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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Shoot water status and ABA responses of transgenic hybrid larch Larix kaempferi x L. decidua to ectomycorrhizal fungi and osmotic stress.

It has been postulated that osmotic effects on plant tissue are mediated by abscisic acid (ABA). Hybrid larch (Larix kaempferi (Lambert) Carr. x L. decidua Mill.) plantlets, transformed with the ABA-inducible wheat Em promoter associated with the Gus reporter gene, were axenically inoculated with two ectomycorrhizal fungi: Cenococcum geophilum Fr., considered tolerant to water stress, and Laccaria bicolor (Marie) Orton, considered less tolerant to drought. The mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal transgenic plantlets were subjected to osmotic stress by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the culture medium. In the presence of PEG, L. bicolor and C. geophilum reduced shoot water potential and turgor potential, but increased host osmotic potential. Treatment of plantlets with PEG induced a significant increase in endogenous ABA concentrations. Laccaria bicolor and C. geophilum behaved similarly and significantly decreased the ABA response of plantlets to PEG treatment. Moreover, inoculation with either fungus regulated the ABA response of the plantlets even when the fungus was separated from the host by a cellophane sheet that prevented mycorrhiza formation. Although the wheat Em promoter was inducible in larch plantlets, it was not regulated by endogenous ABA. Induction of the wheat Em promoter in larch plantlets depended on organ type, with maximum induction in the root apex. Induction of the Em promoter was significantly decreased by mycorrhizal inoculation.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Staining characteristics of preserved human amniotic membrane.

PURPOSE: Amniotic membrane is an ultra-thin cellophane-like membrane that is used in ocular surface reconstruction. We evaluated the staining characteristics of commonly available dyes on preserved human amniotic membrane to aid in handling of amniotic membrane during transplantation. METHODS: Five dyes, indocyanine green (2.5%, 1.0%, and 0.5%), fluorescein (0.25%), rose bengal (1%), lissamine green B (1%), and trypan blue (0.5%), were used to stain amniotic membrane. After staining, the specimens were observed under a dissecting microscope to evaluate for the uptake of the stains. Positively stained membranes were evaluated for the persistence of staining by placing them in 2 to 3 mL of balanced saline solution that was changed every 30 minutes over 6 hours. RESULTS: Preserved human amniotic membrane is stained by indocyanine green, rose bengal, lissamine green B, and trypan blue. Of these four dyes, only the membrane stained with 1% lissamine green B was free of stain after 120 minutes. Indocyanine green, rose bengal, and trypan blue continued to strongly stain the membrane after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Indocyanine green, rose bengal, trypan blue, and lissamine green B all stain amniotic membrane. Lissamine green B appears to have advantages over the other dyes in that it will stain the membrane well, and in our model, dissipate in 120 minutes. Intraoperative staining with lissamine green B may be a simple and effective way to assist surgeons in the proper handling of amniotic membrane.

Amnion↗
PubMed1987

45Ca uptake and the actions of Bay K 8644 on aortic strips from rabbits with perinephritis hypertension.

Uptake of 45Ca was measured in rings of thoracic aorta from rabbits with hypertension, induced by cellophane perinephritis (Page hypertension: one-kidney, one wrap). Basal 45Ca uptake was increased significantly in the hypertensive group (sham: 100 +/- 3, hypertensive: 133 +/- 11 nmol/g wet weight, n = 6). 45Ca uptake was increased by KCl (30 mmol/l), norepinephrine (50 nmol/l) and Bay K 8644 (14 or 56 nmol/l) by the following amounts: 152, 15, 28 and 36%, respectively. Stimulated 45Ca uptake was less in hypertensive animals for all agonists. The augmenting effect of Bay K 8644 on 45Ca uptake, stimulated by norepinephrine or by KCl, was also reduced in hypertension. It is concluded that in hypertension there are alterations in the Ca regulatory process and in the properties of the Ca channel in arterial muscle.

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗
PubMed1988

Circulating digoxin-like immunoreactivity in renal hypertensive rabbits: lack of modulation by alterations in dietary sodium intake.

We have re-examined digoxin-like immunoreactivity, commonly detected in plasma with antibodies, in order to determine whether it could represent the putative natriuretic factor originally proposed by de Wardener and Clarkson. Experiments were conducted in adult rabbits with two-kidney, two wrapped hypertension and in sham-operated controls. Six weeks after the bilateral renal cellophane wrapping or sham operation, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was approximately 40 mmHg higher in the wrapped group. At this time the rabbits started a low-, normal- or high-salt diet (1.6, 25.6 and 40.8 mmol Na+/100 g) which continued for 2 weeks. During the final 3 days urinary volume and total sodium content measured in 24-h collections was significantly lowered in the rabbits on the low-salt diet and increased by the high-salt diet (P less than 0.01 for both). This pattern was identical for the normotensive and renal hypertensive rabbits. Digoxin-like immunoreactivity was measured at the beginning and at the end of the 2-week period of the salt study. Immediately before commencing the various salt diets the digoxin-like immunoreactivity, measured as ng digoxin equivalents/ml, was only marginally elevated in the renal hypertensive compared to the normotensive animals (it averaged 94.7 +/- 7.7 and 80.9 +/- 5.9 ng digoxin equivalents/ml, respectively). Neither the low- nor the high-sodium diet affected plasma digoxin-like immunoreactivity in either the normotensive or the renal hypertensive animals (P greater than 0.10). These results indicate that digoxin-like immunoreactivity is present in the plasma of normotensive and renal hypertensive rabbits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Postural hypotension following N-type Ca2+ channel blockade is amplified in experimental hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of the cardiac and vascular sympathetic components of the orthostatic response to 90 degrees head-up tilt after N-type calcium-channel blockade in normotensive (sham renal cellophane wrap) and hypertensive (renal wrap) conscious rabbits. METHODS: The effects of N-type calcium-channel blockade with omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CTX, 10 microg/kg i.v. bolus) were assessed in the absence or presence of cardiac block by propranolol and methscopolamine. These were contrasted with the effects of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonism (prazosin 0.5 mg/kg i.v. bolus, in the presence of cardiac block) or ganglion blockade (mecamylamine 4 mg/kg i.v. bolus). RESULTS: In vehicle (0.9% saline) treatment groups, the response to tilt consisted of a small pressor effect (4 +/- 2 and 7 +/- 1 mmHg) and tachycardia (29 +/- 6 and 17 +/- 6 beats/min) in sham (n = 6) and wrap (n = 5) rabbits, respectively. After prazosin administration (with cardiac block), there were significant falls in MAP of 3 +/- 1 and 7 +/- 2 mmHg in sham (n = 7) and wrap (n = 6) rabbits, respectively, in response to tilt omega-CTX caused postural hypotensive responses of 8 +/- 2 and 13 +/- 2 mmHg in sham (n = 6) and wrap (n = 7) rabbits, respectively, and 7 +/- 1 and 14 +/- 2 mmHg in sham (n = 7) and wrap (n = 7) rabbits with prior cardiac block. Similarly, mecamylamine caused falls in MAP of 8 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 2 mmHg in response to tilt in sham (n = 6) and wrap (n = 9) animals, respectively. CONCLUSION: Sympathetic vasoconstrictor effectors are primarily responsible for maintaining blood pressure during tilt in conscious rabbits. The postural hypotension caused by sympatholytic agents is about double in hypertensive rabbits, and N-type calcium-channel blockade is as effective as ganglion blockade at inducing this syndrome.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1995

Hemodynamic and autonomic reflex effects of chronic N-type Ca2+ channel blockade with omega-conotoxin GVIA in conscious normotensive and hypertensive rabbits.

The effects of chronic administration of omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CTX), an N-type Ca2+ channel blocker, on hemodynamics and autonomic reflexes were studied in conscious normotensive (sham) and hypertensive (wrap) New Zealand white rabbits. During surgery, a pulsed Doppler-flow probe was implanted around the lower abdominal aorta, and both kidneys were wrapped in cellophane (wrap) or left undisturbed (sham). Rabbits were studied 4 weeks later on 5 consecutive days. On days 1-4, hemodynamics, the baroreceptor-heart-rate (HR) reflex induced by drugs and the Bezold-Jarisch-like reflex evoked by serotonin, were measured before and 2 h after administration of omega-CTX (10 micrograms/kg i.v. bolus). On day 5, hemodynamics and reflexes were again assessed, but no further omega-CTX was given. On day 1, omega-CTX caused falls in mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 17 +/- 3 and 27 +/- 5 mm Hg in sham (n = 6) and wrap (n = 11) rabbits, respectively, with tachycardia. Hindquarter vascular conductance (HVC) increased > 35% in both groups. On days 2-4, omega-CTX still caused falls in MAP; however it was progressively less than on day 1. HR and HVC did not change. After omega-CTX on day 1, there was marked attenuation of the sympathetic components and decrease in the vagal components of the baroreceptor-HR reflex curves, with HR range decreasing by > 61% in sham and wrap rabbits. These curves remained similar over the next 4 days, and were unaffected by further omega-CTX. However, omega-CTX had no effect on the vagally mediated Bezold-Jarisch-like reflex. In auxiliary experiments in vitro, omega-CTX (1 nM) inhibited sympathetic, but not vagal, responses to electrical nerve stimulation of rabbit-isolated right atria. Thus, omega-CTX is a potent hypotensive agent in normotensive and hypertensive rabbits, predominantly via a peripheral sympatholytic action with no effect on vagal-cardiac efferent activity. However, it may affect the vagal component of the baroreceptor-HR reflex by an unknown central mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Idiopathic vitritis.

Vitritis is a relatively common clinical finding, and a significant number of patients present with vitritis as the major or only finding. The records of 199 patients coded "vitritis" at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute were reviewed. Forty-seven patients fit in the category of "idiopathic vitritis" and formed a relatively distinct group of predominantly elderly woman who complained of floaters or blurred vision. The visual acuities were usually good and the anterior segments were generally normal. They had diffuse bilateral vitreous inflammation and either a normal fundus or reactive changes such as cystoid macular edema or preretinal "cellophane" membranes. Extensive medical evaluations were usually unremarkable. This study helps identify a group of patients with a typical presentation and rather characteristic eye findings. Additional work will be necessary to establish the pathogenesis, the natural course, and the efficacy of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Clinicopathologic study of idiopathic macular pucker in children and young adults.

Clinically significant idiopathic macular pucker was observed in 11 patients aged 30 years or younger. In these patients, the tissue was well defined and fibrous in appearance, in contrast to the thin, cellophane appearance that is typical of macular pucker in elderly patients. Vitrectomy and epiretinal membrane peeling were performed in each case. Visual acuity improved after surgery in seven cases and worsened in one case, and follow-up data was not obtained in three cases. Recurrent membranes were noted in four cases, two of which detached spontaneously. Ultrastructural studies were performed on the removed specimens in each case. Myofibroblasts, myoblastic differentiation of retinal pigment epithelial cells and fibrous astrocytes, and new collagen formation were more common than in idiopathic macular pucker in older patients. The clinical and ultrastructural features of juvenile macular pucker reflect more rapidly changing, contractile tissue compared with the usually more quiescent features in series involving older patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in the early diagnosis of vitreoretinal interface syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to estimate if and to what extent scanning laser ophthalmoscopy can help in the early diagnosis and follow-up management of the vitreoretinal interface syndrome, which includes disorders such as cellophane maculopathy, pseudomacular hole, macular pucker, and macular hole. METHODS: The 35 fellow eyes of 35 patients with vitreoretinal interface syndromes in the first eye underwent scanning laser ophthalmoscopy microperimetry and argon, helium-neon, and infrared scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Fellow eyes were defined as clinically positive or negative for vitreoretinal interface syndrome. Fellow eyes then were classified based on scanning laser ophthalmoscopy techniques. Patients were observed for an average of 18 months (range, 10-26 months). RESULTS: Thirty-two of the 35 fellow eyes were classified as clinically negative, and three of the 35 were classified as clinically positive. Fifteen of the 32 clinically negative fellow eyes were redefined as positive on scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. None of the clinically positive eyes proved to be negative on scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. During the average follow-up period (18 months), the condition of five of 18 fellow eyes that were positive on scanning laser ophthalmoscopy worsened. None of the 17 eyes that were negative on scanning laser ophthalmoscopy worsened. CONCLUSION: Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy can produce beautifully clear images of structures that are otherwise difficult to see and document, such as posterior hyaloid and the inner retinal layers. Despite a relatively limited number of cases and the short duration of the follow-up period, the present study suggests that scanning laser ophthalmoscopy has good sensitivity and specificity for the early diagnosis of vitreoretinal interface syndromes.

Eye Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Laryngeal obstruction by heroin packets.

A 28-year-old healthy man collapsed while being arrested by the police for alleged possession of heroin and was found dead on admission to the hospital. Autopsy revealed complete occlusion of the laryngeal opening by a cellophane bag containing 24 packets of heroin powder.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Trauma to the skin causes recurrence of herpes simplex in the mouse.

Mild trauma was induced in the skin of mice latently infected with herpes simplex virus type I by stripping the originally infected ear with cellophane tape. Recurrent herpes simplex developed at this site 2 to 5 days later. It was detected clinically by the development of erythema and vesicles and by the appearance of virus in the skin. On any one occasion about 30% of mice showed reactivated disease and increasing the severity of trauma did not increase this proportion. However the majority of animals developed reactivated disease on some occasions when stripping was repeated at monthly intervals. The results are discussed in relation to the skin trigger theory of reactivation of herpes simplex.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Recurrence of herpes simplex in the mouse requires an intact nerve supply to the skin.

The nerves supplying the pinna of the ear of mice latently infected in the 2nd and 3rd cervical ganglia were sectioned. Immediately after neurotomy, or some days later, the denervated ears were stripped with cellophane tape to induce recurrent disease. The cervical ganglia and skin of the ears were tested for the presence of infectious virus at different times after neurotomy. Nerve section induced a low incidence of reactivation of virus in ganglia. After neurotomy, infectious virus was isolated from the skin very rarely and recurrent disease was not seen.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Production and purification of the gamma haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus 'Smith 5R'.

The gamma haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus 'Smith 5R' was produced on Dolman-Wilson agar overlain with cellophane. Maximal yields of crude lysin with titres of 2000 to 4000 haemolytic units/ml were obtained within 24 h at 37 degrees C in 10% (v/v) CO2 in air, on medium adjusted to pH 7-0. The crude lysin was purified 2700-fold (with 75% recovery) by ultrafiltration, gel filtration and ammonium sulphate fractionation. The specific activity of the lysin was 10(5) haemolytic units/mg protein after the dialysed active precipitate was extracted with NaCl and reprecipitated with ammonium sulphate. Purified gamma lysin was homogeneous by disc electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed2006

A multidrug resistance transporter in Magnaporthe is required for host penetration and for survival during oxidative stress.

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters use energy-dependent efflux action to regulate the intracellular levels of antibiotic or xenobiotic compounds. Using mutational analysis of ABC3, we define an important role for such MDR-based efflux during the host penetration step of Magnaporthe grisea pathogenesis. Mutants lacking ABC3 were completely nonpathogenic but were surprisingly capable of penetrating thin cellophane membranes to some extent. The inability of abc3Delta to penetrate the host surface was most likely a consequence of excessive buildup of peroxide and accumulation of an inhibitory metabolite(s) within the mutant appressoria. Treatment with antioxidants partially suppressed the host penetration defects in the abc3Delta mutant. abc3Delta was highly sensitive to oxidative stress and was unable to survive the host environment and invasive growth conditions. ABC3 transcript levels were redox-regulated, and on host surfaces, the activation of ABC3 occurred during initial stages of blast disease establishment. An Abc3-green fluorescent protein fusion localized to the plasma membrane in early appressoria (and in penetration hyphae) but became predominantly vacuolar during appressorial maturity. We propose that ABC3 function helps Magnaporthe to cope with cytotoxicity and oxidative stress within the appressoria during early stages of infection-related morphogenesis and likely imparts defense against certain antagonistic and xenobiotic conditions encountered during pathogenic development.

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal↗
PubMed1976

Factors affecting human percutaneous penetration of methotrexate and its analogues in vitro.

Factors affecting the percutaneous penetration of methotrexate (MTX) and its analogues through excised human skin were studied. With application of 0.05% MTX solution to the epidermis, 0.07% of the applied dose was recovered in the epidermis and less than 0.005% penetrated completely through the skin. The percent of drug which penetrated remained constant from 0.05% to 2.0% MTX and was also unchanged by increasing incubation temperature from 28 degrees C to 37 degrees C. Cellophane tape stripping of stratum corneum following drug incubation removed essentially all the MTX that had been measured in whole epidermis. Binding of MTX was localized to the outermost layers of the stratum corneum. With removal of the stratum corneum prior to drug incubation, 25% of the applied MTX penetrated through the skin. Various vehicles were tested to determine their effect on MTX percutaneous absorption. Dimethylsulfoxide (80%), dimethylacetamide (25%), or retinoic acid (0.1%) had no effect on penetration. Maximum enhancement of penetration by 25-fold and 143-fold was obtained with retinoic acid (saturated solution in aqueous ethanol) and C-10-methylsulfoxide (2.5%), respectively. The penetration of lipid-soluble derivatives of MTX was also tested. The compound that penetrated best was the dimethyl ester of dichloro-MTX with a 3-fold increase in penetration over MTX.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1991

Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate-induced skin irritation on in vivo percutaneous penetration of four drugs.

The influence of sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritant contact dermatitis on in vivo percutaneous penetration was investigated for four 14C-labeled compounds with diverse physicochemical properties: hydrocortisone (HC), indomethacin (IM), ibuprofen (IB), and acitretin (AC). Hairless guinea pigs were pretreated for 24 h with either 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) to induce irritant contact dermatitis or with water (controls). Twenty-four hours after pretreatment, 450 microliters saturated solutions of HC, IM, IB, or AC in isopropylmyristate were applied to the pretreated skin for 24 h. Systemic absorption was determined by urinary and fecal excretion of compounds. Drug concentrations in stratum corneum (obtained by tape cellophane stripping after decontamination of the application site) and in epidermis/dermis (punch biopsy) were also investigated. Systemic absorption of topically applied drugs (as evaluated by urinary and fecal excretion) in SLS-irritated skin was significantly increased for HC (factor 2.6) followed by IB (1.9 times) and IM (1.6 times) but not increased for AC. However, drug concentrations in the viable epidermis and dermis were 70% lower in SLS-irritated than normal skin for HC, but not different for IB, IM, and AC. Thus, the influence of the state of the skin (irritant dermatitis versus healthy) on percutaneous penetration was different for diverse drugs. The general assumption that percutaneous penetration and drug tissue concentrations were higher in diseased versus healthy skin was not found to be true in our irritated-skin model.

Acitretin↗
PubMed1977

Effects of dermatitis, stripping, and steroids on the morphology of corneocytes. A new bioassay.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of increased or decreased epidermal turnover on the morphology of human corneocytes. The desquamating portion of the stratum corneum was sampled with the detergent scrub technique using Triton X-100. The following parameters were measured: size (surface micron2), shape (regular, irregular), nuclear inclusions, trabeculae, and numerical counts. Specimens were obtained from adult males with allergic contact dermatitis (N=18); with tretinoin-induced dermatitis (N=11); after cellophane stripping (N=11); and after treatment of these conditions with topical steroids (N=40). Data from 250,000 cells were analyzed statistically. The reproducibility of the method is good (r=0.934). Corneocytes from skin of patients with allergic contact dermatitis differed from those of normal skin: they were 15% smaller and of irregular shape with asymmetrical trabeculae; 50% were nucleated and about 3 times as many cells were collected per cm2 skin surface. Tretinoin and stripping produced similar but more pronounced effects. Topical steroids significantly improved all parameters (p less 0.01). Betamethasone-17-dipropionate was more effective than the valerate. This bioassay permits sensitive measurements of corneocyte morphology in conditions with altered epidermal cellular kinetics. It provides a method to evaluate steroid effectiveness.

Adult↗