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PubMed1986

Ethical dilemmas in workplace health promotion.

In less than a decade, workplace health promotion programs designed to promote employee health and help reduce the high cost of health insurance premiums paid by business and industry have proliferated. Notwithstanding the latent benefits and cost savings that corporate management expects to gain from the investment in such programs, it is argued that workplace health promotion is not without potential misuse and that its goals and methods ought not to be above ethical scrutiny. Drawing on earlier work, we discuss how workplace health promotion may pose ethical problems related to social justice, protection of privacy, and social control. The attendant moral dilemmas for the professional whose responsibility it is to develop and implement such programs are also presented.

Ethics↗
PubMed1997

Hong Kong nurses' health-related behaviours: implications for nurses' role in health promotion.

The health-related behaviors of a random sample (n = 92) of Hong Kong nurses were assessed by a questionnaire written either in English or in English and Chinese. Hong Kong nurses reported negligible smoking or alcohol use, low levels of breast self-examination, cervical screening behaviour and regular exercising, seat belt use and driving within the speed limit. The sample reported high levels of making efforts to avoid foods high in cholesterol, eating foods high in fibre and eating fruit daily. Dental hygiene was reported to be high. Just over half the sample reported sleeping 7-8 hours each night and eating breakfast daily. Most nurses reported maintaining their body weight at a healthy level and eating snacks between meals. The English language version of the questionnaire produced a slightly better response rate than the bilingual questionnaire. The results are discussed with reference to previous studies of females' health-related behaviours in Hong Kong and elsewhere. The implications for Hong Kong nurses' role in health promotion is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Can Health Promoting Schools contribute to the better health and wellbeing of young people? The Hong Kong experience.

BACKGROUND: The Health Promoting School (HPS) is a WHO sponsored framework, compiled to enable education and health sectors to be more effective in school based initiatives. AIMS: This study attempted to test the hypothesis that students from schools that had comprehensively embraced the HPS concept as indicated by the Healthy School Award, were better, in terms of health risk behaviour, self reported health status, and academic results, than students from schools that did not reach the standard of the award. METHODS AND RESULTS: The results presented came from nine schools (four primary and five secondary) applying for accreditation of the Healthy Schools Award after adopting the HPS framework for two years. Regular consultancy support and training were available to all schools. Students had completed before and after surveys to assess their health behaviours, self reported health status, and academic standing before the two year intervention, and at its end. Data from the before and after surveys of the students attending schools that reached certain level of HPS standard as indicated by the award, were compared with students whose schools did not receive the award, and the results showed differences. Some differences were found to be more significant among the primary school students than secondary schools students. This illustrated early intervention for lifestyle changes to be more effective. Students' satisfaction with life also improved if their schools adopted the concept of HPS comprehensively. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that comprehensive implementation of HPS would contribute to differences in certain behaviours and self reported health and academic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Advancing discourse on health promotion: beyond mainstream thinking.

Attention must be redirected toward health promotion as nursing evaluates the goal of health for all. Confusion regarding health promotion behavior is illustrated by terms with diverse meanings and uses. In a process of critical analysis, five multidisciplinary experts in health promotion responded to a survey targeting the distinction of health promotion, health promotion behavior, health protection behavior, disease prevention behavior, preventive health behavior, health behavior, and healthy lifestyle. Descriptors of health promotion were derived from a multidimensional conception of well-being. Disagreement existed concerning health protection and health behavior. Nursing interventions are linked to reflective discourse regarding health promotion behavior.

Health Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiovascular health promotion in aging women: validating a population health approach.

OBJECTIVE: Although cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in North American women, most cardiovascular research has focused on men. In addition, while there has been a recent trend toward population health promotion (PHP) and a consequent focus on the broad determinants of health, there is still a dearth of research evidence related to the promotion of cardiovascular health within this context. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the interrelationships between the determinants of health and individual cardiovascular health/risk behaviors in healthy women, within the context of a framework for PHP. DESIGN: A comprehensive inventory of factors affecting the cardiovascular health of women was operationalized in a survey questionnaire, the Cardiovascular Health Promotion Profile. Physical measures were also taken on each participant (n = 206). RESULTS: The multivariate analyses support significant interrelationships between the population health determinants and multiple individual cardiovascular health/risk behaviors in this cohort (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from this study provides foundational validation for a population health approach and population-based strategies for cardiovascular health promotion in women. Further research, within the context of a PHP framework, is central to building on the body of knowledge in this area.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Highlights from the National Survey of Worksite Health Promotion Activities.

Employers became interested in sponsoring health promotion activities in the mid 1970s. When "Health Objectives for the Nation" was published in 1980, the worksite was recognized as a prominent setting for health promotion activities, and overall attention to the importance of prevention measures surged. By the mid 1980s health promotion programs seemed to be as firmly entrenched in the workplace as in other sites. Yet, beyond the supposition that business had become a major force in health promotion, firm data about worksite health activities simply have not been available. The National Survey of Worksite Health Promotion Activities was conducted to determine the extent and scope of activities in worksites across the United States. The survey provides quantitative evidence that the worksite is indeed a major channel for health promotion activities. With the survey data in hand, the size and shape of the challenge is known. Action must begin on the opportunity to provide health promotion activities for everyone at his or her place of work.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2005

Opportunities for health promotion education in child care.

OBJECTIVES: Comprehensive health promotion education is not feasible through pediatric office visits alone. Opportunities may exist for enhanced health promotion in child care settings. The objectives of this study were to understand the attitudes toward, barriers to, and strategies for incorporating health promotion activities in child care settings as well as topics that are deemed most useful from the perspectives of parents, child care directors, and health consultants. We also sought to understand the health consultants' (health professionals serving as consultants to child care centers) current and desired roles in leading health promotion activities in child care settings. METHODS: We conducted simultaneous surveys of all licensed child care center directors and their health consultants in Boston. A total of 240 parents in 16 randomly selected centers were also surveyed. RESULTS: A total of 97 (65%) directors in the 150 child care centers identified responded. A total of 71% (56 of 79) of consultants and 58% (138 of 240) of parents responded. Parents (89%), child care directors (88%), and health consultants (80%) believe that health promotion activities through child care centers would improve the health knowledge and behaviors of preschool children. A total of 45% of parents reported already receiving useful health information from child care staff and materials distributed in child care. Most topic areas that were suggested to parents were considered useful, with the greatest utility in the areas of behavior/discipline, child development, and emergency management. No significant barriers were identified by health professionals. Lack of funds (63%) and lack of someone to provide information (59%) were the top barriers identified by directors. An educational session on health topics by health care professionals was believed to be the best strategy to improve health promotion education for families. Among the health consultants, 83% of nurses or nurse practitioners said that they would be able to provide health education in child care compared with 53% of physicians. CONCLUSION: Parents, child care center directors, and health professionals believe that enhancing health promotion education in child care could improve child health. Collaboration between pediatricians and early care and education professionals has the potential to improve the breadth and effectiveness of health promotion education. Effective strategies are necessary to optimize access to health professionals by early educators, and effectively utilize the unique skills and preferences of physicians and nurses to promote health education in child care.

Child Care↗
PubMed2002

Principles for planning the teaching of health promotion in an MPH course.

The Ottawa Charter on Health Promotion defined the term Health Promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health". It also specifies that "to reach a state of complete physical mental and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment". Three main strategies for promoting health were stated: advocacy, enabling, and mediating. A great emphasis was put on policy. The Jakarta Declaration at the 4th International Conference on Health Promotion in 1997 reconfirmed the Ottawa Charter and added to it that "Health Promotion is carried out by and with people, not on or to people". The learning objectives of health promotion should refer to the values and strategies of 'Health 21', to the strategies and areas of action in health promotion as specified in the Ottawa Charter, and it should be relevant to the needs of the society that the participants are going to serve. The main goal of a training program in health promotion should be to develop competence in health promotion. "Competence" refers to the combination of three domains: attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Each school of public health or planners of an MPH course should decide upon the right mix of these three domains, according to their institute's mission and goals.

Competency-Based Education↗
PubMed1994

Nursing and health promotion: conceptual concerns.

The importance of health promotion to nursing is now well established. However, different interpretations of health promotion exist. It is argued that many allegations of nursing's inadequacy in this field are misplaced and to a large extent result from the confused and variable ways in which the term health promotion is used. Concepts of health promotion in general are considered and compared with usage of the term in nursing literature. The contribution of nursing to health promotion and health education is discussed and some curricular issues are raised.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Bridging the equity gap: health promotion for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Health is influenced by political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioral and biological conditions--either positively or negatively. Health promotion aims to make these factors more favorable through health advocacy. Advocating for physical, mental, and social health requires that individuals with I/DD have opportunities to identify and realize their aspirations, develop the capacity to satisfy their needs, and possess the ability to adapt and/or cope with the environment. Because health is both an individual and a social responsibility, effective health promotion strategies must incorporate linkages between health and development, particularly for vulnerable and disadvantaged groups where deprivation in health and economic resources exist simultaneously and reinforce each other [6]. Incorporating health and development at the core of health promotion activities addresses issues of poverty, poor health, and unemployment, while accounting for social, cultural and economic differences. Health promotion enables people with I/DD to achieve their health goals by ensuring equal opportunities and resources. This includes having supportive environments, access to information, and life skills and opportunities to make healthy choices. People cannot achieve their health goals unless they can control health determinants. Health promotion efforts require coordinated action from all interested groups (e.g., government entities, health and other social and economic sectors, nongovernmental and voluntary organizations, local authorities, industry and media), including individuals, families and communities. Community-based health promotion emphasizes community participation, along with empowerment of community members to address inequities and increase control over their health [3]. Individual satisfaction and participation are critical components in community coalitions that are providing health promotion programs. Moreover, community leadership, shared decision-making, linkages with other organizations, and organizational climate can predict satisfaction, participation, and planning. Health becomes a resource for everyday life when individuals with I/DD are empowered and can participate in health promotion activities that are based in their community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Diet and activity patterns of male and female co-workers: should worksite health promotion programs assume homogeneity?

Worksite health promotion programs address the health education needs of the average employee. Anthropometric measurements and 24h diet and activity diaries collected from co-workers reveal that lifestyle and subsequently, health education needs of men and women working for the same employer, in the same environment and performing similar tasks, may be different. In this study, males were marginally overweight and obese; females were within recommended limits. Although job related workloads were comparable, females were more active (24hEE/FFM) outside the work place. Females spent more time engaged in moderate weight-bearing domestic activities than did males. These results question the effectiveness of worksite health promotion program which ignore the different health education needs of male and female employees.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The evolution of health promotion.

This paper describes the evolution of health promotion from its nascent roots which focused upon lifestyle to its global concepts of managing the future. A lifestyle orientation was the focus of approximately the first decade of health promotion efforts which followed the release of the 1974 document, "A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians". This was also a period of national health goal setting in Europe and in the United States. In 1984, the World Health Organization defined health promotion as the process of enabling individuals to take control over and to maintain their health. The focus of health promotion efforts thus changed from an emphasis on the individual to the more structural factors in society which support the types of choices that people ultimately make. Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion, released in November 1986, further developed the concept of health promotion, suggesting three strategies for increasing health promotion: fostering public participation, strengthening community health services and healthy public policy. The health promotion movement has had other spin-offs such as the "Healthy Cities Movement" which was begun by another Canadian, Trevor Hancock. The newest evolution of the health promotion movement is a concern for a Healthy Future.

Canada↗
PubMed1992

[Health promotion in adolescent students].

Student health services offer excellent opportunities for health promotion. Besides the contact with students who attend the clinic because of illness, and thus present an opportunity for individual health promotion, relatively easy contact can be made with groups of healthy students at whom projects for health promotion can be aimed. It is imperative that these students, who are the parents of tomorrow, must be educated in health promotion in order to carry over a healthy life-style to a family and thus to the following generation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Worksite health promotion. The benefits of providing personal health status feedback and education programs to employees.

Discovering ways to initiate and maintain health related behavior changes is a growing concern to business and industry. This research supports previous data indicating that wellness programs offered at the worksite are significantly beneficial in assisting employees to change behavior. This research did not find significant benefits to the employees who obtained health status information prior to participating in a worksite health program; however, the health assessment tool was informative and may have been adequate to assist in behavior changing activities. Wellness programs are important factors for promoting health related behaviors; failure of this study to support the importance of assessment feedback does not negate the desirability of assessment as an important component of the corporate wellness program.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Transforming work breaks to promote health.

Public health, medicine, and nursing are disciplines charged with promoting health, preventing and treating disease, and improving quality of life. One of the most effective ways to achieve these objectives is to make health-promoting behaviors a part of people's everyday routines. Because many adults spend a substantial portion of the day in the workplace, and because it is common for workers to have two 10- to 15-minute work breaks each day, work breaks are a potentially important--but currently underutilized--venue in which to promote healthy behaviors. Unfortunately, work breaks frequently involve health-compromising behaviors. This paper presents an argument to restructure work breaks into "booster breaks" that improve public health by encouraging health-promoting practices. This new way of thinking about work breaks is described. The implications and challenges of this paradigm shift for workplace culture and public health are addressed.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed1998

[Community health promotion policy for women by health reports?].

It is the declared aim of any national health policy to assist in the development of life styles and environments, in cooperation with other institutions, that would promote the overall health of the population. The Federal German provincial ("Land") governments and municipal as well as county administrations have been preparing health reports for this purpose during the last few years. The question is whether these reports adequately ensure the promotion of health among women in particular. Our conclusion is that this is not yet the case. The purpose of the following article is to describe and assess the present state of the problem and policy formulation. To this end we evaluated and synopsized 16 provincial and urban reports via document analysis. The health reports show that, although they do include problem definitions in relation to the health situation of women, they fail to formulate health targets for them. The reports are neither coordinated with health policy executives, nor do public health administrations cooperate with any other sectors of the administration to formulate and translate into reality a policy that would promote the health of women. On assessing the health reports in respect of their ranking within the Public Health Action Cycle for a health-promoting policy we must conclude that in their present form they are unsuitable both for defining health promotion problems and for formulating health policies with particular reference to women as an important target group. These health reports, as they are now being prepared and presented, lack clear definition and orientation with regard to appropriate action.

Female↗