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PubMed1996

Interactive effects of thermal environment and energy intake on thyroid hormone metabolism in newborn pigs.

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of 48-hour cold exposure (25 vs. 34 degrees C), starting at 6 h of age, and energy intake on thyroid hormone plasma levels, hepatic 5'-deiodinase activity and nuclear 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) receptors in newborn pigs. In the cold, piglets were fed either a similar milk intake (C piglets) to the piglets at thermal neutrality (TN piglets) or were given an extra amount of milk to compensate for the increased heat production (C+ piglets). Concentrations of plasma thyroxine (T4) decreased steadily over the 48-hour investigation and were affected neither by ambient temperature nor by energy intake. At the end of 48 h, plasma levels of T3 and liver 5'-deiodinase activity were similar in TN and C+ piglets and higher than in C piglets. The numbers of T3 receptors were greater in the liver from C and C+, as well as in skeletal muscle from C, than from TN piglets. Results of the study suggest that plasma T3, liver 5'-deiodinase and liver nuclear T3 receptors of the newborn pig can be regulated by energy intake and ambient temperature.

Aging↗

PubMed1995

Gastric distension, hunger and energy intake after balloon implantation in severe obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interrelationships between satiety feelings, abdominal perception, energy intake and weight loss, related to the presence of an intragastric balloon. DESIGN: Randomized double blind study. SUBJECTS: 20 severely obese subjects, BMI > 40 kg/m2, randomly assigned either to receive an air filled balloon (n = 11) or to have a sham procedure (n = 9). All subjects had dietary counselling to help them follow a relatively low energy diet (60% of individual spontaneous intake). MEASUREMENTS: During biweekly visits, body weight was recorded, visual analogic scales for stomach distension, hunger and feeling of balloon presence were completed. Blood chemistry profiles were monitored once every 4 weeks. RESULTS: In the balloon group, the sensations related to the presence of the balloon and to abdominal distension dramatically increased after insertion, and plateaued during the next 4 weeks. Both feelings of presence and distension decreased thereafter, and after 10 weeks they were not significantly different from those of the sham balloon group. Hunger dramatically decreased to about 30% of initial rating in the first week, but slowly returned to the initial value by the 12th week. Hunger feelings were highly and negatively correlated with feelings of distension. During the same period, the sham balloon group continued to maintain the low energy intake, and did not register any feelings of distension or presence; hunger level did not differ from initial levels throughout the whole study. The energy intake and the rate of weight loss (8-9 kg) was similar in the two groups during the study, and were not correlated with the feelings of distension. CONCLUSION: This study showed that in severely obese subjects submitted to a restrictive diet, an intragastric balloon has a measurable but transient effect on the sensation of epigastric distension and is able to decrease feelings of hunger. Unfortunately, these effects were not associated with a lower energy intake or a higher rate of weight loss than the sham situation. Thus, the present study does not support the interest of such a balloon (500 ml, air filled) in the treatment of severe obesity.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Effect of interaction of gender and energy intake on lean body mass and fat mass gain in infant baboons.

The hypothesis that energy intake influences differently the composition of mass gain during the preweaning period was tested in male and female baboons. Infant baboons were fed either a high (92 kcal/100 g formula) or a low (49 kcal/100 g formula) caloric formula from birth. Body mass, lean body mass and fat mass of each baboon were measured directly at weaning (18 weeks of age). Lean mass and fat mass gained from birth to 18 weeks was estimated by using body composition data from eight newborn baboons. Both energy intake and gender significantly influenced gain of total mass, lean mass and fat mass. There was a significant gender by diet interaction effect on the gain of fat mass. When fed the high caloric formula, males gained 145 g more lean mass than females, but the increase of fat mass was approximately the same. In contrast, on the low caloric formula, males gained 150 g more lean mass than females but 74 g less fat mass than females. These results indicate that fundamental differences in the development of lean mass and fat mass exist between male and female baboons during preweaning life.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Selective underreporting of energy intake in women: magnitude, determinants, and effect of training.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to quantify underreporting of energy intake in Brazilian women; identify underreporting determinants; find out if underreporting was selective and; test if a motivational multimethod training, in combination with providing the subjects some results from the prior recording period, was able to reduce underreporting. DESIGN: Energy intake (EI) was assessed by a 7-day diet record. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated by heart rate monitoring. EI:EE ratio lower than one in subjects who did not lose weight in one month was considered underreporting. Underreporting was correlated with anthropometric, behavioral, and psychological parameters. Food and nutrient consumption was compared between underreporters and non-underreporters. A focus group investigated the main causes of underreporting. Subjects were told that the earlier food records' results were unrealistic and submitted to a motivational training. Then, they were reevaluated for underreporting. SUBJECTS: Subjects were recruited by advertisements for a physical activity program. Thirty-eight healthy women, 13 normal-weight (34%), 13 overweight (34%), and 12 obese (32%), enrolled in the study. Three subjects (2 normal-weight and 1 obese) (8%) withdrew. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Analysis of variance, paired t tests, and simple linear regression. RESULTS: Seventeen women (49%) underreported their EI by 21%. A significant negative correlation was found between social desirability and EI:EE. Undereating, errors in portion sizes estimation and the inconvenience of having to record everything that was eaten seemed to explain underreporting. Mean portion sizes did not differ for underreporters and non-underreporters. Fewer self-reported years of education was correlated with underreporting only among normal-weight women. Training and confrontation with earlier results reduced underreporting rate to 33%, but did not affect macronutrient densities. Applications/conclusions Subjects tended to report their intake in a socially desirable way, by eating or reporting less frequently foods considered unhealthful or fattening, like sweets and fried foods. Inclusion of social desirability score as a covariate in studies that rely on self-reports of food intake may be useful. A motivational training program, developed in such a way that subjects are comfortable reporting intake of foods considered socially undesirable, in combination with confrontation with earlier results of dietary assessment and use of portion size measurement aids, can be used to attenuate underreporting.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Nutritional determinants of the increase in energy intake associated with a high-fat diet.

Two studies were performed to evaluate the short-term effect of a high-fat diet on spontaneous energy intake and the respective contribution of diet composition and energy density of food. Ingestion of high-fat foods was associated with a significant increase in energy intake in the two studies (P less than 0.05). In study 1 this increase was accompanied by a reduction in total weight of food consumed when compared with values obtained under low-fat-diet conditions. Moreover, the occurrence of satiety coincided with a level of carbohydrate intake corresponding to the expected daily carbohydrate oxidation when high-fat foods contained a moderate amount of carbohydrates. In study 2, where the carbohydrate content of high-fat foods was unusually low (less than or equal to 25% of their energy content), carbohydrate intake was lower than usual carbohydrate oxidation. Under the conditions of this study, energy density of foods seemed to play a significant role on the occurrence of satiety.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Dietary variety within food groups: association with energy intake and body fatness in men and women.

BACKGROUND: Short-term experimental studies suggest that dietary variety may influence body fatness but no long-term human studies have been reported. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary variety within food groups influences energy intake and body fatness. DESIGN: Seventy-one healthy men and women (aged 20-80 y), who provided accurate reports of dietary intake and completed a body-composition assessment, were studied. RESULTS: Dietary variety was positively associated with energy intake within each of 10 food groups (r = 0.27-0.56, P < 0.05). In multiple regression analysis with age and sex controlled for, dietary variety of sweets, snacks, condiments, entrées, and carbohydrates (as a group) was positively associated with body fatness (partial r = 0.38, P = 0.001) whereas variety from vegetables was negatively associated (partial r = -0.31, P = 0.01) (R2 = 0.46, P < 0.0001). In separate models, both a variety ratio (variety of vegetables/variety of sweets, snacks, condiments, entrées, and carbohydrates) and percentage dietary fat were significant predictors of body fatness (controlled for age and sex, partial r = -0.39 and 0.31, respectively, P < 0.01). However, dietary fat was no longer significantly associated with body fatness when the variety ratio and dietary fat were included in the same model. CONCLUSIONS: Our data, coupled with those of previous short-term studies, suggest that a high variety of sweets, snacks, condiments, entrées, and carbohydrates coupled with a low variety of vegetables promotes long-term increases in energy intake and body fatness. These findings may help explain the rising prevalence of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Physical inactivity, energy intake, obesity and the risk of rectal cancer in Canada.

We conducted a population-based case-control study of 1,447 incident rectal cancer cases and 3,106 population controls aged 20-76 years to assess the effect of recreational physical activity, energy intake and obesity on rectal cancer risk in 7 of 10 Canadian provinces in 1994-97. After adjustment for the effect of various potential confounding factors, total recreational physical activity in the highest quartile was associated with an odds ratio (OR) for rectal cancer risk of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-1.20) in women and 1.15 (95% CI = 0.88-1.49) in men. Women and men in the highest quartile of caloric intake (> = 56,741 and > = 63,143 kJ/week) had ORs of 1.50 (95% CI = 1.00-2.25) and 1.61 (95% CI = 1.13-2.28), respectively. Total dietary fat intake was not associated with a risk of rectal cancer after adjustment for caloric intake. Obesity (BMI > = 30 kg/m(2)) was associated with an OR of 1.44 (95% CI = 1.06-1.95) for women and 1.78 (95% CI = 1.36-2.34) for men. Men and women with lifetime maximum body mass index (BMI) > = 30 kg/m(2) had respective ORs of 1.70 (95% CI = 1.30-2.23) and 1.26 (95% CI = 0.96-1.66). The greatest increase in rectal cancer risk was observed in men and women with simultaneous high energy intake, high BMI and low physical activity. Our study provides evidence that physical inactivity, high energy intake and obesity are associated with the risk of rectal cancer, and there is a probable synergic effect among the 3 risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

An easy-to-use semiquantitative food record validated for energy intake by using doubly labelled water technique.

BACKGROUND: Estimating dietary intake is important for both epidemiological and clinical studies, but often lacks accuracy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the accuracy and validity of energy intake estimated by an easy-to-use semiquantitative food record (EI(SQFR)) compared to total energy expenditure (TEE) estimated by doubly labelled water technique (EE(DLW)). DESIGN: TEE was measured in 29 nonobese subjects using the doubly labelled water method over a period of 14 days. Within this period, subjects reported their food consumption by a newly developed semiquantitative food record for 4 consecutive days. Energy intake was calculated using the German Food Code and Nutrition Data Base BLS II.3. RESULTS: A good correlation was observed between EI(SQFR) and EE(DLW) (r = 0.685, P < 0.001). The mean difference between EI(SQFR) and EE(DLW) was -1.7+/-2.6 MJ/day (-14+/-21%, P = 0.002). An underestimation of EI(SQFR) <10% was observed in nine subjects (31%), of 10-20% in six subjects (21%), and of >20% in nine subjects (31%). In five subjects (17%), an overestimation of EI(SQFR) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The easy-to-use semiquantitative food record provided good estimates of EI in free-living and nonobese adults without prior detailed verbal instructions. The presented food record has limitations regarding accuracy at the individual level.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Analysis of energy density of food in relation to energy intake regulation in human subjects.

The relationship between energy density (ED) of food and drink consumption ad libitum and energy intake (EI) was analysed. EI was taken as average daily EI over the long term, and as EI during a single meal. Moreover, the distribution of EI over three ED categories was analysed. Average daily EI was related to ED of the food and drinks when ED was strongly influenced by specific macronutrients. When ED was strongly influenced by the weight of water, it was not related to EI. During a meal subjects monitored mainly weight, and to a lesser extent, the energy content of the food ingested. Therefore, covertly manipulated ED of a meal affected EI directly. The impact of ED on EI was modulated by dietary behaviours such as restraint. Overt manipulation of ED for 6 months showed that EI was adjusted to a decreased but not to an increased ED in dietary-unrestrained subjects, and that EI was adjusted to an increased but not to a decreased ED in dietary-restrained subjects. Knowledge of ED was shown to lead to an inverse relationship between portion sizes and ED during a meal. Average daily EI consisted of a distribution of EI over the three different categories of ED, so that obese women ate more of foods with a high ED and less of foods with a low ED compared with normal weight women (and nutritional guidelines). In conclusion, ED affected daily EI by means of macronutrient specific effects. EI from a meal with an unknown ED can become inversely related to EI through learning or conditioning. Therefore, the effect of ED on EI during a single meal observation cannot be extrapolated directly to the 24 h effect on EI. With regard to the treatment of obesity, a conscious decreased consumption of foods high in ED and an increase in consumption of low-ED food is necessary to decrease and subsequently maintain body weight, particularly in subjects with a sedentary lifestyle.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Energy intake, growth, and development in ventilated very-low-birth-weight infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Seventy-one ventilated very-low-birth-weight infants (birth weight, 500 to 1250 g) with (n = 30) and without (n = 41) bronchopulmonary dysplasia were studied to compare their growth achievements and to determine the association between neurodevelopmental outcome, growth, and nutrition. Growth delay was observed in both groups. No association was found between head circumference and percent weight loss, age to full gavage feeds, age to regain birth weight and energy intake at 2 and 4 weeks of life. Fifty percent of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and 37% of the control group had minor and major handicap. Mean duration of assisted ventilation was significantly longer in handicapped infants (21.5 vs 12.5 days; F = 6.49; df = 1,53). No association was found between abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome and weight, length, and head circumference at 12 and 21 months after term. Although mean energy intake per kilogram per day at 2 weeks of life was significantly lower in handicapped infants (344.82 vs 412.86 kJ; F = 7.6; df = 1,53), age to regain birth weight, age to full feeds, percent weight loss, and energy intake at 4, 6, and 8 weeks of life did not differ significantly between normal and handicapped infants. Aggressive nutritional support to promote growth in ventilated very-low-birth-weight infants may not influence the neurodevelopmental outcome.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1990

Oral administration of proteinase inhibitor II from potatoes reduces energy intake in man.

The effect of a proteinase inhibitor extracted from potatoes (POT II) which increases CCK release, on food intake was examined in 11 lean subjects. They received 1.5 g POT II in a high-protein soup vehicle (70 kcal), the soup vehicle alone, or a no-soup control five minutes before being presented with a lunchtime test meal, according to a double-blind, within-subjects design. Consuming the soup alone led to a nonsignificant 3% reduction in energy intake. The addition of 1.5 g POT II to the soup significantly reduced energy intake by a further 17.5%. Premeal ratings of motivation to eat and food preferences did not predict the reduction in energy intake by the proteinase inhibitor. These findings suggest that endogenous CCK may be important in the control of food intake and that proteinase inhibition may have therapeutic potential for reducing food intake.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Human protein requirements: the effect of variations in energy intake within the maintenance range.

Protein requirement studies in man generally avoid deficient dietary energy intakes because they decrease the efficiency of nitrogen utilization, but the opposite effect of excess dietary energy is usually overlooked. Four young men were fed the 1973 FAO/WHO safe level of egg protein (0.57 g/kg) at several levels of dietary energy. The data indicate that a significant proportion of the population may require excess energy intakes to maintain nitrogen balance at this level of dietary protein. Variations in dietary energy ranging from submaintenance to 15 to 20% above estimated maintenance needs altered net egg protein utilization in three subjects by 2 to 4.5 units/kcal per kg body wt.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of a mathematical model for predicting the relationship between protein and energy intakes of low-birth-weight infants and the rate and composition of weight gain.

A model for predicting the relationship between protein and energy intakes of low-birth-weight (LBW) infants and the rate and composition of weight gain is described. It is based on linear multiple regression equations summarizing the rates of weight gain, nitrogen retention, and energy retention of 101 previously studied LBW infants fed protein intakes ranging from 2.25 to 3.9 g.kg-1.d-1 and concomitant energy intakes ranging from 115 to 147 kcal.kg-1.d-1 plus current theory concerning nutrient retention and body composition. To test the validity of the model, three combinations of protein and energy intake predicted by the model to result in specific rates and compositions of weight gain were fed to 44 LBW infants, and the observed rates of weight gain, protein accretion, and fat accretion were compared with the rates predicted by the model. Differences in these and other outcome variables between two of the groups, the intakes of which differed only in energy, also were compared to provide additional insight into the effect of concomitant energy intake on protein utilization. Across groups, actual outcomes correlated closely with predicted outcomes, supporting the validity of the model for the total population. However, outcomes of individual infants deviated as much as 30% from predicted outcomes; the magnitude of the deviation was independent of birth weight, gestational age, or size for gestational age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Body Composition↗

PubMed2003

Energy intake in Swedish adolescents: validation of diet history with doubly labelled water.

OBJECTIVE: To compare habitual energy intake (EI) estimated from diet history (DH) with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured with doubly labelled water (DLW) in adolescents. DESIGN: DH included a detailed questionnaire and an interview. TEE was measured during a 14-day period. Adequate (AR), under- (UR) and over-reporters (OR) were defined from the ratio EI/TEE: AR 0.84-1.16, UR <0.84 and OR >1.16. SETTING: Participants were recruited from grade 9 in a compulsory school in Göteborg, Sweden. All data were collected at school and DLW dosages were distributed at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. SUBJECTS: A total of 35 adolescents (18 boys, 17 girls), 15.7 (0.4) y. RESULTS: EI was 11.0 (3.6) MJ and TEE was 11.4 (2.1) MJ (P=0.42). DH was able to rank EI compared to TEE (Spearman's r=0.59, P< or =0.001). For girls, EI was 18% lower (P=0.0067) and for boys, EI was 7% higher (P=0.26) compared to TEE. The 95% limits of agreement for difference between TEE and EI were -5.6 to 6.5 MJ. In total, 20 subjects were defined as AR (57%), nine as UR (26%) and six as OR (17%). Energy from in-between meals was 33% lower (P=0.0043) in UR girls and 57% higher (P=0.026) in OR boys, compared to adequate reporting girls and boys, respectively. In UR girls, energy-adjusted intake (10 MJ) of specific foods did not differ significantly, fat was lower and carbohydrate and vitamin C were higher compared to AR girls (all P<0.05). OR boys had no significant differences in food and nutrient intake in 10 MJ compared to AR boys. CONCLUSION: The diet history was able to capture EI for the group and to rank subjects. There was a wide individual range in reporting-accuracy related to gender. SPONSORSHIP: The Ingabritt and Arne Lundberg Foundation, The Wilhelm and Martina Lundgren Foundation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Weight gain and energy intake during pregnancy.

The ideal weight gain or energy intake for an individual woman cannot be determined from research studies. Current guidelines for maternal gain, however, combined with individualized assessment and follow-up, can provide the clinician and the pregnant women with a meaningful target and plan for achieving a healthy weight gain. For some women, increased amounts of maternal weight gain may improve fetal growth prenatally and therefore improve fetal health. For other women, high gains, or even gains within the recommended range, may enhance fetal growth to the point where labor complications, operative deliveries, permanent maternal obesity, and other health problems may occur. Balancing the health benefits and risks of maternal weight gain is a challenge that we will continue to face in the future.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Racial differences in correlates of misreporting of energy intake in adolescent females.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of misreporting of energy intake (EI) and its anthropometric, demographic, and psychosocial correlates in a bi-racial cohort of young women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a cross-sectional study of 60 black and 60 white young women, 18 to 21 years old, enrolled in a longitudinal study. Total energy expenditure was assessed using doubly labeled water. Self-reported EI was obtained from 3-day food records. BMI was computed from height and weight. Fat mass was assessed by DXA. Multivariate analyses examined racial differences on the extent of misreporting and its effect on other potential correlates of misreporting. Race-specific step-wise linear regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of BMI, parental education, and drive for thinness on misreporting of EI. RESULTS: More white women tended to under-report EI than black women (22% vs. 13%, p = 0.07). In black women, under-reporting was significantly (p = 0.01) associated with drive for thinness score but was only marginally (p = 0.1) associated with BMI. Each point increase in drive for thinness score was associated with under-reporting by 40 kcal/d. In white women, under-reporting was significantly (p = 0.03) associated with higher parental education by 440 kcal/d and also only marginally (p = 0.09) with BMI. DISCUSSION: This tendency for under-reporting of EI limits the use of self-reported EI in studying energy balance in free-living subjects. Most black and almost all white women in their late teens significantly under-reported their EI, whereas under-reporting was not as evident among lean young black women.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1990

Effects of common illnesses on infants' energy intakes from breast milk and other foods during longitudinal community-based studies in Huascar (Lima), Peru.

To assess the effects of common infections on dietary intake, 131 Peruvian infants were observed longitudinally. Home surveillance for illness symptoms was completed thrice weekly, and food and breast-milk consumption was measured during 1615 full-day observations. Mean (+/- SD) energy intakes on symptom-free days were 557 +/- 128 kcal/d (92.4 +/- 26.5 kcal.kg-1.d-1) for infants aged less than 181 d and 638 +/- 193 kcal/d (77.7 +/- 25.7 kcal.kg-1.d-1) for infants aged greater than 180 d. Statistical models controlling for infant age, season of the year, and individual showed significant 5-6% decreases in total energy intake during diarrhea or fever. There were no changes with illness in the frequency of breast-feeding, total suckling time, or amount of breast-milk energy consumed. By contrast, energy intake from non-breast-milk sources decreased by 20-30% during diarrhea and fever, and the small decrements in total energy consumption during illness were explained entirely by reduced consumption of non-breast-milk foods.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1987

The influence of energy intake and percentage of body fat on the reproductive performance of nonpregnant mares.

Sixty mares in transition from winter anestrus to normal cyclicity were assigned to a 3 x 2 factorial experiment to determine the effect of energy intake and percentage of body fat on the interval to first ovulation. The factors were 1) percentage of body fat--thin (<11.5), good (11.5 to 15), or fat (>15); and 2) energy intake--maintenance (100% of National Research Council (NRC) digestible energy requirement for maintenance) or high energy (150% of NRC digestible energy requirement for maintenance). Percentage of body fat was estimated by ultrasonographic scanning of rump fat thickness. Energy treatments began on April 2 and ended on June 4. Mares were teased daily with a stallion and their ovaries were palpated per rectum daily or every third day. A high energy intake was effective in hastening ovulation for mares in the thin group (P < 0.05) but not for mares in the moderate or fat groups. Mares in the fat group had a shorter (P < 0.05) interval from April 2 to ovulation (26.4 +/- 4.2 d) than those in the good or high energy-thin groups (48.7 +/- 2.8 and 49.1 +/- 4.2 d, respectively). Duration of the initial estrus was shorter (P < 0.05) for mares in the fat group (16.2 +/- 5.7 d) compared with mares in the good group (34.7 +/- 3.9 d) and tended (P<0.12) to be shorter than mares in the high energy-thin group (29.0 +/- 5.7 d).

Journal Article↗