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PubMed2026

First molecular detection and partial ORF1 characterization of psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) in domesticated parrots of Northern Vietnam.

Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV), currently classified within the species Circovirus parrot, is an infectious agent in avian species, particularly psittacine birds. PBFDV is the causative agent of psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), leading to feather loss, deformed beaks and nails, immunosuppression, and high mortality. However, there is limited information on PBFDV in Vietnam, particularly in domesticated parrots. This study aims to detect and molecularly characterize PBFDV in psittacine birds in Northern Vietnam. Among the 193 psittacine birds tested by conventional PCR, 48 were PBFDV-positive, corresponding to a positivity rate of 24.87%. Based on partial ORF1 characterization, phylogenetic tree analysis of the ten PBFDV sequences showed that genotype I, which exhibits genetic diversity, is circulating in Vietnam. This study highlights the importance of genomic characterization of PBFDV in domesticated exotic psittacine birds in Vietnam. Together with the recent cases of PBFD in domestic parrots, further surveillance is needed to elucidate the host specificity, transmission, and pathophysiology of PBFDV.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Cloning and chromosomal mapping of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana.

Both cDNA and genomic clones for the nuclear genes encoding chloroplast (cp) (gapA and gapB) and cytosolic (gapC) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from Arabidopsis thaliana have been isolated and characterized. Genomic Southern-blot analyses indicate that there is only one copy of each gapA, gapB and gapC gene in A. thaliana. Comparison of the deduced amino acid (aa) sequences shows that the A and B subunits are highly similar (80% positional aa identity), while there is less similarity between the cp and cytosolic subunits (45% aa identity). These relationships are consistent with the idea that the cp and cytosolic GAPDHs evolved from different lineages, as suggested in our previous study of tobacco GAPDHs [Shih et al., Cell 47 (1986) 73-80]. In addition, the chromosomal locations for the three gap genes were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping; the three gap genes are not closely linked, gapA (55.8 cM) and gapC (0.0 cM) are on chromosome 3, and gapB (51.3 cM) is on chromosome 1.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2026

PRISM-G: an interpretable privacy scoring framework for assessing risk in synthetic human genome data.

MOTIVATION: Synthetic genomic data promises broader data access, but unresolved privacy risks remain a major concern. Existing evaluations often rely on similarity-based metrics that measure proximity between real and synthetic genomes, overlooking additional mechanisms through which genomic information may leak. RESULTS: We introduce PRISM-G, a model-agnostic framework that quantifies privacy exposure in synthetic genomic data across three complementary components: proximity to real genomes in genetic-coordinate space, replay of familial or population-structure patterns, and trait-linked exposure through rare variants and membership-inference signals. These components are normalized and combined through a risk-averse aggregation into a single 0-100 PRISM-G score. By pairing PRISM-G with downstream utility metrics, the framework also enables analysis of privacy-utility trade-offs across generative models. We evaluated PRISM-G on synthetic cohorts generated by a generative adversarial network (GAN), a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), and a logic-based SAT solver (Genomator). Our results show that privacy vulnerabilities arise along different axes across models and marker densities, demonstrating that a single similarity-based metric is insufficient to characterize genomic privacy risk. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The source code of PRISM-G is available at https://github.com/alejocrojo09/prismg.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

Genomic organization of the UGT2b gene cluster on human chromosome 4q13.

The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) comprise a large family of proteins capable of detoxifying a wide variety of both endogenous and exogenous substrates. The primary function of this gene superfamily is to catalyze the glycosylation of substrates such as biogenic amines, steroids, bile acids, phenolic compounds and various other pharmacologically relevant compounds, including numerous carcinogens, toxic environmental pollutants and prescription drugs. This conjugation increases the solubility of these compounds, allowing them to be excreted more readily through hepatic or renal mechanisms. This paper describes the genomic characterization and chromosomal localization of three UGT2B genes which together comprise part of a large cluster of related sequences, including pseudogenes found on human chromosome 4q13. A genomic map spanning approximately 500-1000 kb of this region reveals the presence of three previously described UGT2B genes, at least two previously uncharacterized pseudogenes and a significant number of remnant gene fragments and places UGT2B4 between UGT2B7 and UGT2B15. Additionally, access to a large reference DNA bank allowed us to calculate allele frequencies for two UGT2B SNPs: D85R in UGT2B15 and Q458D in UGT2B4 amongst 803 unrelated individuals representing five ethnic populations. The data presented here suggest a recent evolutionary history of gene duplication, mutation and rearrangement. Furthermore, they suggest that a re-evaluation of the current description of the UGT2B gene family with respect to the number of specific genes, degree of allelic diversity and molecular evolution may be necessary.

Biological Evolution↗

PubMed2000

Complete genomic organization and promoter analysis of the round-spotted pufferfish JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 genes.

We have previously reported the isolation of the JAK1 gene from the round-spotted pufferfish. In the present study, we cloned and characterized genomic sequences encoding pufferfish JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2, which are other members of JAK family. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the existence of four JAK genes in fish. All pufferfish JAK genes except JAK1 are composed of 24 exons; JAK1 has an additional exon. A comparison of the exon-intron organization of these genes revealed that the splice sites of JAK genes are nearly identical. In addition, all pufferfish JAK genes have one intron in the 5' untranslated region. Taken together, these data suggest that the pufferfish JAK genes may have evolved from a common ancestor. By 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends and sequence analysis, we deduced the promoter regions for all JAK genes and found they do not contain typical TATA or CCAAT boxes but rather numerous other potential binding sites for transcription factors. Interestingly, the TYK2 gene is linked to CDC37 in a head-to-tail manner with a small intergenic region of 292 bp. Within this region, there are two potential binding sites for transcriptional factors such as c-Myb and NF-IL6. The putative promoter regions of all JAK genes were tested either in a carp CF cell line or in zebrafish embryos using CAT or lacZ as reporter genes. Both assays confirmed the transcriptional activities of these promoters in vitro and in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Identification of RAPD markers linked to A and B genome sequences in Musa L.

Plantains and bananas (Musa spp. sect. eumusa) originated from intra- and interspecific hybridization between two wild diploid species, M. acuminata Colla. and M. balbisiana Colla., which contributed the A and B genomes, respectively. Polyploidy and hybridization have given rise to a number of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid clones with different permutations of the A and B genomes. Thus, dessert and highland bananas are classified mainly as AAA, plantains are AAB, and cooking bananas are ABB. Classification of Musa into genomic groups has been based on morphological characteristics. This study aimed to identify RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers for the A and B genomes. Eighty 10-mer Operon primers were used to amplify DNA from M. acuminata subsp. burmannicoides clone 'Calcutta 4' (AA genomes) and M. balbisiana clone 'Honduras' (BB genomes). Three primers (A17, A18, and D10) that produced unique genome-specific fragments in the two species were identified. These primers were tested in a sample of 40 genotypes representing various genome combinations. The RAPD markers were able to elucidate the genome composition of all the genotypes. The results showed that RAPD analysis can provide a quick and reliable system for genome identification in Musa that could facilitate genome characterization and manipulations in breeding lines.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Cloning and characterization of murine Aqp5: evidence for a conserved aquaporin gene cluster.

Aquaporin 5 (Aqp5), a member of the aquaporin family of membrane water channels, is thought to modulate the osmolality of fluids in the eye, lung, and salivary gland. Here, we report the cloning and genomic characterization of murine Aqp5 and its expression in relevant mouse tissues. This gene, comprised of four exons encoding 265 amino acids (121, 55, 28, and 61 amino acids respectively), is transcribed into an approximate 1.8-kb mRNA detected in lung, parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal tissues. Aqp5 encodes a protein that is 98% identical to rat Aqp5. An Aqp5 antibody detects an approximately 27-kDa protein band in mouse lung, and an additional 29 kDa band in salivary gland. Cloning and physical mapping genomic fragments contiguous with Aqp5 revealed two other members of the aquaporin family: Aqp2 and Aqp6, arrayed head to tail in the order Aqp2-Aqp5-Aqp6, and provides evidence of a gene cluster conserved in order and orientation in both mice and humans.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Metaphase and array comparative genomic hybridization: unique copy number changes and gene amplification of medulloblastomas in South America.

Tumors of the central nervous system are the second most frequent malignancy of childhood, accounting for the majority of cancer-related deaths in this age group. Among these tumors, medulloblastomas (MB) remain in need of further genomic characterization toward understanding of pathogenesis and outcome predictors. Eight pediatric embryonal brain tumors were analyzed: five MB (one being desmoplastic), one PNET, one medulloepithelioma, and one ependymoblastoma. Analyses identified genomic imbalances, including the gain of 16p and the nonsyntenic coamplification of MYCN and TERT loci. More detailed FISH analysis showed that coamplification of MYCN and TERT in one of the MBs manifested as dispersed nuclear speckling, consistent with the presence of double minute chromosomes. There was considerable cell-to-cell copy number heterogeneity present, but it was clear that both genes were amplified concordantly. The amplification of oncogenes seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of MB, and the association between MYCN and TERT amplifications and poor prognosis has not been well recognized. The uncharacteristic pattern of genomic imbalances detected in MB tumors may be a reflection of the characteristics of these tumors occurring in South America.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Expression pattern of the Brachyury and Tbx2 homologues from the sponge Suberites domuncula.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: T-box transcription factors are a large family of transcriptional regulators involved in many aspects of embryonic development. In a previous report, we described the isolation and genomic characterization of two T-box genes from the siliceous sponge Suberites domuncula: a Brachyury homologue, Sd-Bra, and a Tbx2 homologue, Sd-Tbx2. Elucidation of the genomic structure of Sd-Bra allowed us to demonstrate the existence of two different isoforms, resulting from alternative splicing. Moreover, we demonstrated that the shorter isoform exists in two different glycosylation states. RESULTS: In the present study, we demonstrate a differential subcellular localization of the three Sd-Bra isoforms, suggesting that its differential nuclear import could be an important mechanism for its functional regulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Sd-Tbx2 exists only in one isoform, which is mainly localized in the nucleus. The pattern of expression of Sd-Bra and Sd-Tbx2 genes is analysed in sponge tissue, in gemmules and in cultured cells. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a conserved role for Sd-Bra in the control of morphogenetic movements through the regulation of cell-adhesion properties and the involvement of Sd-Tbx2 in the determination of cell identity in the early stages of differentiation, reminiscent of the function of Tbx2-3-4-5 in vertebrates during limb specification. Also, the fact that a Brachyury and a Tbx2 homologue exist in S. domuncula suggests that the first divergence from the ancestral Brachyury-like gene might be a Tbx2-like gene and not a Tbrain-like gene as had been previously suggested.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed2005

Survey of a cDNA library from the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

Genome characterization and analysis is an imperative step in identifying and selectively breeding for improved traits of agriculturally important species. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) represent a transcribed portion of the genome and are an effective way to identify genes within a species. Downstream applications of EST projects include DNA microarray construction and interspecies comparisons. In this study, 694 ESTs were sequenced and analyzed from a library derived from a 24-day-old turkey embryo. The 437 unique sequences identified were divided into 76 assembled contigs and 361 singletons. The majority of significant comparative matches occurred between the turkey sequences and sequences reported from the chicken. Whole genome sequence from the chicken was used to identify potential exon-intron boundaries for selected turkey clones and intron-amplifying primers were developed for sequence analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery. Identified SNPs were genotyped for linkage analysis on two turkey reference populations. This study significantly increases the number of EST sequences available for the turkey.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Genomic array and expression analysis of frequent high-level amplifications in adenocarcinomas of the gastro-esophageal junction.

Adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) show frequent high-level amplifications (HLA), but the underlying genes are not well defined. We have characterized genomic gain in 14 GEJ carcinomas by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). The most frequent gains and amplifications were detected at 7q (57%), 8q (57%), 17q (64%), and 20q (79%), with minimally amplified regions at 7q21.1, 8q24.2, 17q12, and 20q13.2. Five HLA were detected on 7q, one on 8q, two on 17q, and three on 20q. HLA of 8q24 and 17q12 were related to MYC and ERBB2, respectively. The HLA on 7q21 was associated recurrently with ABCB1, whereas the amplified region on 20q13 implicated ZNF217, BCAS1, and CYP24. RNA expression analysis of 11 adenocarcinomas by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed for cancer-related genes residing at 7q21 (ABCB1, ABCB4, CDK6, HGF, DMTF1, SRI, TP53AP1) and 20q13 (ZNF217, BCAS1, CYP24, TNFRSF6B). The most frequently upregulated gene on 7q21 was HGF (45%), but there was no association with genomic amplification. The most frequently overexpressed gene at 20q13 was BCAS1 (27%), which was related to HLA of this region (P = 0.006) in all three cases. We conclude that HLA occur often in GEJ adenocarcinomas. The gene responsible for the HLA of 7q21 requires further investigation, whereas BCAS1 is a good candidate for the frequent amplification of 20q13.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2026

Molecular characterization of pESI-like megaplasmids in Salmonella Infantis from poultry in Lebanon.

UNLABELLED: Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis has emerged as a globally disseminated multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen, largely driven by the spread of the plasmid of emerging Salmonella Infantis (pESI)-like megaplasmid. In our study, we investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes, and genomic features of S. Infantis isolates collected from poultry farms in Lebanon. A total of 72 isolates were recovered during a nationwide surveillance effort, among which 67 (93%) were MDR based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (disk diffusion and broth microdilution) results, including resistance to critically important agents such as quinolones, and highly important classes such as tetracyclines and sulfonamides. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 19 isolates selected through a stratified approach to encompass all identified AMR phenotypes; this analysis revealed a conserved pESI-like backbone together with MDR-associated determinants, including sul1, tet(A), and aadA. Plasmid marker analysis confirmed the presence of pESI in the majority of isolates, with plasmid-associated genes (ardA and trbA) and replicon markers (IncP and IncFIB(pN55391)) among the most prevalent. Comparative plasmid alignments with representative pESI sequences from Italy, Turkey, and the United States revealed strong conservation of the backbone alongside regional variation in AMR gene content. These findings highlight the role of poultry production systems in Lebanon as reservoirs for pESI-like megaplasmids and MDR S. Infantis, underscoring the zoonotic and public health risks posed at the human-animal-environment interface. Strengthened surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and biosecurity interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the spread of MDR S. Infantis within agriculture and beyond. IMPORTANCE: The emergence of plasmid of emerging Salmonella Infantis (pESI)-like megaplasmids has transformed Salmonella Infantis into a globally distributed multidrug-resistant (MDR) clone with the capacity to persist in livestock and disseminate resistance genes across ecological boundaries. Our study provides the first genomic characterization of pESI-positive S. Infantis from poultry farms in Lebanon, a region with high antimicrobial usage and limited stewardship frameworks. By integrating phenotypic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing, we demonstrate that Lebanese isolates harbor conserved pESI-like backbone markers together with antimicrobial resistance determinants, aligning them with internationally circulating lineages. Comparative analysis with isolates from Italy, Turkey, and the United States highlights both the evolutionary stability and geographic diversity of pESI. These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated surveillance and stewardship strategies to curb the spread of MDR S. Infantis and reduce the zoonotic risk at the human-animal-environment interface.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Landscape of acquired resistance alterations in gastrointestinal malignancies after genomically targeted therapy.

BACKGROUND: Targeted therapies directed at specific genomic alterations have transformed the management of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers; however, acquired resistance remains inevitable. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis via liquid biopsy provides a non-invasive approach to characterize genomic mechanisms of resistance. We therefore evaluated patterns of acquired genomic resistance in patients with GI cancers treated with targeted therapies. METHODS: Patients with GI cancers treated with standard of care or investigational therapies targeting EGFR, HER2, FGFR, MET, KRAS, BRAF for at least 60 days who underwent both baseline comprehensive genomic profiling and post-progression ctDNA sequencing were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Of 106 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 45 had biliary tract cancer (BTC), 42 colorectal cancer (CRC), and 19 other GI malignancies. At least one putative resistance-associated alteration was detected in ctDNA in 53% of cases. Resistance patterns were heterogeneous with 47% showing no detectable alterations and 33% harboring ≥2 resistance alterations. Among 164 total alterations, the majority were single nucleotide variants (82%), followed by amplifications (17%). Overall, 48% were classified as 'bypass' alterations-activating alternative oncogenic pathways, most commonly MAPK signaling-while 52% were 'on-target' alterations involving secondary changes within the drug target. RAS alterations represented a key mechanism of bypass resistance, accounting for 28% of all resistance alterations. Interestingly, in CRC, bypass alterations predominated (69%), whereas in BTCs, on-target alterations were more frequent (61%). CONCLUSIONS: Liquid biopsies frequently identify acquired resistance following targeted therapy across GI cancers, often revealing multiple concurrent alterations. Patterns of resistance varied by tumor type, with both on-target and bypass mechanisms observed. These findings highlight common themes of resistance and support the growing clinical role of ctDNA analysis in defining resistance and guiding management in GI malignancies.

Gastrointestinal malignancies↗

PubMed2026

Characterization of a Novel BTD Hypomorphic Variant in a Patient with Complex Neurodevelopmental Delay: Resolving Actionable Metabolic Vulnerabilities Beyond Borderline Plasma Biochemistry.

Plasma biochemistry often presents significant limitations in diagnosing borderline metabolic disorders, particularly within complex neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Here, we present the clinical genomic evaluation of a six-year patient presenting with early-onset hypotonia and severe gastrointestinal complications whose newborn screening panel did not evaluate biotinidase (BTD) activity. While initial baseline plasma biochemistry yielded borderline residual BTD function (46% of the population mean), targeted sequencing identified a novel, compound heterozygous hypomorphic variant (p.Thr459Met) in trans with the common p.Asp424His allele. In vitro functional validation confirmed that p.Thr459Met induces severe protein misfolding and intracellular retention, impairing enzyme secretion. Biotin supplementation triggered a documented and favorable therapeutic improvement, establishing this borderline enzymatic background as an actionable metabolic vulnerability unmasked by chronic gastrointestinal stressors. This study underscores the critical value of functional genomic characterization over static enzymatic biomarkers to identify highly treatable metabolic components within heterogeneous clinical landscapes.

Humans↗

PubMed1998

Cloning, genomic organization and chromosomal assignment of the mouse p190-B gene.

The p190 family of GTPases consists of at least two different isoforms both containing an N-terminal GTPase and a C-terminal Rho GAP domain. Here we have isolated and characterized genomic and cDNA clones spanning the entire coding region of the mouse p190-B gene. Genomic data were obtained by sequencing plasmid subclones of two overlapping mouse genomic phage clones. Interestingly, a single 3.9 kb exon was found to contain approx. 80% of the coding region of the mouse p190-B protein (amino acid residues 1-1238) including the 5'-untranslated region, the N-terminal GTPase domain and a middle domain of unknown function. Missing from this exon, however, was the C-terminal Rho GAP domain, which was cloned from mouse brain mRNA using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Comparison of the mouse with the human p190-B proteins revealed that approx. 97% of the amino acid residues were identical. Northern analysis of total RNA from a variety of mouse tissues detected ubiquitous expression of two p190-B transcripts of 4.0 and 6.8 kb in size. Analysis of two multilocus genetic crosses localized the mouse gene, Gfi2, to a position on chromosome 12, consistent with the mapping of the human gene to a position of conserved synteny on chromosome 14. The high level of sequence homology between the human and the mouse suggests that there is a strong selective pressure to maintain the p190-B protein structure.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1987

Buoyant density and molecular weight calculations on an Apple II microcomputer from equilibrium banding experiment on analytical ultracentrifuge.

Buoyant density is one of the non-destructive measurements of viruses, nucleic acids etc. which help in characterizing these entities in terms of their chemical composition and physical conformation. In recent years equilibrium sedimentation in CsCl buoyant density gradient has been proved to be a powerful tool for genome characterization. The method enables one to obtain information such as the absolute and the relative buoyant density of the material and its molecular weight. This communication describes a program in BASIC which calculates these parameters from the raw data obtained directly from the experiment. The program is fully interactive, user-oriented, and written keeping in view biologists and biochemists as the main users. The program has a built-in option to calculate either the absolute or the relative buoyant density and the molecular weight.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

The distinctive signatures of promoter regions and operon junctions across prokaryotes.

Here we show that regions upstream of first transcribed genes have oligonucleotide signatures that distinguish them from regions upstream of genes in the middle of operons. Databases of experimentally confirmed transcription units do not exist for most genomes. Thus, to expand the analyses into genomes with no experimentally confirmed data, we used genes conserved adjacent in evolutionarily distant genomes as representatives of genes inside operons. Likewise, we used divergently transcribed genes as representative examples of first transcribed genes. In model organisms, the trinucleotide signatures of regions upstream of these representative genes allow for operon predictions with accuracies close to those obtained with known operon data (0.8). Signature-based operon predictions have more similar phylogenetic profiles and higher proportions of genes in the same pathways than predicted transcription unit boundaries (TUBs). These results confirm that we are separating genes with related functions, as expected for operons, from genes not necessarily related, as expected for genes in different transcription units. We also test the quality of the predictions using microarray data in six genomes and show that the signature-predicted operons tend to have high correlations of expression. Oligonucleotide signatures should expand the number of tools available to identify operons even in poorly characterized genomes.

Bacillus subtilis↗

PubMed2025

Discovery of a novel Betacoronavirus 1, cpCoV, in goats in China: The new risk of cross-species transmission.

Betacoronavirus is a causative agent of respiratory and enteric diseases in humans and animals. Several ruminants are recognized to be intermediate hosts in the transmission of emerging coronaviruses from reservoir hosts to humans. Here, we first report a novel Betacoronavirus isolated from goats suffering from diarrhea in China, putatively named caprine coronavirus (cpCoV). Full-genome characterization and nuclear acid comparisons demonstrated that this virus is an evolutionarily distinct Betacoronavirus belonging to the subgenus Embecovirus and is a Betacoronavirus 1 species. Notably, on phylogenetic trees based on complete genomes and RdRp, S, and N genes, the cpCoVs were grouped into a clade distinct from other Betacoronavirus strains and were closely related to the HKU23- and HKU23-associated coronaviruses. CpCoV possessed a unique genome organization with a truncated NS4a protein and an elongated NS4b protein that showed no significant matches in the GenBank database. The homology of the S and NS4a-4b genes between cpCoV and Embecovirus was less than 95%. Analysis revealed possible recombination events occurred during the evolution of cpCoV and HKU23, and there are striking similarities between the two viruses in evolutionary terms. In addition, cpCoV showed a narrow cell tropism, replicating in human- and bovine-origin cells in vitro, and caused diarrhea and enteric pathologic changes in goats and calves in vivo. We have provided epidemiological, virological, evolutionary, and experimental evidence that cpCoV is a novel etiological agent for enteric disease in goats. Evidently, a spilling-over event might have occurred between ruminants, including goats, camels, cattle, and wild animals. This study highlights the importance of identifying coronavirus diversity and inter-species transmission in ruminants worldwide, broadens our understanding of the ecology of coronaviruses, and aids in the prevention of animal-to-human transmission and outbreaks.

Animals↗