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PubMed1999

American ginseng and breast cancer therapeutic agents synergistically inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) purportedly alleviates menopause symptoms because of putative estrogenicity. METHODS: Using a standardized American ginseng (AG) extract in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the objectives were to evaluate the ability of AG to induce the estrogen- regulated gene pS2 by Northern blot analysis, determine the effect on cell growth using the MTT assay, and evaluate the cell cycle effects by flow cytometry. RESULTS: AG and estradiol equivalently induced RNA expression of pS2. AG, in contrast to estradiol, caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation (P < 0.005). AG had no adverse effect on the cell cycle while estradiol significantly increased the proliferative phase (percent S-phase) and decreased the resting phase (G(0)-G(1) phase) (P < 0.005). Concurrent use of AG and breast cancer therapeutic agents resulted in a significant (P < 0.005) suppression of cell growth for most drugs evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro use of AG and breast cancer therapeutics synergistically inhibited cancer cell growth.

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal↗
PubMed1983

Relative carcinogenic activity of various synthetic and natural estrogens in the Syrian hamster kidney.

Both synthetic and natural estrogens have been studied for their ability to induce renal carcinomas in castrated male hamsters after 9.0 months of treatment. Tumor foci were detected in frozen serial sections stained histochemically for estrase activity. Both diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 17 beta-estradiol had equal ability (100%) to induce renal tumors [approximately 20.5 +/- 3 (S.E.) tumor foci] in these animals. Hexestrol induced the same incidence and number of renal carcinoma foci as DES or 17 beta-estradiol. However, alpha -dienestrol and DES 3,4-oxide showed an 86 to 88% incidence of renal tumors in hamsters (approximately 10.8 +/- 3). When equilin and d-equilenin, components of therapeutic conjugated estrogens, were tested, only equilin had a 76% incidence of renal tumor foci (5.5 +/- 0.9). The ability of these stilbene and steroidal estrogens to compete for renal tumor estrogen receptor generally correlated well with their ability to cause renal tumorigenesis in the hamster with one notable exception. Although ethinyl estradiol competed as well as did DES or 17 beta-estradiol for estrogen receptor, had similar ability to induce renal progesterone receptor, and led to similar high serum prolactin levels as either DES or 17 beta-estradiol, it had only weak carcinogenic activity (21%) in the hamster kidney (0.6 +/- 0.5 foci). These data represent the first detailed analysis of the relative carcinogenic activity of different estrogens within a given tumor-inducing system, and based on the carcinogenicity data of hexestrol and alpha-dienestrol presented herein, they suggest that epoxidation of the olefinic double bond and the p-quinone metabolite of DES probably are not involved significantly in its carcinogenic activity. Moreover, the poor carcinogenic activity of ethinyl estradiol in this system, despite strong estrogenicity, suggests that estronic activity alone may not be sufficient to effect renal tumorigenesis in the hamster.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of liver transplantation on circulating levels of estradiol and progesterone in male patients: parallelism with hepatopulmonary syndrome and systemic hyperdynamic circulation improvement.

The correction of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) after liver transplantation (LT) remains controversial. The aims of our study were to: 1) analyze whether LT reverses HPS; 2) note any relationship between HPS and the systemic hemodynamic disturbance; and 3) note changes in circulating sex hormones and the possible association with pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic changes. Systemic hemodynamic parameters, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), sex hormones, and intrapulmonary vasodilatation assessed by contrast transesophageal echocardiography, and gas exchange abnormalities were investigated in 19 patients with advanced cirrhosis prior to and 6 months (176.8+/-30 days) after LT. LT was followed by a marked reduction in cardiac output (6.6+/-1.7 vs 3.5+/-0.5 l/min; p<0.001) and SVR (1039+/-460 vs 1978+/-294 dyn x sec x cm(-5); p<0.005). Before LT, circulating estradiol and progesterone levels were invariably elevated (66+/-22 pg/ml and 1.8+/-1.1 ng/ml, respectively, normal values <31 pg/ml and 0.35 ng/ml, respectively), and dropped after LT (28+/-12 pg/ml p<0.001 and 0.38+/-0.2 ng/ml; p<0.001, respectively). Seventeen of 19 patients had intrapulmonary vasodilatation and increased alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, thereby fulfilling diagnostic criteria for HPS. Patients with HPS presented higher cardiac output (p<0.05), lower SVR (p<0.01), and higher progesterone and estradiol levels than patients without HPS (p<0.05). LT produced normalization of intrapulmonary vasodilatation in all patients. LT normalized hyperdynamic circulation and is a useful therapeutic option in patients with HPS. Normalization of sex hormone levels after LT suggests that they could play a pathogenic role in the development of HPS.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMed1977

The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin and estradiol-17beta on the maintenance of the human corpus luteum of early pregnancy.

The effect of exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and estradiol valerate (EV) on the maintenance of the corpus luteum of early pregnancy, assessed by serial estimations of serum progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), was studied in 35 subjects following therapeutic termination of pregnancy by suction curettage before the tenth week of gestation. Continuous intravenous infusion of 50,000 International Units (I.U.) of HCG for 24 hours following termination of pregnancy delayed the decline of serum HCG levels, and 17-OHP levels were maintained at preoperative levels for the 24 hours of the infusion. Single intramuscular injections of 5,000 or 20,000 I.U. of HCG were ineffective. Administration of 25 mg. of EV intramuscularly immediately following therapeutic termination of pregnancy slightly retarded the decline of serum 17-OHP levels. The same treatment when administered in combination with the intravenous infusion of 50,000 I.U. of HCG completely prevented the ability of HCG to maintain serum levels of 17-OHP. These finding susggest an antagonism between estradiol and HCG in maintenance of the human corpus luteum during early pregnancy.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1996

Persistent suppression of the pituitary-gonadal system in female rats by three-month depot injectable microspheres of leuprorelin acetate.

The serum drug levels and pharmacological effects of leuprorelin acetate (leuprolide acetate) in female rats after subcutaneous (sc) injection of 3-month release injectable and biodegradable microspheres were investigated. After sc injection, the microspheres provided sustained serum drug levels for > 3 months, probably because of continuous release of the drug. As was found for the 1-month depot preparation, a transient initial high peak in serum leuprorelin levels resulting from an initial burst of drug release could not be avoided. Sustained suppression of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol for > 16 weeks was attained by a single injection of the microspheres. An injection of the microspheres suppressed the growth of the ovaries and uterus in a dose-dependent manner; a drug dose of 0.036 mg (corresponding to approximately 1 microgram/kg/day) was insufficient for suppression of uterine growth, and a drug dose of 3.6 mg (corresponding to approximately 100 micrograms/kg/day) provided the strongest growth suppression in both organs. Serum LH, FSH, and estradiol responses in a challenge test indicated that definite pharmacological effects were sustained for at least 16 weeks, as was demonstrated previously in male rats and dogs. Thus, this depot formulation may provide sustained therapeutic effects for 3 or 4 months in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Estradiol receptor in relation to clinical parameters of mammary tumor patients (author's transl)].

Various clinical parameters, as menopausal state of the patients, clinical staging, tumor histology, free interval and survival time are valid for assessment of mammary carcinomas in relation to prognosis and therapeutic regimens. A correlation between receptor status of the tumors and these parameters shows with some exceptions that the percentage of receptor positive tumors is higher in such cases which are representative for a favourable prognosis. Thus the receptor status is an additional marker to evaluating the prognosis of mammary tumor patients. To perform therapeutic regimens it is important that in nearly 67% of all cases repeated receptor investigations in tumor recurrences show the same results as investigations of the corresponding primary tumors do.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1980

Lack of selective killing by steroids in normal and malignant cells.

Using a colony formation assay, the cytotoxic effects of steroids and an anti-steroid on an established human breast tumor line and two human diploid fibroblast strains were studied. Experiments involving 17 a-estradiol, 17 beta-estradiol, dexamethasone, cortisone, dihydrotestosterone, and the anti-estrogen Tamoxifen showed no killing at concentrations below 10(-7)M following a 24-hour exposure to these agents. A maximum of 80% killing was observed at 10(-5)M with dexamethasone in one fibroblast strain and at the same dose of 17 beta-estradiol in the breast tumor line. The extent of killing observed is insufficient to account for many of the clinical remissions observed with steroid therapy. The data also suggest that at therapeutic doses, there is no selective killing of malignant cells by these agents.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

Increased oestradiol level in seminal plasma in infertile men.

Seminal hormonal patterns in fertile and infertile men were investigated. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, testosterone and oestradiol were assessed by radioimmunoassay, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) by bioluminescence assay, on blood and seminal plasma of 23 fertile men and 83 infertile men. For fertile men, mean FSH, LH, testosterone and DHAS concentrations were lower and mean oestradiol was higher in seminal than in blood plasma; prolactin did not differ. For infertile men, mean seminal FSH and LH showed a moderate but significant increase compared with fertile men; testosterone, DHAS and prolactin did not differ but mean seminal oestradiol was significantly increased. Of the infertile men, 53% had seminal oestradiol concentration above the 90th percentile value for fertile men. The meaning of this seminal oestradiol increase is unclear since it is not known whether it is the cause or the consequence of the alteration of spermatogenesis in infertile men. Further studies are required to explore the possible therapeutic implications.

Dehydroepiandrosterone↗
PubMed1985

[Therapeutic indications in male sterility and hypofertility].

The therapeutic indications, even in potentially curable masculine sterility, and in hypofertility, in particular that due to idiopathic oligo-asthenospermia, give irregular and disappointing results, but the absence of a truly efficacious remedy never justifies the prescription of ineffective or harmful medication. The author concludes by emphasising that our therapeutic power is often opportunely assisted by good luck.

Ethinyl Estradiol↗
PubMed2003

17 beta-estradiol alleviates synergistic oxidative stress resulting from folate deprivation and amyloid-beta treatment.

Oxidative stress is thought to be a pivotal factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-beta (Abeta) induces oxidative damage, which is likely to be compounded by deficiencies in endogenous antioxidant capacity. Indeed, folate deprivation, which has been associated with AD, potentiates generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Abeta. We examined whether the antioxidant 17-beta-estradiol could attenuate ROS generation following Abeta treatment in the presence and absence of folate using differentiated SH-SY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Folate-deprivation and Abeta treatment each induced an increase in ROS, and treatment of folate-deprived cultures with Abeta induced a synergistic increase in ROS. 17-beta-estradiol reduced ROS levels in beta-treated, folate-deprived cultures to ROS levels observed in cultures treated with Abeta in the presence of folate, suggesting that this antioxidant was able to prevent the synergistic impact of Abeta and folate deprivation on ROS generation. 17-beta-estradiol also completely prevented neuronal death induced by both Abeta and folate deprivation individually, and reduced neuronal death following Abeta treatment along with folate deprivation. These findings suggest that therapeutic approaches utilizing antioxidants may be particularly important in conditions such as AD, where multiple factors, including compromises in endogenous antioxidants, promote oxidative stress.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1981

Long term therapy with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in isolated gonadotropin deficiency: failure of therapeutic response.

We have evaluated the therapeutic response to exogenous LRH (1 mg, sc, either twice daily or three times daily) in six subjects with isolated gonadotropin deficiency. Four males were treated for 6 months, of whom two showed a transient rise in serum testosterone. However, testosterone levels subsequently remained at pretreatment levels in each of the four subjects during LRH therapy. One of the two female subjects displayed a transient rise in 17 beta-estradiol levels. All four males showed a notable rise in testosterone after hCG, and the one female tested responded to menotropins, while receiving LRH. We propose that the number of quanta of gonadotropins released per day with our therapeutic regimen was inadequate to generate a normal gonadal response.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Activation of estrogen receptor transfected into a receptor-negative breast cancer cell line decreases the metastatic and invasive potential of the cells.

Breast cancers containing estrogen receptors are responsive to antiestrogen treatment and have a better prognosis than estrogen receptor-negative tumors. The loss of estrogen and progesterone receptors appears to be associated with a progression to less-differentiated tumors. We transfected the human estrogen receptor into the estrogen receptor-negative metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in an attempt to restore their sensitivity to antiestrogens. Two stable sublines of MDA-MB-231 cells (HC1 and HE5) expressing functional estrogen receptors were studied for their ability to grow and invade in vitro and to metastasize in athymic nude mice. The number and size of lung metastases developed by these two sublines in ovariectomized nude mice was not markedly altered by tamoxifen but was inhibited 3-fold by estradiol. Estradiol also significantly inhibited in vitro cell proliferation of these sublines and their invasiveness in Matrigel, a reconstituted basement membrane, whereas the antiestrogens 4-hydroxytamoxifen and ICI 164,384 reversed these effects. These results show that estradiol inhibits the metastatic ability of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells following transfection with the estrogen receptor, whereas estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers are stimulated by estrogen, indicating that factors other than the estrogen receptor are involved in progression toward hormone independence. Reactivation or transfer of the estrogen receptor gene can therefore be considered as therapeutic approaches to hormone-independent cancers.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Etiology of serum CA-125 in patients with endometriosis treated with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (Buserelin).

Fifty-six patients with pelvic endometriosis were treated with a buserelin dosage of 200 micrograms/day s.c. for 6 months. Scoring of the American Fertility Society (AFS) for endometriosis was performed by laparoscopy in all cases before and at the end of therapy. Serum CA-125 and estradiol levels were determined before the treatment, and monthly during therapy and follow-up (6 months; respectively). A slight positive correlation was found between serum CA-125 concentrations before treatment and AFS scores for adhesions only. Before treatment, serum CA-125 values also correlated slightly with total AFS scores of patients with adhesions. At the end of the 6-month therapy, no correlation was found between CA-125 concentrations and second-look AFS scores for implants and/or adhesions. Serum CA-125 and estradiol values were closely parallel to each other during and after therapy with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist buserelin. In conclusion, (1) adhesions may play a role in the elevation of serum CA-125 levels in endometriosis, and (2) a significant decrease in serum CA-125 values during the buserelin therapy may result from a rather different mechanism, such as ovarian suppression, other than the therapeutic effect of this agent.

Buserelin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Therapeutic index of taurocholate or tauroursodeoxycholate in experimental drug-induced cholestasis.

The therapeutic index of either taurocholate (TC) or tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) administration in the treatment of drug-induced cholestasis was evaluated in perfused rat liver using a dose-response study. During estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide cholestasis, TC was more effective than TUDC in ameliorating bile flow but showed a low margin of safety since high doses caused additional toxicity. In contrast, TUDC ameliorated cholestasis even at very high doses with no adverse effects. In the model of chlorpromazine cholestasis, TC infusion did not correct but rather aggravated cholestasis, whereas TUDC at nonsaturating doses reversed the cholestasis and only at very high doses caused some toxicity. TUDC shows a good therapeutic index and may be employed with a reasonable margin of safety in the treatment of drug cholestasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Superovulation fails to increase human blastocyst yield after uterine lavage.

Uterine lavage affords the potential for non-invasive human blastocyst recovery, with obvious potential for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. In an effort to duplicate in women the multiple blastocyst recovery per cycle that can be achieved in several other species, we initiated a programme in which fertile women underwent superovulation, followed by lavage and embryo collection. We superovulated 15 fertile women, aged 21-40, in 29 cycles using one of four regimens. Insemination was by either intercourse or artificial intracervical donor insemination with cryopreserved sperm from men of proven fertility. In 28 of 29 cycles, the uterus was lavaged daily for 1, 2, or 3 days between 5 and 10 days after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration or luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Almost total fluid volume was recovered in every lavage. There were no retained pregnancies and no complications. Surprisingly, only two morulae, one blastocyst, and four unfertilized ova were recovered. Thus, alterations in ovulation induction, insemination timing, or lavage techniques must be contemplated in order to increase the blastocyst yield and thus fulfil the potential of uterine lavage for preimplantation diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Retrograde seeding of endometrial epithelial cells by uterine-tubal flushing.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the amount of endometrial epithelial cells in peritoneal fluid (PF) after uterine-tubal flushing (40 mL) throughout the menstrual cycle. DESIGN: We cultured the cell pellet of flush medium present in the peritoneal cavity. SETTING: University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands. PATIENTS: Ninety-two women with various infertility-related factors. INCLUSION CRITERIA: (1) ovulatory cycle, (2) patent tubes, and (3) no adhesions. INTERVENTIONS: None MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The number of developing epithelial cell colonies were counted after 7 days. We started to record the amount of flush medium recovered during the study. RESULTS: The amount of flush medium recovered was positively correlated with the presence of endometriosis (P = 0.017). Endometrial epithelial cells were identified in 85 flush media (92%). The number of epithelial cell colonies varied from 0 to 100 or more and was higher when flushing was performed during the early follicular phase (P less than 0.01). High estradiol-17 beta and progesterone levels in culture medium did not change the number of developing cell colonies. Methylene blue significantly reduced the number of cell colonies (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Uterine-tubal flushing results in varying numbers of endometrial epithelial cells in PF. Methylene blue adversely affects the growth potential of these cells.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1985

Myometrial activity in first trimester human pregnancy after Epostane therapy. Effect of intravenous oxytocin.

The effect on myometrial activity of Epostane, a competitive inhibitor of the 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase enzyme system (3 beta-HSD) has been studied in 20 women awaiting termination of pregnancy. The women were randomly allocated by a double-blind procedure into two groups. In the Epostane-treated group there were significant falls in serum progesterone and oestradiol concentrations after 3 days of treatment. The placebo-treated group showed a small but significant decline in serum progesterone concentration. Insertion of an intrauterine balloon catheter for pressure measurements produced significantly greater uterine activity in the Epostane-treated group. The oxytocin response was variable and there was no significant difference between the two groups. A small rise in the peripheral plasma concentration of a prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite (PGFM) was observed in the placebo group following oxytocin injection. There was a significant inverse correlation between post treatment progesterone values and uterine activity. Epostane appears to sensitize the myometrium to endogenous oxytocics and this probably results from progesterone 'withdrawal'. This effect may prove useful in potentiating the action of exogenous myometrial stimulants, such as prostaglandins, and may have a role in the termination of early pregnancy.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗