[Frequency of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in subjects engaged in various public services].
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Antibodies, Bacterial↗
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Results for “COXIELLA BURNETII”
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Detection and persistence of specific IgM antibody to Coxiella burnetii by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a comparison with immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for specific IgM antibody to Coxiella burnetii was compared with the indirect immunofluorescence (FA) test in studies of 130 serum samples from 38 patients with Q fever. The IgM fractions obtained after rate zonal-density gradient ultracentrifugation of 37 serum samples from 12 patients were also studied in a complement fixation test (CF-DG). Specific IgM antibody to C burnetii was detected by all three methods in sera collected two to eight weeks after the onset of symptoms. The longest period for which specific IgM was shown to persist was 17 weeks by ELISA and FA and 10 weeks by CF-DG. The ELISA is performed with a single dilution of convalescent-phase serum and offers advantages over the subjective FA and the technically tedious CF-DG methods. The estimation of C burnetii-specific IgM by ELISA or FA is useful for the confirmation of infection when a rising titer of complement-fixing antibody cannot be demonstrated because acute-phase blood samples are not available.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Sensitivity of Coxiella burnetii peptidoglycan to lysozyme hydrolysis and correlation of sacculus rigidity with peptidoglycan-associated proteins.
The protease-resistant proteins associated with the peptidoglycan (PG) of the phase I small-cell variant Coxiella burnetii were either partially released from the PG by boiling the PG-protein complex (PG-PC) in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing 2-mercaptoethanol and EDTA or totally released by 1 N NaOH hydrolysis at 23 degrees C. An 18,300-dalton protein was released from the PG-PC under reducing conditions, whereas 1 N NaOH treatment extracted PG-associated proteins without apparent dissolution of the PG. Purified PG was composed of muramic acid, glucosamine, glutamic acid, alanine, and meso-diaminopimelic acid in a molar ratio of 0.9:0.9:1.0:1.4:1.0. Lysozyme hydrolysis of cell walls, PG-PC, and purified PG caused an increase in reducing groups which correlated with roughly 60 to 100% digestion of disaccharides. There was no significant decrease in turbidity during lysozyme hydrolysis of cell walls and PG-PC; however, hydrolysis of purified PG caused about 90% decrease in turbidity. Approximately 60% of the meso-diaminopimelic acid groups of PG were not susceptible to dinitrophenylation, thus, demonstrating an apparent contribution of PG-associated proteins, rather than cross-linkage between peptides, to sacculus rigidity of cell wall and PG-PC. This association of PG and protease-resistant covalently bound proteins may be important structural and functional determiners of resistance to both environmental conditions and intracellular digestion of C. burnetii by eucaryotic cells.
Amino Acids↗
Fate of phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii in several macrophage-like tumor cell lines.
Several macrophage-like tumor cell lines of murine origin were exposed to phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii, and the subsequent fate of the parasites was determined by electron and bright-field microscopy. Phase I C. burnetii proliferated within and established a persistent infection of P388D1, J774, and PU-5-IR cell lines but not of WEHI-3 and WEHI-274 cell lines. Phase II C. burnetii, however, entered into and persistently infected all five cell lines. The parasites proliferated within vacuoles. Macrophage cell lines persistently infected with phase I and phase II C. burnetii were maintained for over 200 and 100 days, respectively. Within P388D1 cells, the phase I C. burnetii converted, in part, to phase II; phase II organisms remained in the phase II state. The differential fate of the two rickettsial phases after exposure to the WEHI-3 and WEHI-274 cells may be attributable to surface differences such as lipopolysaccharide content.
Animals↗
Comparison of protein and lipopolysaccharide patterns of several Coxiella burnetii strains in phase I.
Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel gradients in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed at least 18 identical protein bands in eight strains of Coxiella burnetii. By staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 it was possible to visualize clearly at least 40 proteins. The protein pattern showed the greatest variability in the region from 27 to 18.5 kD. Strains S and Priscilla differed from the other strains also in proteins smaller than 18.5 kD. The lipopolysaccharide pattern obtained by the same technique consisted of from 6 to 12 various bands in the region from 23.5 to 11.8 kD. The protein and lipopolysaccharide patterns of four strains isolated from ticks did not significantly differ from those of strains Henzerling and L-35 isolated from men.
Bacterial Proteins↗
[Isolation and identification of Coxiella burnetii from urine of infected sheep].
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Animals↗
Serosurvey of Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy goat herds in Ontario. A comparison of two methods of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Two technical variations of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii were compared in this serosurvey on 20 Ontario dairy goat herds. Both a trichloracetic acid extract and a coctoantigen of purified coxiellas were used to sensitize the microtitration plates. Technical differences related to coating pH, serum dilutions tested and interpretation of results. Results agreed in 98.6% of sera examined, the differing sera were in the low titer borderline range. Only 20% of the herds had seroreactors.
Animals↗
[Is A29, B12 vasculitis caused by the Q fever agent? (Coxiella burnetii)].
The authors describe the first two cases, to their knowledge, of retinal vasculitis, associated with Q fever. The first case was a chronic infection induced by Coxiella burnetii associated with HLA group A29 and B12; in the second case, the phenotype was B12. The authors tried to determine whether this agent could be the "Birdshot chorioretinopathy" promoting factor. Several epidemiologic findings tend to prove that Q fever is not the only cause. On the other hand, its similarity with rickettsia, the fact that it is found in patients with vasculitis, suggest that it could be one of the initial causal factors.
Adult↗
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) investigations in dairy cattle: persistence of antibodies after vaccination.
The immune response and persistence of antibodies were investigated in dairy cattle vaccinated with formalin-inactivated phase (ph) I Coxiella burnetii vaccine agglutinating antibody geometric mean titer (GMT) of 193.2 at 1 month after vaccination compared to a GMT of 2.0 for nonvaccinated calves. The agglutinating antibodies gradually decreased in vaccinated cattle, but the GMT remained approximately 4 times higher than that for the nonvaccinated group for at least 20 months. Results of serotests at 2 months after revaccination indicated a rapid increase in the GMT to 177.0 with agglutinating titers between 1:64 and 1:512.
Agglutination Tests↗
The role of the house fly (Musca domestica L.) in the transmission of Coxiella burnetii.
The flies which are fed a single rickettsia suspension keep their infectivity throughout their life and can contaminate environment as long as that. Under conditions of experiment their life span is 32 days. Coxiella burnetii survives in the faeces of flies as long as 80 days, in the dead flies as long as 90 days.
Animals↗
Use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis to differentiate Coxiella burnetii strains.
Pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis (PFGE) provides a powerful technique for the analysis of bacterial genomic DNA by allowing the resolution of DNA fragments as large as 9000 kilobase pairs (kbp). When isolates of Coxiella burnetii were examined using this method, the restriction enzymes Not I and Sfi I gave the fewest and most easily resolved fragments. Sfi I cuts the genome of the Priscilla isolate of C. burnetii into 15 DNA fragments ranging in size from 320 to 18 kbp, and Not I cuts the DNA of this isolate into 20 fragments from 293 to 10 kbp in size. Analysis of the undigested DNA and summing of the Sfi I restriction fragments both indicate that the C. burnetii DNA contains approximately 1600 kbp, or is about one-third the size of the DNA in Escherichia coli. Comparisons of isolates revealed that the numbers and patterns of DNA fragments observed correlate with proposed strain designations. Because PFGE allows the reproducible separation of restriction endonuclease-digested C. burnetii DNA fragments into precise bands, it greatly facilitates the selection of large DNA fragments for cloning. Bands harvested from the gel can be cloned. Clone banks are invaluable for identifying the location of specific genes and landmarks and providing material for future experiments, including DNA sequencing. Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) cloning vectors can accept fragments as large as 500 kbp. The fragmentation patterns of C. burnetii that we have obtained with infrequent-cutting enzymes are small enough to be cloned into YAC vectors. Using a PFGE selection method means that only small libraries would have to be created and screened. Thus, the results of these experiments also demonstrate the applicability of PFGE for deriving a physical map of C. burnetii chromosomal DNA. Development of such a macrorestriction map will facilitate genetic and molecular studies with C. burnetii.
Coxiella↗
Coxiella burnetii antigens for detection of Q fever antibodies by ELISA in human sera.
Different concentrations of chemically-treated (by potassium periodate oxidation or mild acid hydrolysis) purified phase I Coxiella burnetii (C.b.) corpuscles and natural (untreated) purified phase I and phase II C.b. corpuscles were compared by ELISA for detection of both phase I (directed to antigen 1) and phase II (directed to antigen 2) antibodies in human Q fever convalescent sera. As to the absorbance values the most sensitive was the antigen obtained by mild acid hydrolysis (0.1 mol/l HCl of phase I corpuscles for 30 min at 100 degrees C) followed by phase I corpuscular antigen (treated with 0.01 mol/l potassium periodate for 4 hr at 45 degrees C). The natural phase I (the 3rd egg passage) and phase II (the 162th egg passage) C.b. corpuscles gave lower absorbance with some sera not even distinguishing the 6th egg passage (EP6 or EP3 in phase I) from EP 162 or from negative controls.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Physiology of rickettsiae. VII. Amino acid incorporation by Coxiella burnetii and by infected hosts.
Protein synthesis, in terms of (14)C-labeled amino acid incorporation into a hot trichloroacetic acid fraction, was studied in cell-free preparations of Coxiella burnetii, and in uninfected and Q fever-infected guinea pig and chick embryo hosts. Purified and disrupted suspensions of C. burnetii incorporated (14)C-labeled l-leucine, l-phenylalanine and algal hydrolysate. Livers of infected guinea pigs and chick embryos had a greater incorporation rate at the height of infection than comparable preparations from uninfected animals. As chick embryonic development continued during infection, the rate of incorporation progressively decreased below that of uninfected embryos.
Amino Acids↗
Coxiella burnetii fails to stimulate human neutrophil superoxide anion production.
This study investigated the release of superoxide anion (O2-) as an indicator of the oxidative metabolism of human neutrophils during the phagocytosis of Phase I Coxiella burnetti. Human neutrophils were incubated for 1 hr at 37 degrees C with opsonized or unopsonized viable Phase I Coxiella burnetii (MOI was 100 : 1) and superoxide anion formation was measured by the reduction of ferricytochrome C. The data revealed that during its phagocytosis by human neutrophils, C. burnetii (opsonized or unopsonized) fails to stimulate superoxide anion production. In contrast, the uptake of Staphylococcus aureus or zymosan was accompanied by the release of measurable O2-. This release of O2- was abrogated by the addition of 100 micrograms/ml of superoxide dismutase (SOD). These results suggest that the establishment of C. burnetii within neutrophils, as occurs during persistent infection, may be due to the failure to stimulate the metabolic burst during phagocytosis.
Coxiella↗
Immunohistologic demonstration of Coxiella burnetii in the valves of patients with Q fever endocarditis.
PURPOSE: Cardiac valves that were resected from patients with Q fever endocarditis were examined by immunohistologic methods to correlate the presence of Coxiella burnetii in the valves with the histopathologic, serologic, microbiologic, and clinical findings. PATIENTS: Seventeen patients with serologic and microbiologic or clinical evidence of Q fever endocarditis who presented with cardiac failure secondary to valvular dysfunction and required valve replacement surgery were selected from the clinical records of the Unité des Rickettsies, Marseille, France. METHODS: Clinical data were collected by questionnaire. Serologic characterization was performed by indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing; shell vial cultivation of C burnetii was performed from resected valves and blood when available; and pathologic and immunohistologic testing for localization of C burnetti in resected valves were performed by standard methods using both polyclonal and monoclonal C burnetti antibodies. RESULTS: Demographic and clinical findings were typical of patients with Q fever endocarditis. Pure chronic inflammation or mixtures of acute and chronic inflammation were the most frequent inflammatory patterns present and were associated with fibrin deposition, necrosis, and fibrosis. Well-formed granulomas were not present, but the granulomatous inflammation observed in 6 of these 17 patients was associated with foreign body reactions or with valvular calcifications secondary to preexisting valvular damage and could not be directly attributed to infection. C burnetii were present nearly exclusively in macrophages in sites of inflammation and valvular injury and only in the vegetations. Immunohistologic results confirmed the valve culture results in 10 of 14 cases. CONCLUSION: The pathologic findings in the valves of patients with Q fever endocarditis are nonspecific. The presence of empty or foamy macrophages is suggestive of infection by C burnetii; however, definitive identification rests upon the demonstration of the organism in the tissue by immunohistology. Q fever endocarditis probably results from infection of previously damaged heart valves. The finding of the absence of granulomas in these cases contrasts with the pathologic findings in patients with acute, self-limited Q fever and suggests an aberrant host immune response that permits persistence of the bacterium and chronic, prolonged valvular infection and injury. The pathologic findings and distribution of C burnetii in the damaged valve tissues explain the clinical findings of valve failure and occasional embolic episodes, as well as the frequent ability to isolate C burnetii from the peripheral blood of infected patients. Immunohistology may be a valuable diagnostic tool in places where serology and culture are not available.
Acute Disease↗
IFN-gamma-mediated control of Coxiella burnetii survival in monocytes: the role of cell apoptosis and TNF.
The treatment of infectious diseases caused by intracellular bacteria, such as Q fever, may benefit from cytokines acting on macrophages. Monocytic THP-1 cells were infected with Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of Q fever, and then treated with IFN-gamma. While C. burnetii multiplied in untreated monocytes, IFN-gamma reduced bacterial viability after 24 h of treatment and reached maximum inhibition after 96 h. IFN-gamma also affected the viability of infected cells. Cell death resulted from apoptosis; occurring 24 h after the addition of IFN-gamma, it reached a maximum after 48 h and was followed by necrosis. Reactive oxygen intermediates were not required for C. burnetii killing, since monocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease were microbicidal in response to IFN-gamma. The role of cytokines was also investigated. IFN-gamma elicited a moderate release of IL-1beta in infected monocytes. Moreover, the IL-1 receptor antagonist did not affect C. burnetii survival, suggesting that IL-1beta was not involved in the bacterial killing induced by IFN-gamma. TNF was involved in IFN-gamma-induced killing of C. burnetii and cell death. IFN-gamma induced mRNA expression and sustained secretion of TNF. Neutralizing Abs to TNF as well as Abs directed against TNF receptors I and II, significantly prevented IFN-gamma-dependent killing of C. burnetii and cell death. These results suggest that IFN-gamma promotes the killing of C. burnetii in monocytes through an apoptotic mechanism mediated in part by TNF.
Animals↗
Seroepidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in domestic cats in Japan.
Cats are assumed to be one of the most important reservoirs of causative agent of human Q fever especially in urban areas. There is no evidence of Coxiella burnetii infection in cats in Japan prior to this. Sera from 100 cats, collected in various parts of Japan, were examined for antibody against C. burnetii. Sixteen out of the 100 samples contained antibodies against C. burnetii. The prevalence of the antibody decreased from the northeastern to the southwestern part of Japan. A high prevalence of the antibodies was observed in sera from cats of more than four years of age. It is difficult to deny that cats would be one of the important sources of human Q fever in Japan.
Age Factors↗
Ultrastructural investigations on surface structures involved in Coxiella burnetii phase variation.
By using the cytochemical staining procedure with concanavalin A, horseradish peroxidase, and diaminobenzidine, no surface carbohydrates with terminal alpha-glucosyl or sterically closely related residues could be detected on the cell walls of Coxiella burnetii phases I and II. Using a polycationized ferritin derivative as a cytochemical probe, anionic binding sites were visualized in the electron microscope on cell membranes of C. burnetii phase II, but not on phase I organisms. The sites appeared to be masked in phase I particles. Anionic sites could be demonstrated on phase I organisms after treatment with NaIO4 or dimethyl sulfoxide. A number of different biological properties of C. burnetii phases I and II may depend on the presence or absence of a net negative charge on the surface of the cell walls of these organisms.
Acetone↗