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Results for “Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice”

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PubMed1995

Psycholegal issues in child sexual abuse evaluations: a survey of forensic mental health professionals.

Mental health professionals play a significant role in assessment, rendering expert opinions, and making dispositional recommendations in cases involving allegations of child sexual abuse. Although there have been recent efforts to develop guidelines for practice, little is known about how evaluators actually prefer to proceed in such evaluations, or whether there is consensus with respect to how to proceed. In this study, a sample of Massachusetts child forensic mental health professionals who specialize in conducting evaluations of children in cases involving allegations of sexual abuse were surveyed to assess their normative evaluation and testimony practices with respect to information gathered during clinical interviews and psychosocial assessment of the child. The survey assessed evaluators: (a) opinions; (b) reasons for opinions; and (c) typical practices concerning psycholegal issues associated with child sexual abuse evaluations. Survey questions covered three topics: (a) the evaluation process and methods; (b) the limits of expert opinions and testimony; and (c) child advocacy. Results of the survey are presented, and implications for child forensic practice are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Issues in gay men's health.

Health care for gay men is a complicated mix of physical, psychosocial,and cultural phenomena that needs further empirical study and research. Gay men's health issues are unique and need to be incorporated into clinical practice to provide comprehensive and culturally appropriate care to MSM.

Anus Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Older people's responses to education about advance directives.

As advances in medical technology increase the life span, social workers committed to quality of life for elderly people are faced with practice challenges. Preserving the autonomy and civil rights of elderly people in guiding their own health care even if they are unable to articulate preferences has become an important area of social work intervention. This article evaluates a social work program in a rural New England community designed to promote autonomous decision making by educating elderly people about advance directives. Results revealed a continuum of willingness among elderly people to address future decision making. Interventions to promote autonomy in health care decision making need to address the diversity of elderly people. The primacy of the family emerged throughout the study, suggesting that advance directives may be a family issue rather than solely an individual one. Further needs assessment research is needed to guide program development in this essential area of social work practice.

Advance Directives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diffusion of innovation: the leaders' role in creating the organizational context for evidence-based practice.

Successfully leading change represents one of the most, if not the most, challenging aspects of a leader's role. The traditional top-down command and control structures and processes present in healthcare institutions and nursing are the enemies of effective change. Transitioning from traditional structures to structures that are more of a partnership between point-of-service staff and administrators is the foundation for creating an evidence-based practice culture.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Implementing family intervention following training: what can the matter be?

Family interventions (FI) have been established as an effective treatment for psychosis. Training in this intervention is now widely available in the UK. This paper reports a review of published literature that investigates whether, following this training, graduates provide this evidence-based treatment for individuals with psychosis and their caregivers. It further seeks to identify the barriers to implementation in cases where the treatment is not provided and assess benefits for service users and carers when it is. The review was conducted using the MEDline, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Embase databases. Studies that have attempted to evaluate the rates of implementation of FI by graduates of FI training programmes were identified, retrieved and reviewed. Six studies investigating the rates of implementation upon graduation were identified. The findings of these six studies were generally consistent. Rates of implementation by graduates of training programmes are usually low and a small number of graduates work with most of the families who are seen. The studies reviewed failed to assess service user and carer outcomes or consider the full range of likely impediments to the implementation of this evidence-based intervention. A key barrier to the implementation of FI is the reliance upon professionally developed and facilitated approaches. Alternative models that are service user and carer-led may provide a potential solution to the problem of implementation. Implications for future research and practice are considered.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recommendations for sexuality education for early adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine community support and identify appropriate learning methodologies, parameters of delivery, and intervention content. DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive study in which participants were interviewed in a semistructured format. Data were analyzed thematically. SETTING: An urban pediatric primary care clinic from which youths and parents were recruited. PARTICIPANTS: Ten youths, 10 parents, and 10 community members. Community members included professional and laypersons who had experience in working with early adolescents or in working with children of any age on sexuality issues. Overall, most participants were female (67%) and African American (67%). RESULTS: Descriptions of early adolescents' knowledge of sexuality, participants' support for sexuality education for early adolescents, recommendations for education content, and preferred methods for education delivery. CONCLUSION: The participants supported comprehensive sexuality education for early adolescents. They believed that it would help youths to be abstinent, would provide some protection from sexual abuse, and would prepare them to practice safer sex in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transcultural nursing: how do nurses respond to cultural needs?

The aim of the study was to explore how nurses responded to the cultural needs of their clients. From the transcultural point of view, healthcare providers must deliver a service that is culturally sensitive and appropriate. However, for a variety of reasons, there is growing concern that the cultural healthcare needs of minority ethnic groups are not met adequately. This study was done to outline nurses' activity in transcultural care. Empirical data were obtained from a sample of registered nurses (n = 126) who were invited to complete questionnaires pertaining to cultural care. As a result of data analysis, the quantitative findings are presented as tables and the qualitative data as categories and themes. The findings suggest that most respondents felt that patients' cultural needs should be given consideration. Cultural aspects of care seem to be a feature of the overall nursing picture within a multicultural context of health care. Many participants claimed that they responded to the cultural needs of patients. Some felt that patients' cultural needs are adequately met; such needs are perceived as religious practices, diets, communication, dying, prayer and culture. Furthermore, a significant number of respondents suggested that they would like further education in meeting the cultural needs of their patients. This study offers some insights into transcultural healthcare practice, and, in accordance with the findings, identifies strategies for improving these practices for nursing and nurse education.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Clinician perceptions of personal safety and confidence to manage inpatient aggression in a forensic psychiatric setting.

Inpatient mental health clinicians need to feel safe in the workplace. They also require confidence in their ability to work with aggressive patients, allowing the provision of therapeutic care while protecting themselves and other patients from psychological and physical harm. The authors initiated this study with the predetermined belief that a comprehensive and integrated organizational approach to inpatient aggression was required to support clinicians and that this approach increased confidence and staff perceptions of personal safety. To assess perceptions of personal safety and confidence, clinicians in a forensic psychiatric hospital were surveyed using an adapted version of the Confidence in Coping With Patient Aggression Instrument. In this study clinicians reported the hospital as safe. They reported confidence in their work with aggressive patients. The factors that most impacted on clinicians' confidence to manage aggression were colleagues' knowledge, experience and skill, management of aggression training, use of prevention and intervention strategies, teamwork and the staff profile. These results are considered with reference to an expanding literature on inpatient aggression. It is concluded that organizational resources, policies and frameworks support clinician perceptions of safety and confidence to manage inpatient aggression. However, how these are valued by clinicians and translated into practice at unit level needs ongoing attention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Fertility and family planning in rural northern Thailand.

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, when fertility was declining in Thailand as a whole, especially rapid declines occurred in Northern Thailand, but they did not occur uniformly in all the region's provinces. The Northern Thailand Fertility Study, initiated in 1975 to study the reported fertility changes, gathered data in two provinces: Chiang Mai, where fertility decline has been quite rapid, and Chiang Rai, which experienced relatively little decline until 1974. This preliminary report discusses fertility levels and trends in the two provinces, fertility experience and expectations of respondents, attitudes toward and knowledge of family planning, and contraceptive practice. The results suggest that most of the difference in fertility decline is related to the different level of family planning program activity in the two provinces.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2003

Determinants of acquiring malaria among displaced people in Khartoum state, Sudan.

A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among displaced people in Khartoum state to determine risk factors associated with malaria. Data were collected from 856 households about sociodemographic characteristics, history of malaria, and knowledge, attitudes and treatment-seeking behaviour. Overall, 68.2% reported a malaria attack among household members in the previous year. Risk of malaria attack was significantly associated with tribe, language, education, water supply and food expenditure. The highest rates of attack were among local language speakers (85.5%) and illiterate residents (70.4%). Half the respondents (50.2%) delayed seeking treatment for malaria. Knowledge, attitudes and practices had no association with malaria attacks, except for a 4.7-fold increased risk of malaria when obtaining water from carts rather than wells.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Testing a collaborative research utilization model to translate best practices in pain management.

While millions of dollars are being spent developing the seeds of research to improve the care we give to patients, significant barriers to using empirical evidence by health care professionals and policymakers still exist. The gap between what we know from research and what we use in practice is at the heart of the translation research problem. How do we get empirical knowledge uptake and use by clinicians in the fields of practice? In addition, how do we measure if practice changes are occurring? This article describes a program of translation research in which the intervention, called the Collaborative Research Utilization model, was developed and tested in four clinical studies over 18 years.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Barriers to evidence based practice in primary care: a review of the literature.

People with health problems deserve a service that is based on best available evidence and is possible within obtainable resources. No credible health professional could deny that sound evidence should be an integral part of clinical decision making. The demand for up to date information to inform care and treatment highlights the crucial role of research and development in the modern health service. However, within primary care, practitioners have not always been able to underpin their actions with robust research findings. In addition, the research activities within primary care are limited to a small number of 'enthusiasts'. This paper aims to analyse the literature surrounding this area, highlighting the significance of United Kingdom (UK) government reports on primary care, primary care research activities and the pursuit of evidence based practice in primary care. It shows that primary care research has been the 'poor relation' in terms of research funding and this has resulted is a dearth of high quality research results to underpin practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Survey of smoking knowledge, attitudes and practice in school children in Honduras.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to survey Honduran pre-adolescent knowledge, perceptions and experience regarding smoking. METHODS: A 12-item survey was administered in the classroom to fifth and sixth grade students. The main outcome measures were a description of demographic factors, personal smoking experience, knowledge of health risks, attitudes about tobacco use and perceived sources of information. RESULTS: A total of 225 students were surveyed. The majority were aware that smoking is bad for health, and most reported never having smoked. Most viewed smoking as ugly. Friends and family were selected as the major source of information. CONCLUSIONS: School children in this area of Honduras are aware of the health risks of smoking and view smoking as unattractive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Using action research in nursing practice with older people: democratizing knowledge.

AIM: This paper reports on an action research study which raised some questions about the processes of developing a sense of shared ownership in action research in a research environment which does not always have the appropriate mechanisms to support and sustain action research. BACKGROUND: Action research has gained popularity in nursing and healthcare research, offering a way of developing practice-based knowledge, which can assist in changing practice and democratizing inquiry. METHODS: There are other organizational constraints on action research which arise at different levels, and which also require discussion. These can be issues about communication and ownership at a practice level and issues of funding and project management procedures. This paper reports on a study in which these issues came to the fore, and offers some thoughts on how they can affect the processes of action research. CONCLUSION: While the principles of action research appear to offer much towards the development of a practice-rooted body of knowledge for nursing, unless some of the issues of ownership are resolved, it is unlikely to move beyond academic rhetoric. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: If nursing is to engage in action research, this must be done critically and reflectively and careful attention paid to developing an inclusive and collaborative approach to knowledge and practice development. Furthermore, to develop in nursing and health care research, it must find ways to meet the requirements of funding bodies.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Acute-care nurses' attitudes towards older patients: a literature review.

With increases in life expectancy and increasing numbers of older patients utilising the acute setting, attitudes of registered nurses caring for older people may affect the quality of care provided. This paper reviews recent research on positive and negative attitudes of acute-care nurses towards older people. Many negative attitudes reflect ageist streotypes and knowledge deficits that significantly influence registered nurses' practice and older patients' quality of care. In the acute setting, older patients experience reduced independence, limited decision-making opportunities, increased probability of developing complications, little consideration of their ageing-related needs, limited health education and social isolation. Available instruments to measure attitudes towards and knowledge about older people, although reliable and valid, are outdated, country-specific and do not include either a patient-focus or a caring perspective. This paper argues for the development and utilisation of a research instrument that includes both a patient focus and a caring dimension.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Knowledge and attitudes towards attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among elementary school teachers.

OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry. ADHD children are at risk for academic and psychological difficulties. Lack of cooperation between schools, parents and therapeutic institutions inhibits a multimodal treatment program. This study surveys teachers' knowledge and attitudes towards attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. METHOD: One hundred and ninety six elementary school teachers in Shiraz, Iran, anonymously completed a self-report questionnaire on ADHD. RESULTS: Knowledge about ADHD was relatively low. 46.9% of respondents agreed that ADHD is due to biological and genetic vulnerabilities and causation. 53.1%of all the teachers considered ADHD to be the result of parental spoiling. The attitude score towards ADHD children was also low. 64.8% agree that the same disciplinary rules used for all students should also be applied to ADHD children. 77.6% believe that ADHD students experience difficulties in their relations with their classmates. There was a significant correlation between teachers' knowledge of ADHD and their attitude. The main sources of knowledge about ADHD were: Television and radio; friends and relatives; periodical, newspapers and magazines. CONCLUSION: Knowledge about ADHD was sound to be very low. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Health and/or Educational Ministry should promote a special course on ADHD for teachers and education should be part of the curriculum in faculty training. Providing these educational programs on television and radio may be highly effective as they were the most common source of information.

Adult↗