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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Behavioral epidemiology of food additives.

Behavioral toxicology in the natural environment can be considered a special branch of epidemiology. Behavioral epidemiology, because it typically relies on complex functional criteria, faces all of the problems of behavior measurement posed by uncontrollable variation, and amplified even further by chemical exposure. Many such issues arose in a study of behavioral responses to artificial food colors in children. Difficulties in employing Applied Behavioral Analysis in such a context run the gamut from selection of retrospective criteria to appropriate statistical models.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[Determination of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids in food additives using high-performance liquid chromatography].

Wide diversity of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids, their ability for isomerization and oxidation under action of a range of physical and chemical factors stimulates the development of modern selective methods for determination of individual compound contents of these substantial micronutrients. It is important to determine separately the geometric cis- and trans-isomers, which exhibit different vitamin and antioxidant activity. Use of high performance liquid chromatography in combination with various methods of sample pre-treatment for this purpose makes possible to determine simultaneously in automatic run the fat-soluble vitamins A, E, D, K and carotenoids as well as their isomers with high sensitivity and selectivity. The adequate estimation of vitamin value of foods and food additives is thus achieved.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1988

Food additives and plant components control growth and aflatoxin production by toxigenic aspergilli: a review.

Growth and aflatoxin production by toxigenic aspergilli are partially or completely inhibited by the undissociated form of acetic, benzoic, citric, lactic, propionic and sorbic acids. Salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium nitrate, at low concentrations, can enhance aflatoxin production. At higher concentrations they become inhibitory, but marked inhibition requires amounts of the salts greater than are commonly used in foods. Phenolic antioxidants, sometimes added to foods to prevent oxidative deterioration, also are inhibitory to toxigenic aspergilli. Other inhibitory agents include certain insecticides, methylxanthines (caffeine and theophyllin), and components of some herbs, spices and other plants.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1992

Testing guidelines for evaluation of the immunotoxic potential of direct food additives.

Immunotoxicity testing is a new addition to the safety assessment guidelines for direct food and color additives. The approaches and philosophy for this area of specialized testing are consistent with the case-by-case strategy applied in the regulatory approval process, which is based on structure-activity relationships, preexisting knowledge, and projected exposure estimates. Specialized testing such as immunotoxicity is not part of the basic testing requirements, but would be applied when indicators are positive. Concepts for immunotoxicity testing have evolved, in part, from research for evaluating various testing methods as well as specific study designs. This research, conducted over the last decade, has focused mainly on the rat as the rodent species of choice. The miniature swine was evaluated as a nonrodent model. Testing is defined by type 1 and type 2 tests, which differ in that type 1 tests are performed on the same animals used in the core study design. Sets of type 1 and type 2 tests, with reference to the indicators, define various testing levels. Retrospective testing, expansion of basic testing (such as histopathology and serum chemistry profiles), and alternative study designs, which include satellite groups for evaluation of the functional capacity of the immune system, can be considered in the evaluation of immunotoxic potential.

Animals↗