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PubMed1991

Effect of temperature on colostrometer readings for estimation of immunoglobulin concentration in bovine colostrum.

Effect of temperature on colostrometer readings for estimation of immunoglobulin concentration in bovine colostrum was investigated. Twenty-five colostrum samples were collected within 24 h postpartum from Holstein cows. Immunoglobulin concentration of colostrum was measured using a colostrometer through 5 degrees C increments from 0 to 40 degrees C. Two technicians measured independently a total of 225 samples. The agreement between technicians' readings was high (r = .98); thus, readings were averaged and used in regression analysis. A final regression model explained 92.5% of the total variation: corrected reading at 20 degrees C = uncorrected reading - 13.2 + .8 x temperature (degrees C). The regression equation was used to develop a conversion chart for practical field use.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Insulin in bovine colostrum and milk: evolution throughout lactation and binding to caseins.

The changes in insulin concentration in bovine milk in the first period of lactation and its association with other milk proteins were studied. Highest concentration was found in the first milking (327 ng/ml). This concentration fell within the first 24 h postpartum to about 50% of its initial value. By d 3, the level was about 25%, and, on d 7, a stable concentration was reached at approximately 46 ng/ml (about 14% of its initial value). This concentration is about 100 times higher than that in serum, which suggests a specific mechanism of transfer from blood to milk. Colostral whey obtained by ultrafiltration or ultracentrifugation contains much less insulin than colostrum. When colostrum or milk was incubated with [125I]insulin and whey and casein fractions were separated by precipitation, it was observed that most insulin remained with the casein. However, when colostrum was incubated with [125I]insulin and subjected to gel filtration, most of the radioactivity corresponded to free insulin, indicating that insulin is associated with the precipitated casein but not with the casein micelles in solution.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Effects of housing and colostrum feeding on the prevalence of selected infectious organisms in feces of Jersey calves.

Neonatal Jersey calves (n = 96) were used to evaluate effects of housing (individual hutches or wooden pens in a barn) and colostrum feeding (calves were separated from the dam and fed 2 L of colostrum in nipple-bottles or allowed to nurse the dam for 3 d) on the prevalence of selected organisms in feces. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria were reduced, and prevalence of rotavirus tended to be reduced, when calves were housed in hutches. Prevalence of coronavirus was unaffected by treatment. Weekly prevalence of Giardia was increased when calves were left to nurse the dam for 3 d. Mean prevalence of Cryptosporidia (wk 1 to 4), Eimeria (wk 4 to 5), Giardia, rotavirus, and coronavirus (wk 1 to 5) were 34.7, 20.6, 27.1, 15.8, and 4.9%, respectively. Escherichia coli (K99 positive) were observed in 3 of 174 samples cultured. Methods of housing and colostrum feeding affected acquisition of enteropathogens in this study.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Composition of colostrum from dairy heifers exposed to high air temperatures during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period.

This study examined the effects of heat stress on composition of colostrum from primiparous cows during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period. Two groups of 6 Holstein heifers were utilized. During the last 3 wk of pregnancy and during the first 36 h after calving, one group was exposed to thermal comfort (temperature-humidity index = 65); the other group was exposed to high air temperatures (temperature-humidity index = 82 from 0900 to 2000 h and temperature-humidity index = 76 from 2100 to 0800 h). Heifers under heat stress had higher rectal temperatures and respiratory rates; lower plasma triiodothyronine and glucose; higher plasma nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate; lower intakes of dry matter, net energy for lactation, and crude protein; higher water intakes; and lower body condition scores. The decline of plasma immunoglobulins (Ig) over the final 2 wk of pregnancy was less pronounced for heifers under heat stress. For the first four milkings, colostrum of cows exposed to high air temperatures had lower mean concentrations of IgG and IgA; lower mean percentages of total protein, casein, lactalbumin, fat, and lactose; lower contents (grams per liter) of short- and medium-chain fatty acids; lower energy; lower titratable acidity; and higher pH. Thus, high air temperatures during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period markedly affected the composition of colostrum from primiparous dairy cows.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMed1997

Effects of replacement of native fat in colostrum and milk with coconut oil on fat-soluble vitamins in serum and immune function in calves.

Fat-soluble vitamins and their metabolites modulate immune function in a variety of animal species. The objective of the present study was to determine the role of fat-soluble vitamins in colostrum and milk in the development of specific aspects of immune function in the calf during the 1st wk postpartum. During this period, control calves (n = 6) were fed normal colostrum and milk, and calves in the treatment group (n = 6) were fed skimmed colostrum and skimmed milk supplemented with coconut oil. Treated calves did not experience the progressive increase in concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, or retinoic acids in serum that was observed in control calves. Acquisition of passive immunity, which is indicated by concentrations of immunoglobulin G1 in serum, was unaffected by treatment. Composition and functional capacities of populations of blood mononuclear leukocytes that were collected from birth to 7 d postpartum were also unaffected by treatment. Major changes in the function and composition of mononuclear leukocyte populations from all calves occurred during the experimental period and were unrelated to the concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins in serum. Populations of blood mononuclear leukocytes from calves were functionally hyporesponsive and compositionally different from populations of blood mononuclear leukocytes from adult nongravid cows. These differences likely reflected the immaturity of the immune system of the neonatal calf and may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the calf to infectious disease.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Effect of heat treatment on the antigen-binding activity of anti-peroxidase immunoglobulins in bovine colostrum.

After intramammary immunization with horseradish peroxidase, bovine colostrum containing anti-peroxidase immunoglobulins (Ig) was obtained. Thermoresistance of the antigen-binding region of these Ig was studied using a direct competitive ELISA. This technique is based on the competition between the anti-peroxidase IgG coated to the plate and the anti-peroxidase IgG contained in the colostrum to bind peroxidase, the antigen, and the enzyme responsible for development of the color of the assay. Thus, the degree of denaturation of the antigen-binding region in the IgG molecule can be determined because this region is directly involved in the assay. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for heat induced denaturation of IgG in colostrum were determined over a temperature range of 69 to 81 degrees C. The denaturation of IgG was best described assuming an apparent reaction order of 1.5. D values, the time required to reduce the antigen-binding activity of IgG by 90%, were 8504, 1387, 285, and 152 s at 69, 72, 77, and 81 degrees C, respectively. Similarly, Z value, the degrees necessary to reduce the D value in one logarithmic cycle, was estimated to be 6.6 degrees C, and the activation energy value was 386.83 kJ/mol. These results should be taken into account in the design of heat treatments of milk in order to preserve the biological function of Ig.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide immunoreactivity in bovine colostrum.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)-associated peptide (GAP) is a 56-amino acid peptide found on the C-terminal of the GnRH (also called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) precursor and is assumed to be co-produced with GnRH. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the presence of GAP immunoreactivity in bovine colostrum. Radioimmunoassay of acidified methanolic extracts demonstrated a concentration of GAP immunoreactivity of approximately 1.5 +/- 0.1 pmol/g dry skim bovine colostrum. Gel filtration (Sephadex G-10) and high-performance liquid chromatography of extracts containing GAP immunoreactivity showed it to be of low molecular weight and a high hydrophobic character. The presence of GAP immunoreactivity in bovine colostrum suggests that the GnRH precursor is synthesized and processed in mammary tissue itself.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

A study of the macro and micro immunoglobulins to Brucella abortus and their transfer from cow to calf via the colostrum.

Samples of adult bovine serum, colostrum, the serum of unsuckled and suckled calves were subjected to gel filtration through Sephadex G 200. All samples (except those of unsuckled calves) contained antibodies to Brucella abortus. Four phases were recorded in normal adult serum corresponding to IgM, IgG, Albumin and a fourth phase of smaller nitrogen-containing molecules. In colostrum phase 2 was relatively large and phase 3 was absent indicating absence of albumin. In the serum of the unsuckled calves phase 2 was absent, indicating a virtual absence of IgG. Agglutinins and Complement fixing antibodies were found in the fractions of both phase 1 and phase 2. Incomplete antibodies occurred only in phase 2, which suggested that they occurred only as 7S molecules. By immunising pregnant heifers shortly before calving with formalin Killed Strain 19 vaccine, it was found that serum IgM may be secreted in colostrum and in this manner transferred to the calf on suckling. It is considered that the immunoglobulins of importance in protecting the young calf from Br. abortus, and also in neutralising Strain 19 vaccination, are of the IgG incomplete (7S) class. These antibodies appear to be less heat-labile than 7S agglutinins.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Bovine colostrum: more than just an immunoglobulin supplier].

The intake of colostrum in newborn calves not only influences the immune status, but also the development of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs, metabolism and endocrine systems. Besides nutrients bioactive substances of colostrum have additionally to be considered. Metabolic and endocrine effects are transient, indications for metabolic and endocrine imprinting by differences in feeding in the first week of life have so far not been found. Nevertheless, changes observed in association with feeding especially of colostrum are considered important for the critical first week of life.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Adsorption in vitro to Escherichia coli of antibodies and other proteins in bovine serum and colostrum and its effects on the production of E. coli agglutinins.

IgGl, IgG2, IgA and IgM from bovine serum and colostrum are adsorbed by Escherichia coli in vitro; lactoferrin is also adsorbed from colostrum and alpha2 macroglobulin from serum. The colostral adsorbed proteins on E. coli appear to reduce formation of agglutinins when the treated bacteria are injected into rabbits and guinea-pigs. Assay of the concentration of proteins dissociated from colostrum-treated cells showed equal amounts of secretory IgA AND IgGl, half that amount of IgG2, and traces of IgM and lactoferrin. Dissociation of proteins from serum-treated E. coli yielded equal amounts of IgGl and IgG2, traces of IgA and an alpha2 macroglobulin, but no IgM.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1975

The role of colostrum in glomerulonephritis of Finnish Landrace lambs: effect of cross-fostering newly born Finnish Landrace and Cheviot lambs.

Newly-born Finnish Landrace and Cheviot lambs were cross-fostered to determine the role of colostrum in the development of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis of the Finnish Landrace breed. Severe glomerulonephritis occurred in four Finnish Landrace lambs reared by their own dams. One of six siblings of affected lambs, all reared by Cheviot foster mothers, developed a milder focal form of the disease. No glomerulonephritis occurred in three Cheviot lambs reared by Finnish Landrace foster mothers whose own naturally reared lambs died of the disease. An artificially reared colostrum-free Finnish Landrace lamb became severely affected, though its naturally reared sibling had no renal disease in sequential biopsies. It is concluded that colostrum has no primary role in the development of the disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Cotinine levels in serum and colostrum of smoking puerperae].

In 50 women (25 smokers and 25 non-smokers), cotinine, a relatively stable metabolite of nicotine, was measured in the 3rd postpartum day in blood serum and colostrum by means of enzyme-enhanced chemiluminescence. Non-smokers had cotinine levels in serum and colostrum below 10 ng/ml. Colostrum cotinine content in smokers amounted to approximately 50% of the respective serum level and both these values were strongly positively correlated (p < 0.0014). Cotinine level in early breast-milk did not correlate significantly with the number of cigarettes smoked daily by a mother. Newborns breast-fed by smoking women are exposed to the tobacco smoke compounds not only by an environmental ("passive") smoking but also by the ingestion of nicotine metabolites present in mother's milk.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Immunoglobulin derived from bovine plasma as a replacement for colostrum in newborn lambs.

Newborn lambs (n = 45) at the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland were fed either 50 grams of commercial lamb milk replacer or 50 grams of commercial colostrum replacer (bovine origin) in 200 ml of water four times during the first 24 hours of life or were given ad libitum access to the ewe. Total plasma protein at 24 hours of age was highest in lambs allowed to suckle the ewe (76.9 g/L). However, by 14 days of age, there were no differences in plasma protein levels among the three treatments. Bovine IgG was measured in lambs fed colostrum replacer and ovine IgG was measured in other lambs. Mean plasma IgG concentrations at 24 hours of age were 0.7 (milk replacer), 18.0 (colostrum replacer), and 26.6 (dam's milk) g/L. Bovine IgG administered orally to newborn lambs was adequately absorbed, and circulating IgG concentrations were sufficiently maintained throughout this study.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Antioxidative properties of lactoferrin from bovine colostrum before and after its lyophilization.

The effect of lactoferrin (LF) derived from native, frozen and lyophilized bovine colostrum on the intensity of free-radical processes in model systems has been investigated. It was shown that LF, not depending on the source of its obtaining, is an efficient iron chelator and decreases intensity of peroxidative processes. It was established, that antioxidative properties of LF from lyophilized colostrum have remained unchanged within 12 months of dry colostrum storage under proper conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Dietary patterns during women pregnancy and lactation and the essential trace elements in colostrums].

To research the relationship between dietary patterns during women pregnancy and lactation, and the five essential trace elements in colostrums. The correlation analysis between results coming from our previously dietary investigation and the data of the trace elements in colostrums. A plenty of meat and eggs intake during mother's pregnancy and lactation could afford sufficient essential micro-nutrient for the development of fetus. It also let colostrums of a parturient contain selenium and zinc in the adequate contents, and iodine, molybdenum in the safe contents. Although a low level of content of copper did not lead up to damage for infants, it must be paid close attention that infants may be in marginal insufficiency of copper intake.

Colostrum↗

PubMed1991

[GGT activity in the blood serum of newborn foals after the absorption of a non-species specific colostrum preparation].

Eight vital, new-born foals were additionally administered a non-species-specific colostrum-substitute via stomach-tube within the first 18 hours of their life. The substitute had been made of cattle-colostrum. These foals as well as a control-group of eight foals constantly had free access to maternal colostrum. Object of measurement was GGT-activity in the blood-serum. The increase of GGT-activity within the first 24 hours after birth was very low in the control-group (up to 25 U/l), and very high in the tested animals (418 +/- 182 U/l). Obviously there is a direct connection between this rise and the absorption of colostral GGT which, compared to the mare is raised to a higher power in the cow.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Expressing and storing colostrum antenatally for use in the newborn period.

Colostrum is universally acknowledged as the perfect first food for infants. Oxytocin is the hormone of both labour and lactation but the literature shows that it does not always induce labour. A review of the custom of expressing antenatally by all women is followed by the maternal and infant medical reasons for expressing and storing colostrum. A suggested regime for expressing and storage of colostrum during pregnancy is included with advice about skin-to-skin contact in the first twenty-four hours to maximise breastmilk output in the long term.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed1991

Lactoferrin levels and unsaturated iron-binding capacity in colostrum of Brazilian women of two socioeconomic levels.

The objective of this study was to compare lactoferrin (LF) levels and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) of colostrum from Brazilian women aged 20-38 years of low (N = 28) and high (N = 15) socioeconomic level. Both groups received a similar amount of supplemental iron (25-65 mg/day) during pregnancy. We also determined the relationship between LF levels and UIBC, and between these components and maternal iron status. Both groups (low and high socioeconomic level) showed adequate and similar mean hematocrit (35.0 +/- 1.3% and 35.9 +/- 1.3%, respectively) and serum ferritin (64 +/- 12 micrograms/l and 57 +/- 12 micrograms/l, respectively) levels. Furthermore, LF levels (5.7 +/- 0.9 mg/ml and 5.5 +/- 0.6 mg/ml) and UIBC (3.8 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml and 3.1 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml) were not significantly different in the two groups of women, nor were they related to maternal hematocrit or serum ferritin. UIBC was significantly (P = 0.009), although weakly positively correlated (r = 0.45) with LF levels, suggesting that other colostrum ligands may contribute substantially to the capacity of colostrum to bind exogenous iron.

Adult↗