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PubMed2001

[Treatment and prevention of cognitive dysfunction in patients with arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of cerebrolysin].

AIM: To assess therapeutic and prophylactic effect of large-dose cerebrolysin (15 ml/day for 28 days) in hypertensive and atherosclerotic patients with cognitive disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cerebrolysin was given annually (15 ml/day for 28 days) for 2 years to 42 patients in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. The effect was stated by clinical status, neuropsychological and neurophysiological data. RESULTS: In mild disturbances of cognitive functions in patients with arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis courses of cerebrolysin with one-year interval produce stable improvement of subjective status, productivity of memory, attention and thinking which persist for at least a year after the course. The clinical data agree with positive trend in neurophysiological parameters of cognitive component of the response of evoked potentials P-300. CONCLUSION: A course of 28-day annual treatment with cerebrolysin (15 ml/day) of patients with mild defects of cognitive functions stabilizes the process, leads to regression of cognitive disorders predicting vascular dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Associative cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and old age.

This study employed Chapman's matched associative distractor test in order to determine whether an associative dysfunction is unique to the schizophrenias. Schizophrenic and control subjects were administered two matched multiple choice subtests, with only one containing an incorrect associative alternative choice. Only the schizophrenics and the institutionalized elderly made significantly more errors on the associative subtest than on the no-associative subtest. Our results indicate that vulnerability to associative distractors is not a unique pathological response pattern of schizophrenia, and add support to the growing body of knowledge that many of the so-called pathognomonic dysfunctions of schizophrenia can also be found in other groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The relationship between premorbid neuroticism, cognitive dysfunction and persistence of depression: a 1-year follow-up.

In a previous report of patients with unipolar major depressive disorder, we found that deficits in autobiographical memory predicted depression levels over a 7-month interval. This follow-up examined predictors of recovery as defined by a period of 8 weeks with no or minimal symptoms of depression and examined the extra predictor variable, neuroticism. In a sample of 21 patients, episode duration was significantly correlated with high levels of premorbid neuroticism, dysfunctional attitudes and overgeneral autobiographical memories produced in response to emotionally negative cue words. When severity of depression was partialled out, high N score was significantly but independently correlated with each of these cognitive variables. The implication of these attitudinal and information processing biases were explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

(+-)-cis-2-methyl-spiro(1,3-oxathiolane-5,3') quinuclidine (AF102B): a new M1 agonist attenuates cognitive dysfunctions in AF64A-treated rats.

(+-)-cis-2-Methyl-spiro(1,3-oxathiolane-5,3')quinuclidine (AF102B), a new muscarinic agonist of utmost rigidity, exhibits a high selectivity for M1 muscarinic receptors. In rats having a cholinergic hypofunction induced by the intracerebroventricular administration of ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A), AF102B reversed cognitive impairments in a step-through passive avoidance task and in an 8-arm radial maze. AF102B reversed cognitive impairments at significantly lower doses than those needed to induce side-effects. In addition, AF102B exhibited low toxicity. The results suggest that AF102B may prove useful for treatments of cholinergic deficiencies and cognitive impairments, like those reported in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2005

Persistent cognitive dysfunctions in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenic patients: a 3-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive impairment has consistently been considered a central and stable feature in schizophrenia. As this possibility has been far less studied in bipolar disorder, we aimed to prospectively investigate the stability and specificity of cognitive performance in bipolar disorder compared to schizophrenia. METHODS: Fifteen DSM-IV bipolar type I patients and 15 schizophrenic patients were assessed twice with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale over a 3-year follow-up. The cognitive performance of the groups was compared at baseline and 3 years later as a mean with that of 26 healthy volunteers. Endpoint and baseline assessments were also compared for each patient group in order to evaluate the stability of cognitive impairment. RESULTS: At both time points, bipolar and schizophrenic patients showed significant deficits on most of the cognitive tasks compared to healthy subjects. Overall, the cross-sectional cognitive profile was similar for both patient groups. Moreover, after controlling for age and length of illness, the two groups' cognitive function did not differ over time in any test. With the exception of the Stroop color-word interference task, performance at baseline for each test but neither length of illness nor diagnostic category predicted the endpoint performance. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study suggests that cognitive impairment is also mainly stable over time in bipolar I disorder and thus not specific to schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive dysfunction lateralizes with NAA in multiple sclerosis.

Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging to evaluate axonal integrity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Patient status in MS is frequently assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale, which emphasizes ambulation but underestimates the contribution of cognitive factors. Yet, cognitive functions of memory and processing are known to be impaired in MS. We used quantitative MR spectroscopy to determine this relation between cognitive function and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) levels. We find a significant correlation (r = .63, p < .005) for the left periventricular (PV) NAA concentrations with performance on the verbal Selective Reminding Test. Right PVNAA was significantly (p < .02) correlated with the Tower of Hanoi performance, with r = .58.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Role of dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) and dopamine transporter (DAT) polymorphism in cognitive dysfunctions and therapeutic response to atypical antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia.

Molecular components of the dopaminergic system may play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated the relationship of the Ser9Gly (S/G) polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) and the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism of the dopamine transporter (DAT) with therapeutic response to atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) and cognitive functions. No associations were found between the DRD3 and DAT polymorphisms and schizophrenia. The S/S genotype and the S allele were more frequent in the non-responder patients (n = 28) than in the group of responders (n = 47) (cut-off: >20-point improvement in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale). The patients with S/S genotype completed fewer categories and had more perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) compared with the S/G patients. The S/S and S/G patients did not differ in positive and negative symptoms, GAF scores, WCST failure to maintain set, and verbal learning. No differences in symptoms or WCST measures were observed in the patients with different DAT genotypes. These results suggest that the S/S genotype of the DRD3 is associated with worse therapeutic response and more severe executive dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Do subjective memory complaints predict cognitive dysfunction over time? A six-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study.

BACKGROUND: Middle-aged and older people often worry that their perceived diminishing memory function may indicate incipient dementia. OBJECTIVES: The present study addresses questions regarding subjective memory complaints as a predictor of lower performance on cognitive tasks. Also, in participants with subjective memory complaints it was investigated, whether trying to keep mentally active improved memory function. Characteristics of the participants who were and were not interested in an intervention to decrease worries and to improve memory in daily life were determined. METHODS: Data were obtained from a large longitudinal study: the Maastricht Aging Study, involving 557 participants aged 55 to 85 years. Follow-up measurement was performed after 6 years. Outcome variables were simple, complex and general information processing speed and immediate and delayed recall. RESULTS: At baseline, forgetfulness was associated with a slower general information processing and delayed recall. At the six-year follow-up, being forgetful was not associated with a significant change in cognitive performance. Taking steps to remain cognitively active was not a predictor of better performance on cognitive tasks at baseline or at the six-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Being forgetful might be an indicator of slower general information processing speed and delayed recall at baseline but does not predict cognitive change over 6 years in older adults. However, the effects are rather small and cannot directly be generalized to applications in clinical settings. Other factors, such as depression and anxiety might also underlie the cause of the forgetfulness.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia followed up over 5 years, and its longitudinal relationship to the emergence of tardive dyskinesia.

In this study, 51 chronic schizophrenic in-patients were evaluated for a range of demographic, clinical and medication variables, and followed up over five years. There was no significant overall change in cognitive function in this patient group as a whole, suggesting the absence of active disease at this stage of the illness. The only correlate of individual instances of cognitive deterioration over the study period was the emergence of new cases of tardive buccal-lingual-masticatory but not of limb-truncal dyskinesia, and the greater severity of such movement disorder. A positive family history was also identified prospectively as a predictor of the emergence of tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Oral administration of NGF synthesis stimulators recovers reduced brain NGF content in aged rats and cognitive dysfunction in basal-forebrain-lesioned rats.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays an important role in the survival and maintenance of cholinergic neurons in the central neuronal system. Since this factor does not cross the blood-brain barrier and is easily metabolized by peptidases when administered peripherally, it can be used for medical treatment only when directly injected into the brain. We report here that repeated oral administration of the stimulators for the NGF synthesis, idebenone and propentofylline, produced a significant recovery of the reduced NGF content in the frontal and parietal cortices of aged rats. These compounds also improved deficits of performance in water maze, passive avoidance and habituation tasks in basal-forebrain-lesioned rats. These results suggest that the use of the stimulators for the NGF synthesis may provide a therapeutic approach to cholinergic dysfunction.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Cognitive dysfunction in myasthenia gravis.

The performance of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) on selective neuropsychological tests was examined to assess the diagnostic applicability of such examinations. Twenty-seven patients with MG and twenty-seven age, sex, and education-matched controls were given a battery of tests designed to assess cognitive functions. The MG group displayed significantly lower scores on Mini-mental state test and memory tests. The results indicated that MG patients had cognitive impairment. Results are also discussed with respect to the involvement of cholinergic pathways in the central nervous system.

Adult↗