Cognitive changes of migraineurs receiving biofeedback training.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Cognitive Training”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Psychoeducational psychotherapy for schizophrenic patients and their key relatives or care-givers: results of a 2-year follow-up.
Psychoeducational medication management training (PMT), cognitive psychotherapy (CP) and key-person counselling (KC) were carried out in various combinations in this randomized, controlled intervention study of schizophrenic out-patients (according to DSM-III-R). Special design characteristics of the study were a control group consisting of non-specifically treated patients and a 2-year follow-up after completion of treatment in order to evaluate medium-term effects. A total of 132 patients underwent a follow-up examination 2 years after completion of treatment and were evaluated with an intention-to-treat approach. In the second follow-up year, all treatment groups had lower but not significantly different relapse rates compared to the control group. The most intensive treatment (PMT+CP+KC) produces a clinically relevant reduction in rehospitalization rate (a 26% reduction compared to the control group). In comparison with the non-specifically treated control group, whose original effect decreased, at least a medium-term therapeutic effect was recorded in the treatment groups.
Adult↗
The effectiveness of a motion sickness counselling programme.
Unselected volunteers were offered a course of instruction in using the cognitive-behavioural approach to helping individuals tolerate the deleterious effects of different motion environments. In order to evaluate that programme, 11 of the participants volunteered to counsel independently individuals who were prone to motion sickness, using cognitive-behavioural training which included reinforcement by visually induced apparent motion. The subjects were pre- and post-tested by an independent observer using tolerance and motion response as the dependent variables. These test scores were compared to previous data obtained with subjects who had received counselling from an experienced counsellor, or had received no such counselling. The results indicated that the newly trained counsellors' subjects showed significant pre- to post-test tolerance to the motion stimulus, although they did not benefit as much as subjects trained by the experienced counsellor. However, in terms of post-test symptomatology and magnitude estimates of motion sickness, the trainees' subjects exhibited as much benefit as did those of the experienced counsellor. These data are taken as strong support for the feasibility of training counsellors to employ this method of alleviating motion sickness.
Adolescent↗
Exercise and training to optimize functional motor performance in stroke: driving neural reorganization?
Neurorehabilitation is increasingly taking account of scientific findings. Research areas directing stroke rehabilitation are neurophysiology; adaptability to use and activity; biomechanics; skill learning; and exercise science (task, context specificity). Understanding impairments and adaptations enables a reappraisal of interventions-for example, changes in motor control resulting from impairments (decreased descending inputs, reduced motor unit synchronization), secondary soft tissue changes (muscle length and stiffness changes) are adaptations to lesion and disuse. Changes in interventions include increasing emphasis on active exercise and task-specific training, active and passive methods of preserving muscle extensibility. Training has the potential to drive brain reorganization and to optimize functional performance. Research drives the development of training programs, and therapists are relying less on one-to-one, hands-on service delivery, making use of circuit training and group exercise and of technological advances (interactive computerized systems, treadmills) which increase time spent in active practice. Emphasis is on skill training, stressing cognitive engagement and practice, aiming to increase strength, control, skill, endurance, fitness, and social readjustment. Rehabilitation services remain slow to make the changes necessary to upgrade environments, attitudes, and rehabilitation methodologies to those shown to be more scientifically rational and for which there is evidence of effectiveness.
Exercise Therapy↗
Stroke rehabilitation in Europe: what do physiotherapists and occupational therapists actually do?
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Physiotherapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) are key components of stroke rehabilitation. Little is known about their content. This study aimed to define and compare the content of PT and OT for stroke patients between 4 European rehabilitation centers. METHODS: In each center, 15 individual PT and 15 OT sessions of patients fitting predetermined criteria were videotaped. The content was recorded using a list comprising 12 therapeutic categories. A generalized estimating equation model was fitted to the relative frequency of each category resulting in odds ratios. RESULTS: Comparison of PT and OT between centers revealed significant differences for only 2 of the 12 categories: ambulatory exercises and selective movements. Comparison of the 2 therapeutic disciplines on the pooled data of the 4 centers revealed that ambulatory exercises, transfers, exercises, and balance in standing and lying occurred significantly more often in PT sessions. Activities of daily living, domestic activities, leisure activities, and sensory, perceptual training, and cognition occurred significantly more often in OT sessions. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that the content of each therapeutic discipline was consistent between the 4 centers. PT and OT proved to be distinct professions with clear demarcation of roles.
Aged↗
Long-term treatment and management of violent tendencies of men with intellectual disabilities convicted of assault.
Success of anger management treatment with individuals who have intellectual disabilities convicted of assault-related offenses has not been verified. We employed a single case design with repeated measures with 6 such men. Recidivism is reported at least 4.5 years and up to 10 years. Modified anger management training incorporating cognitive restructuring and arousal reduction was employed. Participants showed no uniform reductions in emotional or behavioral systems of anger and aggression. Although several retained significant anger feelings, there were reductions in the extent to which they would act in an aggressive fashion. Five have not re-offended; 1 re-offended within 6 months but not in the subsequent 4 years. Anger management treatment seems effective for men with intellectual disabilities in the community who have committed socially and legally unacceptable acts.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Association among fitness components, anxiety, and confidence following aerobic training in aquarunning.
The relationship of actual and perceived physiological and physical changes, i.e., VO2max, percent body fat, body weight, and perceived fitness change, to changes in anxiety and confidence were investigated. 15 adults volunteered to participate in an 8-wk. exercise program and 15 adults volunteered to be in a nonexercising control group. Physiological and physical measures (VO2max, percent body fat, body weight) were taken at Week 1 (pretest week) and Week 10 (posttest week) of the program. Each subject completed the Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-II prior to and just after the 8-wk. training program. Cognitive and somatic anxiety scores significantly decreased for both groups over the 8-wk. period. Confidence scores did not change for either group. The physiological variable and the physical measures were significantly related to cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, or confidence. It appears that both the aquarunning exercise and quiet rest sessions can be associated with anxiety within 8 wk.
Adult↗
Cases of exceptional language in mental retardation and Down syndrome: explanatory perspectives.
Recent studies of exceptional language development and functioning in mentally retarded people raise questions regarding basic issues in language disorders. These studies are summarised and their implications discussed. Possible reasons for the existence of such cases are examined including language training, general cognitive functioning, working memory, cerebral dominance, and deep-seated variation at brain level.
Cognition↗
Pharmacotherapy practice in a rehabilitation hospital.
A description of a pharmacotherapy practice in a rehabilitation hospital is presented. Patient pharmacotherapy assessments were classified using the pharmaceutical care model as a typology. Pharmacotherapy log-sheets for a 2-year period were reviewed and categorized. The most frequent type of observed medication related problem encountered in the practice was "drug induced medical problem," followed by "duration or dose of medication too great" and "indication without drug therapy." The most serious type was "duration or dose of medication too great." "Drug-food interactions" were not examined during the course of the practice. The particular medications found to be frequently associated with medical problems in the rehabilitation population were those affecting 1) bowel and bladder training, 2) cognitive retraining, and 3) gait and strengthening. Those in the "duration or dose of medication too great" category included ciprofloxacin, histamine-2-antagonists, phenytoin, and benzodiazepines. The report provides additional evidence of the practical use of the theoretical model of pharmaceutical care in the approach to pharmacotherapeutic management of patients.
Cognition Disorders↗
Behavioral treatment of insomnia: the Wilford Hall Insomnia Program.
Persistent insomnia is one of the most common patient complaints reported in primary care settings. This paper reviews the behavioral assessment and treatment approaches for persistent insomnia and reports the results of 42 consecutively treated patients in the Wilford Hall Insomnia Program. Patients were treated in a six-session, multiple-component behavioral group treatment program consisting of sleep restriction, stimulus control, sleep hygiene, relaxation training, and cognitive therapy. In addition, patients were seen for two individual treatment sessions in conjunction with the program and for two individual post-group treatment sessions to assess treatment progress. The results indicated that sleep onset latency was improved by 53%, wake after sleep onset was decreased by 40%, and sleep efficiency was improved by 22%. A detailed description of the behavioral treatment program for insomnia is provided as well as recommendations for practitioners working in primary care settings.
Behavior Therapy↗
[Contribution and limitations of evaluation scales in Parkinson's disease].
Rating scales in Parkinson's disease (PD) are generally reliable but are not widely used in practice. UPDRS is the core assessment of PD, its metrologic properties are well known, and it is simple to use after training. However, cognitive and psychic disorders need complementary approaches. For example, MATTIS seems to be more appropriate in assessing the cognitive deficit and MADRS the depressive symptoms. A patient diary best appreciates motor fluctuations. Activities of daily living rated by the UPDRS allow a global assessment of the patient handicap that may be completed by "the patient's own point of view" through quality of life scales (SF36, PDQ39). For clinical research purposes, time tests and dyskinesia scales following the CAPIT or CAPSIT procedure are required.
Humans↗
[Predictors of long-term institutionalization in patients with Alzheimer's disease: role of caregiver burden].
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The decision of long-term institutionalization of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is based on multiple patients' and caregivers' characteristics. It is very important to find out factors associated with institutionalization for the timely institutionalization, i.e. for the prevention of premature institutionalization. Among those factors, caregiver burden is reportedly one of the most important factors in Europe and North America. However, no studies have been carried out in Japan. In order to address this issue, we studied outcome of patients with AD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Subjects were 211 patients who fulfilled the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association for probable AD. Diagnosis of AD was made through extensive examinations including MRI and PET/SPECT of the brain. The patients included 149 women and 62 men; the mean age was 73.1 +/- 8.0 (SD) years. The Japanese version of Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI), which is a validated tool for assessment of the burden of caregivers for dementia patients, was used to evaluate caregivers' burden through the interview of a principal caregiver by trained nurses. Cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric impairments were assessed with standardized instruments of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Hyogo Activities of Daily Living Scale (HADLS), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), respectively. We annually sent a questionnaire to the caregivers to collect information on the patients' status. It included questions whether and when they died or were institutionalized and whether they had used formal social supports such as home care, day care, and respite care services. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Time to death or institutionalization. RESULTS: One-hundred and fifty subjects were followed for at least one year and 51 of them met either end point. The Cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that the baseline caregiver burden was a significant predictor of the end point even after controlling possible confounders. Among these, the use of day care and home care services during the course were significant protective factors. The baseline cognitive and functional disturbances but not neuropsychiatric manifestations were significantly associated with the end point. CONCLUSIONS: The caregiver burden is a significant predictor for the death or institutionalization of the patients with AD. The caregiver education which decrease the caregiver burden and prompt the usage of the social care services are necessary to protect premature institutionalization.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Functional daytime incontinence: clinical and urodynamic assessment.
Assessment of children with daytime wetting starts with the distinction between 'enuresis diurna' and 'functional incontinence', incontinence being defined as any form of wetting caused by bladder/sphincter dysfunction. Standard history-taking does not allow for a sharp enough distinction: pertinent questions have to be asked about daytime wetting, night-time wetting, micturition, and about urge and reactions to urge. By using urodynamics to expose the pathophysiology behind the patterns of bladder/sphincter dysfunction, these questions were formulated and validated in a series of 156 children, referred with persistent daytime wetting to a programme for cognitive bladder training. With history-taking organized into a simple questionnaire, complemented by urodynamics, four patterns of bladder/sphincter dysfunction emerged: urge syndrome, staccato voiding, fractionated and incomplete voiding, and lazy bladder syndrome. A strong correlation was found between recurrent urinary tract infections and non-neuropathic bladder/sphincter dysfunction, implying that detection and treatment of bladder/sphincter dysfunction is essential in every child with recurrent urinary tract infections, especially in the presence of vesico-ureteral reflux.
Adolescent↗
[Rehabilitation in cerebrovascular stroke--experiences and results of a treatment concept based on modern neurophysiology knowledge].
The modern concept of rehabilitation of patients with stroke is based on new neurophysiological investigations about processes of movements, learning and memory. Therefore the rehabilitation is multidimensional. The complete patterns of symptoms must be considered. The training of cognitive functions has the same importance as the treatment of disorders of movements. The effects of this concept are investigated in 295 patients in accordance with self-activities and ability of walking. The results have been compared with 101 patients without consideration of all gnostic defects. The results of the modern rehabilitation concept were better. Patients with aphasia having similar good results but patients with diminished ability to cooperation having unfavourable prognosis of rehabilitation.
Activities of Daily Living↗
[The influence of perception training and the facilitation of cognition on the relaxation learning using EMG feedback].
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Biofeedback, Psychology↗
[Differences and similarities between hypnosis and autogenic training].
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Autogenic Training↗
A behaviorally-oriented activities therapy for program for adolescents.
A behaviorally-oriented activities therapy program was designed and implemented with adolescents who manifested problems in school, at home, and with peers. Baseline measures for target behaviors were taken within the activities therapy program and, after a behavioral analysis, specific techniques were chosen to remediate problems. Techniques employed included: contingency contracting, assertiveness training, relaxation training, and cognitive restructuring. Evaluation of the effectiveness of each program was performed through daily measurement of the frequency of the occurrence of the target behaviors. Three case studies are presented which are illustrative of the range of programs which can be successfully implemented with this population.
Acting Out↗
Patients' cognitive changes in human relations training.
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Adult↗