with a concomitant decrease in cecal Salmonella Typhimurium levels. On the basis of these results, preadaptation with SN followed by ECP supplementation immediately preharvest could be a potential strategy for the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in broilers.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Reduction in flock prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers in Norway after implementation of an action plan.

An action plan against thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in Norwegian broilers was implemented in May 2001. The action plan consists of three parts: a surveillance program including all Norwegian broiler flocks slaughtered before 50 days of age, a follow-up advisory service on farms delivering flocks positive for Campylobacter spp., and surveys of broiler meat products at the retail level. This article presents results covering the inclusive 3-year period between 2002 and 2004. During this period, a total of 10,803 flocks from 562 broiler farms were tested; altogether, 521 (4.8%) of the flocks were identified as positive for Campylobacter spp., primarily Campylobacter jejuni. The positive flocks originated from 257 (45.7%) of the farms. During the period 2002 to 2004, there was a large and steady reduction in flock prevalence, from 6.3% in 2002 to 3.3% in 2004. Also, the proportion of farms producing flocks positive for Campylobacter spp. each year reduced substantially, from 28.4% in 2002 to 17.8% in 2004. The proportion of flocks positive for Campylobacter spp. varied considerably with season and region. The action plan is a successful collaboration between academia, regulatory agencies, and the poultry industry that has resulted in a significant reduction in the number of broiler carcasses positive for Campylobacter spp. on the market. The temporal associations between implementation of the control program and the drop in the number of infected chickens and contaminated carcasses indicate that this collaborative action plan has been instrumental in achieving the goals of enhancing food safety.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Comparison of plasma thyroxin and insulin concentrations between 10-day old layer and broiler chickens].

In this study both sexes of 10 day old layer and broiler chickens were used to investigate plasma circulating concentrations of 3,3'-5-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and insulin by using the radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. The results were as follows: serum T3 concentration was higher in broilers than that in layers (P < 0.01), especially a significant difference between male strains was seen in this experiment (P < 0.001), and the levels of plasma insulin was significantly higher in male broilers than that in male layers (P < 0.001), however, no clear differences in plasma T4 was seen between strains and sexes (P > 0.05). In addition, there were sex differences in T3 and insulin levels in layers, that is to say, those in the female layers was higher than those in the male layers, but no clear deifference was seen between sexes in broilers. A significant positive correlation between T3, insulin and their weight gained (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the levels of serum T3 and Insulin may influence the various growth rate during early posthatch development in layers and broilers.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Effect of noise on the physiological functions in fowl. 1. Effect of primary strong noise on the 11-OHKS level in broilers and leghorns].

The effects of first noises on broilers and white leghorns were tested by plasma levels on 11-hydroxycorticosteroid (11-OHKS). The noises were 100 dB, 60 to 8,00 Hz, and applied 30 minutss to one group of broilers, aged 14, 28, and 56 days, and to another group of broilers and white leghorns in adult age. The reactions were compared. Acoustic stimulation was followed by temporary activation of the hypothalamic pituitary-suprarenal system. The rise of the plasma glucocorticosteroid level in leghorns was three times as high as that in adult broilers, which was interpreted as a reflection of stronger organic stress. Reactions differed in intensity, depending on age as well. Plasma-11-OHKS levels went up by 32 per cent maximum in broilers aged 56 days or by 73 per cent in animals aged 14 days or 120 per cent in those aged 28 days. The above results seemed to support the conclusion that noises of the above quantity and quality represented stress on fowl.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of the incidence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium perfringens in wild birds near broiler chicken houses by sampling intestinal droppings.

Several methods were evaluated for collecting fecal and intestinal samples from wild birds found near broiler chicken houses. A few intestinal samples and cloacal swabs were obtained from European starlings and house sparrows. Most of the samples collected consisted of wild bird droppings found on or near the houses. Samples were collected from each of four farms of a broiler integrator during a grow-out cycle: a cycle in the summer for farm A, fall for farm B, and spring, summer, fall, and winter for farms C and D. Of the 25 wild bird intestinal and fecal samples collected from a broiler house on farm A during a grow-out cycle in July-August 1997, 24% were positive for Salmonella spp., 4% for Campylobacter jejuni, and 28% for Clostridium perfringens. Of the nine fecal samples collected from broiler house B in a grow-out cycle in September-November 1997, 33% were positive for Salmonella spp., 11% for C. jejuni, and 22% for C. perfringens. For farms C and D, of the 23 samples collected in March-April 1998, 0 were positive for Salmonella spp., 11% for C. jejuni, and 52% for C. perfringens; of 27 samples collected in June-July 1998, 4% were positive for Salmonella spp., 0 for C. jejuni, and 13% for C. perfringens; of 24 samples collected in August-October 1998, 14% were positive for Salmonella spp., 5% for C. jejuni, and 4% for C. perfringens; of 14 samples collected December 1998-January 1999, 0 were positive for Salmonella, 50% for C. jejuni, and 14% for C. perfringens. The incidence of these bacterial enteropathogens in wild birds near the broiler chicken houses suggests that wild birds that gain entry to poultry grow-out houses have the potential to transmit these pathogens to poultry.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sequential spread of Campylobacter infection in a multipen broiler house.

Generally, colonization with Campylobacter jejuni is first detected in broilers 2-3 wk after hatching. Once introduced into a flock, this infection spreads very rapidly. The sources and routes of transmission of C. jejuni in broilers remain debatable. In this study, the spread of infection was monitored in a commercial multipen broiler house in which birds were contained in discrete groups and sampled sequentially. Colonization was monitored in two broiler flocks up to slaughter. Serotyping and fla typing methods were applied to differentiate all the C. jejuni strains isolated. In flock 1, colonization was first detected at 32 days of age in birds located at the rear of the house. By 40 days, nearly all the birds were infected with the same strain (fla type 1.9). However, at 46 days of age, a second strain (fla type 3.7) was detected in some of the birds. These birds were also located toward the rear of the house. In flock 2, infection was detected at 5 wk of age. This infection was once again first detected in birds located at the rear of the house. In this flock, only a single fla type (1.1) was isolated throughout. A survey of the broiler house relative to the location of first point of infection indicated the use of an entrance door unprotected by boot dips. However, securing this door during the second flock study did not prevent infection.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1992

Isolation of chicken anaemia virus from broiler chickens.

Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) infection was demonstrated, by both serology and virus isolation, in 1- to 6-week-old broiler chickens originated from various parent flocks in Hungary. Total losses in the broiler flocks were estimated at 7 to 8% and about 25% of the chickens failed to reach target body mass by the 7th week of life. The clinical signs, postmortem lesions and histopathological changes of the affected chickens were similar to those of naturally occurring CAV-induced infectious anaemia of young chickens. In MDCC-MSB1 cell cultures, a chloroform-resistant virus smaller than 50 nm in diameter, resistant to heating at 70 degrees C for 30 min, and antigenically very closely related to the Cux-1 strain of CAV was isolated from the liver of naturally diseased broilers. This virus isolate was designated the Bia strain of CAV. Inoculation of susceptible 1-day-old SPF chicks with a CAV-positive liver extract from naturally diseased broilers caused pathological changes characteristic of CAV infection, namely impaired growth, severe anaemia with atrophy of the bone marrow, marked atrophy of the lymphoid organs and petechial haemorrhages throughout the body. A quite similar pathological syndrome was also induced by inoculation of 1-day-old SPF chicks with the MDCC-MSB1 cell-culture-propagated new Bia strain of CAV. The CAV was successfully reisolated from the livers of experimentally inoculated birds, and antibodies to the reference Cux-1 strain of CAV were also demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence test in sera of naturally diseased and experimentally inoculated chickens. No antibodies were found against infectious bursal disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, Marek's disease herpesvirus as well as avian adenoviruses and reoviruses. The reported disease of young broiler chickens was associated with natural infection of a new isolate of CAV. On the basis of its physicochemical, antigenic and pathogenic characteristics, this virus is similar to other strains of CAV isolated from chickens in other countries.

Anemia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A study of breeder vaccination programs and problems in the broiler progeny in Saskatchewan utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

A survey of antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and reovirus (RV) was conducted in broiler-breeder flocks and selected progeny broiler flocks utilizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Marked differences in antibody titers between different breeder flocks were related to differences in vaccination programs. Poor performance in some progeny broiler flocks was related to low antibody titers against IBDV in the source breeder flocks. Progeny broiler flocks in which there was a high incidence of condemnations for airsacculitis had elevated antibody titers against IBV. A few progeny broiler flocks that experienced high mortality due to gangrenous dermatitis had no antibody titers against IBDV at processing. Antibody titers against RV were very variable and could not be related to any production problems.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship of right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure, and ascites to weight gain in broiler and roaster chickens.

Nine hundred twenty-five male progeny from 50 sire families of a commercial sire line were weighed at 14, 28, and 47 days and scored for right ventricular hypertrophydilation at 48 days. Broilers with marked hypertrophy of the right ventricle at processing (298 of 925) were significantly heavier than their more normal contemporaries at 14 and 28 days of age. These results suggest that rapidly growing broilers are more susceptible to increased pulmonary arterial pressure resulting in right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure, and ascites than slower-growing broilers. Thirty-five (3.5% of 997) broilers died from right ventricular failure and ascites, and 14 (1.5% of 925) has ascites at processing. Two hundred fifty-nine sibs were kept on full feed to 16 weeks of age. Between 7 and 16 weeks, 68 (26.3%) of these cockerels died from right ventricular failure and ascites and a further 27 (10.4%) had marked right ventricular hypertrophy-dilation when processed at 16 weeks. Thus most of the 298 broilers classified as having marked right ventricular hypertrophy at 7 weeks would likely have died from right ventricular failure and ascites if they had been kept on full feed until 16 weeks.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic summary of 1986 turkey, broiler breeder, and layer necropsy cases at the University of Georgia.

Turkey, broiler breeder, and layer cases submitted for necropsy in 1986 to the University of Georgia were categorized by diagnosis, grouped by clinical features, season, age, and presenting history, and evaluated for statistically significant patterns. The most commonly diagnosed diseases were: fowl cholera in turkeys, 64 cases (34.4% of cases; 26.2% of diagnoses); staphylococcal arthritis/synovitis (SA/S) in broiler breeders, 35 cases (20.7%; 17.7%); and osteomalacia in layers, 17 cases (21.0%; 15.6%). In turkeys, fowl cholera, colibacillosis, and aspergillosis were significantly more common in the fourth, second, and third quarters of the year, respectively; enteritis and viral enteritis were more common in early grow-out, and osteomyelitis, SA/S, and synovitis were greatest in late grow-out. Overall, musculoskeletal problems in turkeys were more common in the third quarter and were less common in the first and fourth quarters. Erysipelas occurred most frequently in turkeys 50 to 112 days of age. In both broiler breeders and layers, SA/S was more common in the second quarter, and a history of musculoskeletal problems was less common in both post-peak-production broiler breeders and layers. Fowl pox was more common in the fourth quarter and in late-production broiler breeders. In layers, osteomalacia and Marek's disease were more common in the first and fourth quarters, respectively.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1987

[Toxicological and pharmacokinetic research on lincomycin hydrochloride in broiler chickens and layer hens].

Tested was the activity of linkomycin hydrochloride at the rate of 820 IU/mg. The LD50 of the preparation was found to exceed 12.0 g/kg body mass at intracrop application to broiler birds. When offered with the drinking water or the feed in amounts that were 3 to 5 times higher than the therapeutic ones for broilers in the course of 45 days it did not cause mortality nor induced changes in the white and red blood cell counts, in the total protein, and in the levels of urea, blood sugar, AlT, and AcT. Neither were there any structural changes in the internal organs. Upon the single intracrop treatment of broilers with linkomycin at 50 and 100 mg/kg most of the amount introduced was established in the blood serum at the second hour and up to the 6th and 8th hour, respectively. Studies on the effect of age on the serum concentrations at this route of introduction revealed that the preparation was absorbed at higher rates in the broilers than in the layers, while with the persistence of the levels there were no essential differences. At the single oral administration with broilers in amounts of 100 mg/kg linkomycin was chiefly retained in the kidneys, liver, and lungs as well in the content of the small and large intestines. At intracrop application to layers in doses of 100 mg/kg in the course of 7 days the antibiotic was excreted with the eggs at the time of treatment and in the course of 4 days later in bacteriostatic concentrations of 0.6-5.9 micrograms/cm3.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Decreased thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and 5'-deiodination levels in malabsorption syndrome (runting or stunting syndrome) in artificially inoculated broilers.

The effect of malabsorption syndrome (stunting or runting syndrome) on the thyroid function of broilers was investigated in control and inoculated broilers from 1 to 29 days of age. The broilers were infected at 1 day of age with intestinal homogenates from chickens naturally suffering from this syndrome. The body weight of inoculated broilers was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower 1 week after inoculation than that of controls. The level of thyroxine in the serum of inoculated birds was lower (P less than 0.05) from day 6 through the remainder of the trial. The level of triiodothyronine of inoculated birds was depressed (P less than 0.05) on day 4, but 1 week later it returned to normal. The earliest phenomenon indicative of disturbance of thyroid function was the significant depression of 5'-deiodination in liver homogenates of inoculated broilers as early as day 2. It is concluded that thyroid function is one of the earliest targets of this syndrome.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens].

After the general description of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) an account is given on observations of the incidence of this leg abnormality in the Danish broiler production. Comparative investigations concerning the frequency of TD in three commercial strains of broiler chickens (A, B & C) is described. The possible effect of the diet, with reference to frequency--particularly calcium and phosphorus levels--is studied. Chickens from each strain were divided into two equal groups; one was fed an ordinary broiler chicken diet (X), and the other was given feed (Y) originally composed for replacement pullets. The frequency of TD was 22 percent in broiler chickens from the commercial production. Irrespective of composition of the feed, almost the same incidence was recorded in both groups of one of the strains (A), while the frequency of TD in strains B & C was significantly lower on both diets. In relation to available observations and results, influence on incidence of genetic factors and certain feed ingredients is discussed. It is concluded that the TD-frequency is relatively high in the strain which dominates the Danish broiler production. This seems to be primarily determined by genetic factors, whereas in this experiment the levels of calcium, phosphorous and other feed ingredients have minor influence.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in the intestinal contents of broilers on different farms (author's transl)].

The intestinal contents of 3,090 broilers, one day to five weeks of age, from 1,025 broiler houses, were examined for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was isolated in 243 cases, i.e. 23.7% of the broiler houses, 58.8% were of type 1, 35.5% of type 4b, 1.2% were of type 5 and 2.4% of the strains could not be typed. In spite of cleaning and disinfection after the chickens had been taken to the poultry slaughterhouse, reinfection occurred in the broiler houses in 16.9% of the cases; this occurred as many as eight times in succession. Various serotypes were isolated on one farm. Listeria organisms in the intestinal contents of healthy broilers do not affect the growth rate. Contaminated deep-litter (chips of white deal-wood) is a potential danger for man and animals, especially when used inn loose-housings on cattle farms.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

[Experimental induction of the cutaneous form of Marek's disease in broilers].

Straight-run chickens of the Ross broiler hybrid were experimentally infected with the skin homogenates of sound broilers, broilers conditionally edible, and broilers confiscated for alternations in skin. The chickens infected with the homogenates of healthy skin were negative in the Marek's disease test. In 17% of the chickens infected with the skin from the conditionally edible broilers, macroscopically observable cutaneous lesions were induced and 60% of the infected chickens had microscopic changes in the skin; visceral organs were always affected by the infection. In the chickens infected with the skin of a confiscated bird, the long storage exerted its unfavourable effect and the infected birds were negative in the Marek's disease test. Our results indicate that the active form of Marek's disease was induced.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Effect of the temperature-humidity regimen on broiler resistance and on the efficacy of coccidiostats in experimental coccidial infection].

Experiments are carried out to elucidate the effect of the temperature and Moisture Regime on the resistance of broiler chickens to an experimental infection with coccidia and how far the prophylactic, anti-coccidial activity of coccidiostatics may be raised or reduced on this basis. During the experiment, prior to and after the infection of the chicken, investigations have been carried out on the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood, determining the contents of hemoglobin, total protein, vitamin A and vitamin E. It is established that the hematological and biochemical indices correlate with the course followed by the coccidiosis process and are related to the temperature and moisture regime in tending the broilers. If all other conditions are similar, the coccidiostatic activity of the Pankoksin Plus preparation is reduced both at lower temperatures and at higher degrees of infection with coccidia in broilers, and at a higher temperature and a lower relative, air moisture. The resistance of broiler chickens, grown at a temperature of 32 degrees C and air moisture of 70--75%, to coccidia infection is higher as compared with that of broiler chickens, kept at a higher temperature and a lower air moisture.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Contamination of broiler chicken's mash and litter with moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone.

Contamination of broiler chicken's mash and litter with moulds, aflatoxin B1 (AB1), G1 (AG1), ochratoxin A (OA) and zearalenone (F-2 toxin) was examined on a broiler fattening farm. All broiler chicken's mash samples tested were contaminated with moulds. The highest total viable counts of moulds (3.3 x 10(5) per g) were found in broiler starter diet. Moulds isolated from mash were classified into 8 genera and 27 species. Many of them (Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp.) are known as mycotoxin-producing moulds. Fusarium moniliforme was the dominant species in mash mycopopulations. Moulds were also found in all litter samples. The highest fungus count (80 x 10(5) per g) in litter was found at the beginning of fattening. Fungi isolated from litter samples belonged to 9 genera and 22 species. Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor were the most prevalent genera. None of the broiler chicken's mash and litter samples tested was contaminated either with AB1, AG1, OA or with F-2 toxin. F. moniliforme was zearalenone-negative also under laboratory conditions.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Focal dermatitis and cellulitis in broiler chickens: bacteriological and pathological findings.

Involvement of aerobic bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, in lesions of cellulitis in broiler chickens was investigated. Samples of subcutaneous caseous material for bacteriological examination were collected aseptically at the slaughterhouse from 109 broilers with lesions. Skin tissue was taken from five of these birds for histopathological examination. In 96 of the 109 (88.1%) broilers sampled, E. coli was isolated from the lesion, and in 60 of these birds it was the only bacterial species found. In 33 broilers, Streptococcus dysgalactiae was found along with E. coli. Although serotype O78 was isolated the most frequently, numerous other serotypes were found; no correlation could be established between the size of the lesions and the serotype isolated. The microscopic lesions were characterized by thickening of the dermis with a granulomatous inflammatory reaction. This study confirms the frequent association of E. coli with cellulitis lesions in broiler chickens and reports the frequent isolation of S. dysgalactiae from the lesion.

Animals↗