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PubMed1991

Relationship of perceived maternal acceptance-rejection in childhood and social support networks of pregnant adolescents.

In a sample of 53 at-risk pregnant adolescents, the relationship between their perceptions of maternal acceptance-rejection in childhood and the nature of their social supports was examined. Perception of acceptance-rejection was significantly correlated with both frequency of interaction with social network members and expectations of their future support. Implications for public health strategies are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

[Current overview of structural magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia].

Non-invasive morphologic imaging (computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, MRT) has contributed significantly to our understanding of schizophrenic disorders as diseases of the brain. Improved MRT techniques enable us to analyse anatomical substructures. The present overview evaluates peer-reviewed MRT studies published between 1994 and July 2000 and provides a comparison with our own results. Chronic schizophrenic patients most frequently show an enlargement in the ventricular system along with a reduction in grey matter. A more detailed subdivision into cortical and subcortical regions additionally shows the noted volume reduction to be limited to specific areas within the brain rather than being distributed equally throughout the brain. Within the area of the temporal lobes the two most frequently affected areas are the hippocampus and the gyrus temporalis superior. Alterations within these areas correlate with clinical symptoms such as hallucinations or thought disorders. Within the frontal cortex nearly 70% of all studies show a decrease in overall volume, while 63% note a reduction in size within the thalamus and 60% in the cerebellum. Morphologically speaking these structures therefore play the greatest role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the onset of clinical symptoms. More recent studies also showed a specific progression in subgroups of patients pointing toward a neurodegenerative process. Additionally there are a number of differential antipsychotic effects following longterm treatment with typical neuroleptics as compared to atypical antipsychotics. Based on these findings future longitudinal studies should examine to what extent such a progressive decrease in volume might be influenced by treatment with modern antipsychotics.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

5-HT uptake in platelets of lithium-treated patients with affective disorders and of healthy controls.

There is strong evidence that platelet 5-HT uptake is reduced during depressive illness, yet it is an open question whether this abnormality can be reverted to normal by successful treatment. The effect of longterm lithium treatment (> 2 years of continuous therapy) on 5-HT uptake of 37 euthymic affective patients without relevant additional medication was investigated. There was no difference in 5-HT uptake kinetics between the whole group of patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The subgroups of unipolar patients and patients with minor recurrences during prophylaxis tended to have lower Vmax values of 5-HT uptake. The results generally support the hypothesis of a relationship between successful lithium treatment and normalization of 5-HT uptake.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1982

[Effects of long-term ventilation on the bronchial system. Bronchoscopic, cytologic and microbiological findings].

UNLABELLED: The effects of longterm ventilation were evaluated in 50 patients from a medical intensive care unit. The bronchial tract was investigated using repeated bronchoscopy and assessed by semiquantitative scoring. Prior to each endoscopy tracheal secretions were obtained for microbiological and cytological evaluation, in 20 patients histological analysis of the bronchial mucosa was done in addition. RESULTS: 1. Within 24-48 hours after initiation of respirator ventilation alterations of the bronchial mucosa occur. The extent progresses rapidly, however no further increase of progression is to be observed after ventilation of approximately 150-200 hours. 2. Endoscopic assessment of the severity of mucosal changes correlates well with cytological and histologic results. 3. In 34 patients microbial agents could be demonstrated. In 8 of them mucosal changes preceded demonstration of microbial organisms. The extent of mucosal changes is independent of category or count of pathogen. Endoscopic follow-up investigations of the bronchial tract affected by long-term ventilation serve both direct bronchial clearing and control of position of the intubation tube as well as assessment of mucosal alterations and control of treatment of bronchial infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Malaria and mortality: some epidemiological considerations.

Malaria can, a priori, kill on its own ('direct' malaria mortality) or in conjunction with some other cause(s) ('indirect' malaria mortality). There are three distinct approaches to the measurement of malaria mortality: (1) measurement of malaria-specific mortality (based on attributing each death to a single cause) or its surrogate, the admission rate for life-threatening malaria; (2) measurement of the reduction in all-cause mortality after removal (or near removal) of malaria; and (3) the estimation of the malaria mortality required to explain the observed frequency of the HbS gene. There is a strong indication that approaches (2) and (3) yield estimates of total (direct and indirect) malaria mortality which are at least twice as high as those obtained using approach (1), which probably measures mostly direct malaria mortality. There is currently a controversy about the long-term impact on mortality of reducing the intensity of malaria transmission from 'high' to 'intermediate', given the expected loss of immunity. Certain geographical comparisons (of the results of 'nature's experiment') indicate that, when the intensity of transmission is high, the incidence of life-threatening malaria falls. However, the seasonal variation in the intensity of transmission decreases with increases in the intensity; low seasonal variation is probably beneficial, allowing a smoother transition from passive to active immunity, but is unlikely to be reversed by preventive measures. It also seems likely that geographical comparisons produce estimates of predominantly direct mortality, which might not run in parallel with the indirect mortality. A tentative numerical exploration of the problem, using a simple demographic model, indicates that, if indirect malaria mortality is important and the other causes of death are concentrated in early life, the long-term impact on all-cause mortality of reducing exposure (although less than the short-term) will probably always be beneficial, even if there is some increase in direct malaria mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Use of 3-fluoro-deoxyglucose for the assessment of cerebral perfusion and glucose transport. II. Evaluation of patients undergoing EC-IC bypass surgery.

Dynamic positron emission tomography (dPET) and 3-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (3FDG) have been applied to the followup of selected patients undergoing extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery. To determine glucose transport across the blood-brain-barrier and local perfusion rate a new mathematical model has been used. Immediately following EC-IC surgery, dPET shows an increase in perfusion of approx. 7 ml/min 100g over both the operated and the contralateral hemispheres indicative of reversal of interhemispheric steal. Followup studies show reduction of local perfusion rate combined with an improvement of glucose transport rates. This finding suggests improvement of cerebral metabolic capacity following improvement of perfusion suggestive of longterm beneficial effects of EC-IC bypass.

Blood-Brain Barrier↗
PubMed1997

"The government must not dictate": rural-urban migrants' perceptions of Zimbabwe's land resettlement programme.

"In the 1990s analyses of [Zimbabwe's land resettlement program] by both supporters and critics of land reform have generally been negative. Yet there is evidence that resettled people themselves have made real welfare and income gains. Strong support for the programme was also expressed by a large sample of rural-urban migrants in Harare in 1994. Their views, reported in this article, showed an appreciation of most aspects of the academic and policy debates, but clearly also tended towards the perception that redistribution of land in Zimbabwe is a moral issue."

Africa↗
PubMed1993

Aluminum interaction with human brain tau protein phosphorylation by various kinases.

Phosphorylation is an indispensable process for energy and signal transduction in biological systems. AlCl3 at 10 nM to 10 microM range activated in-vitro [gamma-32P]ATP phosphorylation of the brain (tau) tau protein in both normal human or E. coli expressed tau forms; in the presence of the kinases P34, PKP, and PKC. However, higher concentrations of ALCl3 inhibited the tau phosphorylation with P34, PKP, and PKC to a maximum at 1 mM level. AlCl3 at 100 microM to 500 microM range induced non-enzymatic phosphorylation of tau with gamma-ATP, gamma-GTP, and alpha-GTP. AlCl3 activated histone phosphorylation by P34 in a similar pattern. The hyperphosphorylation of tau by Al3+ was accompanied by molecular shift and mobility retardation in SDS-PAGE. This may demonstrate the mechanism of the longterm neurological effect of Al3+ in human brain leading to the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles related to Alzheimer's disease.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1997

Vasectomy and prostate cancer: a case-control study in India.

BACKGROUND: The role of vasectomy in the development of prostate cancer remains controversial. In particular, there has been concern about detection bias and confounding in the previously published epidemiological studies examining this hypothesis. With the goal of minimizing detection bias, we have evaluated the relation between vasectomy and prostate cancer in a population without routine prostate cancer screening. METHODS: A case-control study consisting of 175 prostate cancer cases and 978 controls with cancer diagnoses other than prostate cancer was conducted at hospitals covered by the Bombay Cancer Registry in Bombay, India. History of vasectomy, demographic, and lifestyle factors were obtained by structured interview. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Standardizing by age, 8.7% of cases and 8.3% of controls had had a vasectomy. The OR for prostate cancer comparing men who had had a vasectomy to those who did not was 1.48 (95% CI: 0.80-2.72) controlling for age at diagnosis, smoking status, alcohol drinking, and other demographic and lifestyle factors. Risk of prostate cancer associated with vasectomy appeared to be higher among men who underwent vasectomy at least two decades prior to cancer diagnosis or who were at least 40 years old at vasectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Although not statistically significant, the results of this hospital-based case-control study are consistent with the hypothesis of a positive association between vasectomy and prostate cancer. Because routine prostate cancer screening is not common in this population, detection bias was unlikely to account for this association.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Preclinical safety studies of cefmetazole.

In order to assess the safety of cefmetazole, preclinical multiple-dose parenteral studies, varying from one to three months in length, were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs. Although the largest doses used were in multiples of several times the weight-adjusted doses intended for humans, cefmetazole was generally well tolerated. The principal adverse effect noted in the adult rats receiving the largest doses (2000 and 2500 mg/kg/day) of cefmetazole was slight elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase. Infant rats injected subcutaneously with 300 mg/kg/day or more of cefmetazole for 35 consecutive days had reversible reductions in testicular weight and maturation of spermatogenesis, but not lasting discernible effect on reproductive function. The most consistent effects of longterm multiple dosing with cefmetazole in dogs consisted of vomiting and retching during dosing and reversible haematological changes (mild regenerative anaemia, positive Coombs' test, clinically-silent thrombocytopenia) in a number of the dogs. These findings supported the interpretation that cefmetazole was acceptably safe for clinical studies in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Induced abortion and ectopic pregnancy in subsequent pregnancies.

In a prospective study the rate of ectopic pregnancies of women with prior induced abortion was contrasted to two sets of comparison groups: a large set of unmatched observations and a smaller subset of matched and refined data. The crude rates of ectopic pregnancy among 4004 abortion and 98,316 control pregnancies, excluding repeat pregnancies of the same women, were 0.57% and 0.49%, respectively. No significant association was detected between history of induced abortion and ectopic pregnancy based on the chi 2 analysis on unmatched data stratified by maternal age and marital status (relative risk = 1.18, 95% confidence limits (CL) 0.57-1.79) or the multivariate logistic regression analysis on the smaller set of data (relative risk = 1.34, 95% CL 0.66-2.72). Within pregnancies of the induced abortion group the risk of ectopic pregnancy was not related to abortion procedure, use of laminaria, number of prior induced abortions, or length of gestation at time of abortion. However, there was a clear association between the presence of post-abortion infection or retained secundines and ectopic pregnancy with a fivefold increase for those pregnancies of women with a history of these complications over those without these complications within the induced abortion cohort.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1977

The impact of long term estrogen support after hysterectomy. A report of 1016 cases.

1016 Women were placed on estrogen support following hysterectomy and have been followed for a total of 14,318 patient/years. Support was principally conjugated estrogen with the customary dose 1.5 mg/day. The follow-up studies in this group of women shows a marked drop in deaths from all causes over those which might have been expected. This improvement in mortality is principally the result of diminished number of deaths from heart attack and from cancer. Those causes of death which would not be expected to be related to hormonal therapy show the anticipated number of mortalities. There is also a marked improvement in the clinical evidence of osteoporosis. In this group there is an increase in the number of breast cancers over those which might have been expected, but there is a lower mortality from breast cancer than the anticipated mortality. The general impact of long-term estrogen therapy following hysterectomy is favorable over those figures for the expected incidence of cancer and heart disease.

Adult↗