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PubMed1990

Gender differences in facial reactions to facial expressions.

This study explored whether males and females differ in facial muscle reactivity when exposed to facial expressions. The study also examined whether the sex of the stimulus faces differentially influences the response patterns to facial stimuli. Thus, the sex was manipulated in a 2 x 2 factorial design by exposing males and females to slides of angry and happy faces displayed by both sexes. Facial electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured from the corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions. The subjects were also required to rate the stimuli on different dimensions. The results showed that angry faces evoked increased corrugator activity whereas happy faces evoked increased zygomatic activity. As predicted, these effects were more pronounced for females, particularly for the response to happy faces. Interestingly, there were no facial EMG effects for gender of stimulus. It was further found that males and females perceived the stimuli similarly. The results are consistent with previous findings indicating that females are more facially reactive than are males.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Doxorubicin does not spread systemically following a local injection into the eyelids of rabbits.

PURPOSE: An experimental treatment for benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm involves the direct injection of doxorubicin into the eyelids to permanently kill muscle. This study examined the extent of local and systemic spread of doxorubicin after localized injections of low doses into the eyelid and determined the length of time doxorubicin was retained in the eyelid after injection. METHODS: Two mg doxorubicin was injected subcutaneously into the lower eyelids of rabbits. After various time periods, the eyelids were removed and dissected into three separate specimens consisting of skin, subcutaneous connective tissue including orbicularis oculi muscle, or palpebral conjunctiva. Nearby tissues were also collected, including facial muscles and extraocular muscles. Urine, blood, kidney, spleen, heart and liver samples were collected. All tissues were prepared for HPLC determination of doxorubicin concentration. RESULTS: Doxorubicin was detected in all three eyelid specimens for the first 4 days after injection, although by the fourth day the level of doxorubicin was greatly reduced. On and after the seventh day, there was no detectable doxorubicin in the treated eyelid tissues. There were no detectable levels of doxorubicin in the urine or any other body tissue at any of the post-injection intervals examined. There was no long term retention in any of the eyelid tissues examined. CONCLUSIONS: The well described array of serious systemic side effects caused by the use of high systemic doses of doxorubicin as a chemotherapeutic agent made it critical to ascertain how long doxorubicin remained within the injected eyelids, and to determine to what extent and with what time course local injections of chemically intact doxorubicin might spread systemically. The short retention of the active or unmetabolized drug at the injection site is important, since more than one set of injections has been required for satisfactory amelioration of muscle spasms in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm patients. The lack of detectable systemic spread of the drug distant from the local site of injection as well as the lack of long term retention of the locally injected doxorubicin lends support for the safety of doxorubicin administered in this manner to blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm patients.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The effect of facial and trapezius muscle tension on respiratory impedance in asthma.

This study tested two theories about the relationship between voluntary changes in muscle tension and pulmonary function in asthma. Kotses has theorized that decreased facial muscle tension decreases respiratory impedance via a hypothesized vagaltrigeminal reflex, but that muscle tension in other muscle groups has no such effect. Others have suggested that decreased thoracic muscle tension improves pulmonary function. Subjects were 19 volunteer asthmatic adults. They performed 3-minute cycles of deliberate muscle contraction, alternating two each for the shoulder and forehead muscles, followed by dominant forearm contraction. Surface EMG was measured from the frontalis and right trapezius areas. Airway impedance was measured by forced oscillation pneumography. Cardiac interbeat interval and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were measured to assess vagal tone. Frequency dependence of respiratory impedance increased during shoulder tension, giving some support to the theory relating thoracic tension to impairment in pulmonary function. Correlational analyses suggested a negative relationship between changes in cardiac interbeat interval and both frontalis muscle tension and decreased compliance of tissues in the airways. These findings are the opposite of those predicted by the vagal-trigeminal reflex theory.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Comparative data on facial morphology and muscle thickness using ultrasonography.

The purpose of this investigation was to measure the thickness of the masseter, levator labii superioris, and zygomaticus major muscles; to examine the reproducibility of ultrasonographically measured muscle thickness; to evaluate the association between facial and masticatory muscle thickness and vertical facial pattern; and to test whether the variation in muscle thickness is related to the variation in the body mass index (BMI) of different individuals. The thickness of the masseter, levator labii superioris and zygomaticus major muscles was measured bilaterally by ultrasonography in 47 (23 females, 24 males) healthy, fully-dentate young adults who volunteered for the study. The measurements for each individual were performed twice for the masseter muscle: during relaxation and during maximal clenching. Standardized lateral cephalograms of the subjects were traced to determine their facial morphology. The data obtained from the lateral cephalograms were used to divide the subjects into three groups according to their vertical facial pattern: low angle (n = 14), high angle (n = 17) and normal (n = 16). In the low angle group, the mean masseter muscle thickness was 15.20 (+/- 1.90) mm under relaxed conditions and 16.31 (+/- 2.18) mm during maximal clenching. In the high angle group, the respective measurements were 13.29 (+/- 2.52) mm and 14.72 (+/- 2.63) mm. In the vertically normal group, they were 13.56 (+/- 1.95) mm and 14.57 (+/- 1.83) mm. There was no relationship between vertical growth of the face and the thickness of the investigated muscles of facial expression. Masseter muscle thickness was found to be significantly correlated to vertical facial pattern and BMI, showing that individuals with a thick masseter had a vertically shorter facial pattern, whereas the muscles of facial expression showed no relationship with vertical facial pattern.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

EMG in common migraine: changes in absolute and proportional EMG levels during real-life stress.

The absolute and proportional EMG levels of the frontal, temporal, and corrugator muscles of 37 migraine patients and 37 matched controls were recorded during three experimental sessions: adaptation and real-life and experimental stress, both of long duration. Migraine patients did not show significantly different absolute EMG levels but had higher proportional EMG levels of the corrugator muscle than controls in each session. Migraine patients did not have different facial muscle responses to stress, and the two experimental groups reacted similarly to real-life and experimental stress. No relation was found between muscle activity and reported headache within 24 h after real-life stress. Increased EMG activity due to stress does not seem to be a significant cause of headache in common migraine as defined in this study, but rather a response to pain. Migraine patients with headache during stress showed lower muscle tension than patients without headache.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Facial expression and imagery in depression: an electromyographic study.

When subjects are instructed to self-generate happy, sad, and angry imagery, discrete patterns of facial muscle activity can be detected using electromyographic (EMG) procedures. Prior research from this laboratory suggests that depressed subjects show attenuated facial EMG patterns during imagery conditions, particularly during happy imagery. In the present experiment, 12 depressed subjects and 12 matched normals were requested to generate happy and sad imagery, first with the instruction to simply "think" about the imagery, and then to self-regulate the affective state by "reexperiencing the feelings" associated with the imagery. Continuous recordings of facial EMG were obtained from the corrugator, zygomatic major, depressor anguli oris, and mentalis muscle regions. It was hypothesized that (a) these muscle sites would reliably differentiate between happy and sad imagery. (b) the instruction to self-generate the affective feeling state would produce greater EMG differences than the "think" instructions, and (c) the "think" instructions would be a more sensitive indicator of the difference between depressed and nondepressed subjects, especially for happy imagery. All three hypotheses were confirmed. The application of facial electromyography to the assessment of normal and clinical mood states, and the role of facial muscle patterning in the subjective experience of emotion, are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Role of functional interaction between the facial and masticatory muscles in the genesis of synkineses in patients with neuritis of the facial nerve].

The electromyogram of orbicular muscles of the eye and masticatory muscles was studied in 19 patients with facial nerve neuritis and 11 normals. In a maximum contraction of the masticatory muscles, the orbicular muscles of the eye showed an activity equal to about 9% of the maximum amplitude of the orbicular muscles. Similar activity in the paretic muscles was not decreased. The development of secondary synkinesia is postulated.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The origin of intermittent exhalation (A! Ha! Ha!) peculiar to human laugh.

Since Darwin (1872), the origin of the laugh with an intermittent exhalation "A! Ha! Ha!" which is peculiar to human, has been a great question. The author found out that this laugh is caused by the three sets of emotion. Firstly, light surprise or discovery. The ability to estimate "light" is absolutely important, because the amount of the first exhalation "A!" caused by the stimulation is decided by the amount of "surprise" felt by the subject. The ability to estimate the amount of "surprise" to be "light", makes the partial exhalation "A!". Secondly, consciousness of this harmlessness or delight, and thirdly, the following expectation of some safe circumstances. The author proved this theory by electromyography (EMG), photoplethysmography and galvanic skin reaction (GSR). The similarity between the facial EMG distribution pattern of "the beginning of laugh" and "the light surprise" was proved by electromyography about many facial muscles, with special fine electrode which did not disturb any natural facial expression of the subjects. Plethysmography and GSR proved light sympathetic tension and following relaxation when laughing. The author also suggests relationships between human laugh and human history such as the origin of clothing, language, and use of fire, which are specific in human.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Motor responses of muscles supplied by cranial nerves to subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimuli.

The distribution of human corticobulbar motor excitatory and inhibitory output is not fully understood. In particular, it is unclear whether the pattern of innervation is the same for upper and lower facial muscles, and what is the motor cortical area giving rise to such innervation. We used electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients with Parkinson's disease to activate motor tracts at a subcortical level. We examined the excitatory and inhibitory effects of unilateral single STN deep brain stimulation (sSTN-DBS) in 14 patients by taking recordings from facial, cervical and upper limb muscles on both sides. We measured the latency and amplitude of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), and the latency and duration of the silent periods, and compared ipsilateral with contralateral responses and responses obtained in different muscles. Unilateral sSTN-DBS induced strictly contralateral MEPs in the trapezius, deltoid, biceps and thenar muscles. The same stimulus always induced bilateral MEPs in the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, masseter and sternocleidomastoid at a mean latency in the range 6.0-9.1 ms. MEP latencies in the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris were significantly longer than in the masseter and sternocleidomastoid (P < 0.01). A short latency small action potential was recorded in the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi that was likely generated by activation of extraocular muscles. During sustained voluntary muscle contraction, a silent period was recorded at similar onset latency on both sides. This period was significantly shorter in orbicularis oculi than in masseter, and in the ipsilateral side for both muscles (P < 0.01). sSTN-DBS is able to activate the descending projecting fibres in the corticobulbar tract eliciting bilateral MEPs and silent periods in facial and cranial muscles. This suggests that fibres to both ipsi- and contralateral motor nuclei descend together at the level of the STN. These findings are relevant in the discussion of the innervation of upper and lower facial muscles in humans and in the interpretation of previous results obtained with transcranial cortical stimulation.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

On the choice of muscle in the electrophysiological assessment of myasthenia gravis.

We performed repetitive nerve stimulation on 38 adult patients with generalised myasthenia to compare the relative diagnostic yield from deltoid and trapezius. The decrement was consistently greater in deltoid, both before and after maximum voluntary contraction. In 12 patients the test was negative in trapezius but diagnostic in deltoid, whereas the converse occurred in only one. The yield from facial muscles was comparable to that from trapezius while that from hand muscles was very low. Post-tetanic exhaustion often enhanced the decrement but the use of stimulus frequencies greater than 2-3 Hz did not. We conclude that deltoid provides the highest diagnostic yield in myasthenia when doing decremental studies.

Accessory Nerve↗

PubMed2006

[Establishment of composite facial and scalp allograft transplantation model in canine].

OBJECTIVE: To develop an experimental model of composite facial and scalp allograft in canine in order to investigate technical and immunological aspects and functional recovery of facial muscles of this new approach to facial reconstruction. METHODS: (1) Anatomic study: Four mongrel dogs were used for anatomical dissection of the head and neck region and for harvesting flap experiment. (2) Autologous transplantation (group I): Three types composite facial and scalp autologous transplantation were performed in five mongrel dogs. Type I composite tissue flap (group I a n = 2) included bilateral external ear and orbicularis oculi muscle. Type II (group I b n = 1) included single-lateral external ear, orbicularis oculi muscle, external nose upper and lower lip. Type III (group I c n = 2) included single - lateral external ear and orbicularis oculi muscle. (3) Allograft transplantation (group II): In group II a (n = 2), two allograft transplantation were performed with type III composite facial and scalp . In group II b (n = 4), four allograft transplantation were performed with the modified type III composite facial and scalp which included single - lateral external ear, orbicularis oculi muscle and one third of inferior tarsal plate and palpebral conjunctiva. To prevent allograft rejection, Cyclosporin A (CsA) and Methylprednisolone (MP) or Prednisone (PS ) were combined used as immunosuppressive protocol . Dose of CsA was adjusted depending on its blood drug level. Electromyogram (EMG) of orbicularis oculi muscle was carried out at 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 6 months postoperation. RESULTS: (1) The facial anatomic characteristic of dog is similar to that of human being, external carotid artery and external jugular vein afford good blood supply to composite facial and scalp. (2) The dogs in group I c were long-term surviving with leakage of salivary juice. (3) In group II a (n = 2), one dog presented rejection reaction at 28th day postoperation, the reversal of rejection was achieved by increasing the dose of CsA and prednisone and with topical clobetasol for 2 weeks, the dog survived indefinitely( > 309 days). In group II b (n = 4), there were three dogs survived indefinitely ( > 159 days, > 129 days, > 108 days) without complication, EMG showed the function of orbicularis oculi muscle was gradually improving. CONCLUSION: The modified type III composite facial and scalp allograft transplantation model is an ideal model for facial allograft transplantation study.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The qualification of different free muscle transplants to reconstruct mimic function: an experimental study in rabbits.

With the scutuloauricularis muscle, we developed a new model for experimental free transplantation of mimic muscles in the rabbit and studied the qualification of different muscles for free functional grafting into the position of the facial muscle, which is to be replaced. Forty adult female white New Zealand rabbits were distributed to four groups of 10 rabbits each. In group 1, the operative techniques of the new transplantation models were developed in the scutuloauricularis muscle, the pectoralis descendens muscle, and a comparable part of the rectus femoris muscle. In group 2, the scutuloauricularis muscle was transplanted orthotopically with microneurovascular anastomoses on the left side; in group 3, the pectoralis descendens muscle was transplanted into the position of the scutuloauricularis after its removal; and with the animals in group 4, a piece of the rectus femoris muscle was transplanted into the position of the mimic muscle after its removal. In all muscle transplants, the neurovascular supply was reestablished microsurgically by end-to-end anastomoses to the superficial temporal vessels and direct nerve coaptation to the facial nerve branches supplying originally the scutuloauricularis muscle. Nine months after transplantation, force measurements were performed in all transplanted muscles and the scutuloauricularis muscles of the control side. Cross-sections stained for ATPase after alkaline preincubation at pH 10.4 were used for computer-assisted planimetry of the muscle fibers. The orthotopically transplanted scutuloauricularis muscles reached with 2.84 (+/-1.04) N for maximal tetanic tension on the average 87.7 (+/-32.1) percent of that of the control scutuloauricularis muscles, the pectoralis descendens muscles with 4.25 (+/-2.15) N on the average 188.7 (+/-100.7) percent of that of the controls, and the pieces of rectus femoris muscles 6.62 (+/-2.16) N or 185.3 (+/-45.4) percent of that of the controls. All three muscles were identified as fast contracting muscles before and after transplantation. By transplantation, the content of type II muscle fibers changed from 58.2 to 68.0 percent in the scutuloauricularis muscle, from 62.4 to 74.4 percent in the musculus pectoralis descendens, and from 92.5 to 82.8 percent in the rectus femoris muscle. For the first time, an experimental model for free transplantation of mimic muscles was developed and functionally assessed. The most important result of this study was the fact that the double-sized muscle grafts developed twice the force of the control scutuloauricularis muscles, although reinnervated by the original muscle nerve branch. This result underlines the usefulness of overdimensioning during clinical muscle transplantation. It was also shown that parts of big muscles can be grafted with results similar to those experienced with complete smaller muscles.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed2006

Characterization of the facial expression of emotions in schizophrenia patients: preliminary findings with a new electromyography method.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated facial expression of emotions (FEE) in schizophrenia patients, using an improved and highly selective facial electromyography (EMG) method, and we examined the correlation between FEE and psychopathology. METHOD: We compared unmedicated patients with schizophrenia (n = 32) with healthy subjects (n = 21) with regard to the activity of 3 joy-relevant facial muscles (the M.zygomaticus, the M. orbicularis oculi, and the M.levator labii). Emotions were induced by pictures from the International Affective Picture System. We measured previsible muscle activity with a new, highly selective facial EMG. We used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale to evaluate psychopathology. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia showed fewer joy or smile reactions than did control subjects and displayed decreased activity of the M.orbicularis oculi and M.zygomaticus under presentation of positive pictures. Reduced activity of these muscles can be caused by depression. Increased activity of the M. levator labii correlates with positive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that psychopathological syndromes correlate with schizophrenic mimic disturbances. These results can be used to compare various antipsychotics with regard to their influence on mimic disturbances.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Microvascular decompression in hemifacial spasm: intraoperative electrophysiological observations.

Facial muscle responses in patients with hemifacial spasm undergoing microvascular decompression operations were recorded. Two peripheral branches of the facial nerve were stimulated and the electrical responses of muscles innervated by these branches were studied to see how the lateral spread of activity that is known to be present in these patients was affected by decompressing the facial nerve. In some of the patients the hemifacial spasm ceased when the dura mater was opened, in some it ceased when the arachnoid was opened, and in others the spasm persisted until the offending vessel was dissected away from the nerve. The lateral spread of activity elicited by antidromic stimulation of a branch of the facial nerve was less affected by opening of the dura mater or arachnoid: it usually persisted until the blood vessel that had been compressing the facial nerve was removed and reappeared when the vessel that had been compressing the facial nerve was allowed to slip back onto the nerve. This seems to indicate that microvascular decompression of the facial nerve is effective in alleviating hemifacial spasm because it removes the actual cause of the disorder rather than simply causing local injury to the nerve as a result of the procedure.

Electric Stimulation↗

PubMed1982

The musculature of the mystacial vibrissae of the white mouse.

Striated muscles of the mystacial region of the common albino mouse have been described. They were divided into two categories: extrinsic and intrinsic. The four extrinsic muscles (m. levator labii superioris, m. maxillolabialis, m. transversus nasi, m. nasalis) belong to the facial muscles. They originate on the skull and insert into the corium between the mystacial vibrissae. Their contraction moves the whole mystacial region in directions dependent on their origins. Intrinsic (follicular) muscles are associated solely with the vibrissal follicles and have no bony attachment. They were found around follicles alpha, beta, gamma, delta, around all follicles of rows A and B, and around the first six follicles of rows C, D and E. The form of the follicular muscle is a sling connecting two adjacent follicles of the same row. The arc of the sling surrounds the inferior part of the rostral follicle and the two extremities insert to the conical body of the caudal follicle and to the neighbouring corium. They are the protractors of the vibrissae. The inferior parts of the vibrissal follicles of a given row are fixed in a fibrous band which inserts in the anterior part of the muzzle. It is proposed that these bands become stretched during the protraction of vibrissae and contract, by their elasticity, immediately upon the end of the follicular muscles' contraction, executing the fast return of vibrissae to their resting, retracted position.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Startle responses measured in muscles innervated by facial and trigeminal nerves show common modulation.

Electromyographic (EMG) potentials of several head muscles were recorded simultaneously in freely moving rats with chronically implanted electrodes. The startle responses of m. temporalis, m. levator auris, and m. levator labii superior were compared. All muscles showed a parallel decrease in latency and an increase in response elicitability and amplitude with an increase in stimulus intensity. A significant latency difference of about 1 ms existed between m. levator auris and m. temporalis. The shortest latency of the EMG response in m. levator auris was 5.5 ms (110 dB SPL). A common fluctuation in response amplitude and latency was found in simultaneous recordings of muscles innervated by the facial and trigeminal nerve, respectively. This shows a common modulatory input to the startle pathway to the cranial motor nuclei.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dystrophin analysis in the differential diagnosis of autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy of childhood and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

We report 2 patients with childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy. Both patients had slight muscle weakness without enlargement of the calf muscles or involvement of the facial muscles. Their clinical courses are static. Muscle histology revealed characteristic features of muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin was identifiable in the sarcolemma of both patients by immunocytochemical staining with an antidystrophin antibody. At an early age, immunocytochemical analysis with antidystrophin antibody was useful in distinguishing between childhood autosomal recessive and Duchenne muscular dystrophies.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1987

Intracranial stimulation of the trigeminal nerve in man. III. Sensory potentials.

Percutaneous electrical stimulation of the trigeminal root was performed in 18 subjects undergoing surgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia or implantation of electrodes into Meckel's cave for recording of limbic epileptic activity. All subjects had normal trigeminal reflexes and evoked potentials. Sensory action potentials were recorded antidromically from the supraorbital (V1), infraorbital (V2) and mental (V3) nerves. In the awake subject, sensory potentials were usually followed by myogenic artifacts due to direct activation of masticatory muscles or reflex activation of facial muscles. In the anaesthetised and curarised subject, sensory potentials from the three nerves showed 1.4-2.2 ms onset latency, 1.9-2.7 ms peak latency and 17-29 microV amplitude. Sensory conduction velocity was computed at the onset latency (maximum CV) and at the peak latency (peak CV). On average, maximum and peak CV were 52 and 39 m/s for V1, 54 and 42 m/s for V2 and 54 and 44 m/s for V3. There was no apparent difference in CV between subjects with trigeminal neuralgia and those with epilepsy. A significant inverse correlation was found between CV and age, the overall maximum CV declining from 59 m/s (16 years) to 49 m/s (73 years). This range of CV is compatible both with histometric data and previous electrophysiological findings on trigeminal nerve conduction. Intraoperative intracranial stimulation is also proposed as a method of monitoring trigeminal function under general anaesthesia.

Action Potentials↗