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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Oral fluid drug tests: effects of adulterants and foodstuffs.

An on-site oral fluid drug screen, Oratect, was used to investigate the effects of adulterants and foodstuffs on oral fluid test results. Common foods, beverages, food ingredients, cosmetics and hygienic products were demonstrated not to cause false positive results when tested 30 min after their consumption. Evaluations of two commercial oral fluid adulterants, "Clear Choice Fizzy Flush" and "Test'in Spit n Kleen Mouthwash" suggest their mechanism of action is the clearing of residual drugs of abuse compounds through rinsing of the oral cavity. They do not directly destroy the drug compounds or change the pH of the oral fluid. It is also suggested that a common mouthwash would perform similar action.

Beverages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An epidemiologic study of oral cancer in a statewide network.

A case-control study was conducted to investigate the risks of male and female oral, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancer associated with poor oral health, mouthwash use, occupation, histories of tobacco and alcohol use, and other factors. Data were collected from all newly diagnosed patients entered into the Wisconsin Head and Neck Cancer Network over an 18-month period (N = 623). The prevalence of painful or ill-fitting dentures was significantly higher among males and females with oral cavity cancer. Relative risks for painful dentures were 5.97 (males) and 1.60 (females); for ill-fitting dentures, the relative risks were 3.15 (males) and 2.15 (females). For males, high relative risks of oropharyngeal cancer were also found to be associated with these indicators of poor dentition. Other indicators of poor oral health, including toothbrushing frequency and prevalence of broken teeth, were not associated with oral cancer. Mouthwash use was not found to carry a risk of oral cavity, oropharyngeal, or hypopharyngeal cancer. The risks of upper aerodigestive cancers with smoking and alcohol were confirmed for males, and lifetime use patterns were explored. Notable sex differences in exposure to alcohol and tobacco were found. There was little evidence that past alcohol use was related to female oral cancer.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1996

Management of mucositis in oral irradiation.

Mucositis significantly affects quality of life and tolerance of treatment in oral irradiation. Effective management of this complication is therefore very important. However, there is a scarcity of up-to-date oral care protocols, with most centres using ritualized regimens. The literature on oral rinses in radiation mucositis is at best inconclusive and at worst confusing. In this study, patients undergoing radical radiotherapy treatment (55-60 Gy in 4 weeks) to more than 50% of the oral cavity and oropharynx were randomized to a research based oral care protocol with either saline 0.9% or hydrogen peroxide 3.5 volumes (HP) as rinses. The results of this study show that, on average, the group receiving saline rinses appeared to do better on some outcomes than the group receiving HP. This suggests that frequent mechanical cleansing of the mouth may be more important than the antiseptic properties of a mouthwash. Antiseptic mouthwashes may be contra-indicated in radiation mucositis. In order to determine best practice in mucositis management, multi-centre, multidisciplinary trials should be conducted.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Decrease of duration and symptoms in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis by topical GM-CSF: results of a prospective randomised trial.

We have conducted a prospective controlled randomised clinical study testing for the efficacy of topical GM-CSF (molgramostim), as compared to the combined topical use of an antiseptic agent (povidone-iodine) and amphotericin B (AA) in patients with chemotherapy-induced mucositis World Health Organization (WHO) grades I-III. 31 patients (17 females, 14 males) developing oral mucositis following the administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy were entered into the present trial. 15 patients were randomised to receive GM-CSF mouthwashes, whereas 16 patients were randomised into the control arm to receive AA. Reported history (P=0.6109) and grading of oral mucositis (2.1+/-0.7, respectively; P=0.9867) were balanced and equally distributed between the two groups. The mean size of lesions of oral mucositis was 1.5+/-0.6 cm (range: 0.7-2.5 cm) in the GM-CSF group and 1.2+/-0.5 cm (range: 0.5-2.5 cm) in the AA group (P=0.08), respectively. The mean number of oral mucositis lesions was 1.9+/-1.1 (range: 1-4) in the GM-CSF group and 2.1+/-1.2 (range: 1-4) in the AA group (P=0.63), respectively. None of the patients had previously received colony stimulating factors either topically or systemically. Treatment for oral mucositis was initiated on day 2.7+/-1.2 (range: day 1-8) after onset of symptoms in the GM-CSF group and on day 1.8+/-1.4 (range: day 1-3; P=0.11) in the AA group. The topical application of GM-CSF resulted in a significantly shorter duration and quicker resolution of oral mucositis, as compared to AA including both, pretreatment plus treatment periods (5.3+/-2.5 versus 8.1+/-1.5 days; P=0.0008) as well as the necessary duration of treatment needed until complete remission of lesions (2.8+/-0.7 versus 6.3+/-1.1 days; P<0.0001). A systemic effect of topical GM-CSF upon the number of peripheral blood leukocytes or granulocytes was excluded. We conclude that the topical application of GM-CSF by mouthwash significantly abbreviated the duration and relieved patients from symptoms of chemotherapy-induced mucositis and was superior to the topical application of AA.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Clinical significance of oral urease in diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection by [13C]urea breath test.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of oral flora on [13C]urea breath test in detecting H. pylori infection and find an optimal method and timing for sample collection. Forty-five volunteers were included in this study. The [13C]urea breath test was performed using mouthwash, endoscopic administration, and conventional methods. According to the receiver-operating characteristic curves, the earliest optimal time for discriminating H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative patients was at 25 min with the mouthwash method with 78% sensitivity and 82% specificity, at 2 min with the endoscopic administration method with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, and at 6 min with the conventional method with 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity. The study shows a significant effect of oral urease on the results of the [13C]urea breath test. The timing of sampling collection can be shortened to 6 min with the conventional method or to 2 min through endoscopic administration.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc lactate on the microflora of oral halitosis patients: a dual-centre, double-blind placebo-controlled study.

AIM: This study evaluated the microbial effects of a newly formulated mouthwash (Halita) on oral halitosis patients. METHODS: Forty subjects were included in this dual-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select patients. At baseline and at 2 weeks post-treatment, full-mouth organoleptic odor scores, level of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) and the Winkel Tongue Coating Index were recorded. Standardized samples of tongue coating, saliva and subgingival plaque were microbiologically investigated. Participants were randomly assigned to the test or placebo groups. RESULTS: High prevalences were observed for Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis in tongue coating, saliva and subgingival plaque samples. A significant positive correlation between baseline total counts of P. gingivalis in saliva samples and organoleptic and VSC scores was found. Two weeks post-treatment there was a reduction in total anaerobic counts in all samples in the test group. A significant positive correlation was observed between the reduction in total counts in saliva samples and the reduction in organoleptic scores in the test group. Significant reductions in total counts and proportions of F. nucleatum and total counts of P. intermedia in tongue coating samples were observed in the test group. CONCLUSIONS: The test mouthwash demonstrated efficacy in reducing the microbiological parameters in three oral niches in moderate to severe halitosis patients without periodontitis, and this was correlated with the improvements in organoleptic and VSC scores but not with the tongue coating scores.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1999

Antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque--a review.

This review considers the main agents which have been used as antibacterial agents in mouthwashes and other vehicles to inhibit the growth of supragingival plaque. The agents discussed are bisguanide antiseptics, quaternary ammonium compounds, phenolic antiseptics, hexetidine, povidone iodine, triclosan, delmopinol, salifluor, metal ions, sanguinarine, propolis and oxygenating agents. The plaque inhibitory, anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties of these agents are considered along with their substantivity, safety and possible clinical usefulness. Clinical trials of these agents that have been published are also reported. The possible clinical uses of antiseptic mouthwashes are finally considered along with some advice about assessing manufacturers claims. Throughout this review the terms plaque inhibitory, anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis have been used according to the clarification of terminology suggested by the European Federation of Periodontology at its second workshop. This defines a plaque inhibitory effect as one reducing plaque to levels insufficient to prevent the development of gingivitis; an anti-plaque effect as one which produces a prolonged and profound reduction in plaque sufficient to prevent the development of gingivitis; and anti-gingivitis as an anti-inflammatory effect on the gingival health not necessarily mediated through an effect on plaque.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hexetidine mouthrinse in the management of minor aphthous ulceration and as an adjunct to oral hygiene.

A number of compounds have been used in the management of recurrent oral ulceration, including antimicrobials. This was a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study to assess the value of a 0.1% hexetidine mouthwash in the management of minor aphthous ulceration and as an adjunct to oral hygiene. Forty patients with a catalogued history of ulceration took part. Patients were randomly allocated to active/placebo or vice versa order of mouthwashes, which were used as 15 ml volumes three times a day. Treatment periods were 6 weeks with a 3 week washout. During each period patients kept daily records of the number, site, and duration of ulcers, together with pain scores. Plaque and gingivitis were scored at baseline and end of treatment periods. Thirty-eight patients completed the study, with no significant treatment differences between active and placebo rinses on any ulcer parameter. Additionally, the hexetidine rinse provided no significant benefit to oral hygiene or gingival health. However, there was a significant period effect, with considerable ulcer improvements during the second period, irrespective of treatment. In conclusion, the hexetidine rinse appeared to offer no benefits to these patients, but professional supervision of ulcer treatment does appear to result in a worthwhile placebo effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Rate of loss of irradiated polyglactin 910 (Vicryl Rapide) from the mouth: a prospective study.

We aimed to find out how long irradiated polyglactin 910 (Vicryl Rapide) remained in the oral tissues and to investigate the effect of chlorhexidine mouthwash on absorption time and bacterial growth on sutures. Twenty-one volunteers each had two Vicryl Rapide sutures placed intraorally under local anaesthesia. Ten of these subjects used chlorhexidine mouthwash twice daily. After 7 days, one suture was removed to be cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The other was monitored for time from insertion to loss. The median survival value was 3 days (range 1-13). The median number of days to suture loss was less in the chlorhexidine group (3, range 1-11) than in the control group (4, range 1-13) but this was not significant. There were no significant differences in aerobic and anaerobic counts between the two groups. Vicryl Rapide may be useful for intraoral use.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Topical antibiotic prophylaxis for bacteremia after dental extractions.

OBJECTIVE: Current prophylaxis for endocarditis in patients undergoing dental procedures consists of oral administration of amoxicillin. There is concern that the risk of anaphylaxis from systemically administered antibiotics might approach the incidence of endocarditis. Emergence of resistance among bacteria is also favored by systemically administered antibiotics. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of topical amoxicillin given prophylactically as a mouthwash in reducing the incidence of bacteremia after dental extraction. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-six outpatients in a dental clinic were randomized in a 3:2:2 ratio to experimental prophylaxis of topical amoxicillin (3 g per mouthwash rinse; 15 patients), standard prophylaxis of oral amoxicillin (3 g in a single dose; 11 patients), or no prophylaxis (10 patients), respectively. Patients were stratified by severity of periodontal disease and number of teeth extracted. Data were analyzed for differences in the incidence of bacteremia by means of the 2-tailed Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Breakthrough bacteremia after dental extraction was observed in 60% (6 of 10 patients) who received topical amoxicillin and in 89% (8 of 9 patients) who received no prophylaxis (P =.30). By comparison, breakthrough bacteremia after dental extraction was observed in 10% (1 of 10 patients) who received standard prophylaxis with oral amoxicillin (60% vs 10%; P =.05). CONCLUSIONS: Topical amoxicillin decreased the incidence of bacteremia in comparison with no prophylaxis, but statistical significance was not achieved (P =.30). Topical amoxicillin was significantly less effective than standard prophylaxis with oral amoxicillin in decreasing the incidence of bacteremia after dental extractions.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

A clinical comparison of the efficacy and efficiency of two professional prophylaxis procedures in orthodontic patients.

This study compared the efficacy and efficiency of two professional prophylaxis procedures in orthodontic patients performing different oral hygiene regimens: the air powder polishing system (APP), and the rubber cup and pumice (RCP) technique. Sixty-two patients were divided into two groups: group I included 40 subjects who did not use any chlorhexidine mouthwash and group II comprised 22 subjects who regularly rinsed with a chlorhexidine mouthwash (at a 0.12 per cent concentration) and showed increased tooth staining. Using a split-mouth experimental design, the buccal and lingual tooth surfaces were cleaned in half of the mouth by the APP and in the opposite half by the RCP technique. Tooth surfaces were scored before (PRE) and after (POST) the experimental procedures for the plaque index (PI), and for the presence of tooth staining. In addition, the treatment time required by each procedure was recorded. In test group I, significant reductions in the PI after APP and RCP were observed. Likewise, in test group II, both procedures significantly reduced the baseline PI values. In both experimental groups, the percentage of stained sites significantly decreased after APP and RCP, but in test group II, APP seemed to be more effective than RCP. In addition, APP required significantly less time than RCP to remove dental plaque and staining. These data show that both professional prophylaxis procedures are effective in orthodontic patients, with APP being the most time-efficient technique and the most effective method for removal of tooth staining.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed2001

The role of topical antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing contaminated head and neck surgery with flap reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Patients undergoing contaminated head and neck surgery with flap reconstruction have wound infection rates of 20% to 25% with parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis. Studies suggest that perioperative antimicrobial mouthwash reduces oropharyngeal flora and may prevent wound infections. We hypothesized that the addition of topical antibiotics to a parenteral prophylactic regimen would reduce the incidence of wound infection in these high-risk patients. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a randomized, prospective clinical trial. METHODS: Patients received either 1) parenteral piperacillin/tazobactam (3.375 g every 6 hours for 48 h) or 2) parenteral piperacillin/tazobactam plus topical piperacillin/tazobactam administered as a mouthwash immediately before surgery and once a day for 2 days postoperatively, with piperacillin/tazobactam added to the intraoperative irrigation solution. The wounds of all patients were evaluated daily using predefined objective criteria. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients met inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. The overall wound infection rate was 8.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7%-17.8%). Two of 31 patients (6.4%) who received parenteral antibiotics alone developed a wound infection compared with 3 of 31 patients (9.7%) randomly assigned to receive topical plus parenteral antibiotics. This difference was not statistically significant (P = >.05). Infection rate was not associated with flap type (rotational vs. free tissue transfer), mandibular reconstruction, age, gender, tumor site, stage, surgical duration, or blood loss. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that piperacillin/tazobactam is a highly effective antibiotic for prevention of wound infection in patients undergoing flap reconstruction following contaminated head and neck surgery. However, the addition of topical piperacillin/tazobactam does not appear to enhance the prophylactic benefit of parenteral antibiotics alone.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Susceptibilities of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans biofilms to oral antiseptics.

The susceptibilities of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans cultures, grown as 1- or 3-day-old biofilms or as planktonic suspensions, to concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate, cetylpyridinium chloride or triclosan used in commercial mouthwashes were compared. Three-day biofilms were the most resistant form of the organism and chlorhexidine was the most active antiseptic. Comparison of solutions of the pure antibacterial agent with commercial products containing the same concentration of antiseptic showed little difference in in-vitro activities. The results emphasise that the testing of antimicrobial mouthwashes should be performed on bacteria grown as biofilms.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed2006

A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters.

AIMS: To determine whether dosing with bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus salivarius following an antimicrobial mouthwash effects a change in oral malodour parameters and in the composition of the oral microbiota of subjects with halitosis. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects with halitosis undertook a 3-day regimen of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouth rinsing, followed at intervals by the use of lozenges containing either S. salivarius K12 or placebo. Assessment of the subjects' volatile sulphur compound (VSC) levels 1 week after treatment initiation showed that 85% of the K12-treated group and 30% of the placebo group had substantial (>100 ppb) reductions. The bacterial composition of the saliva was monitored by culture and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Changes in the PCR-DGGE profiles occurred in most subjects following K12 treatment. In vitro testing showed that S. salivarius K12 suppressed the growth of black-pigmented bacteria in saliva samples and also in various reference strains of bacteria implicated in halitosis. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of bacteriocin-producing S. salivarius after an oral antimicrobial mouthwash reduces oral VSC levels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The outcome of this preliminary study indicates that the replacement of bacteria implicated in halitosis by colonization with competitive bacteria such as S. salivarius K12 may provide an effective strategy to reduce the severity of halitosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of providone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinses.

Clinical and laboratory studies were carried out to compare the antibacterial properties of two antiseptic mouthwashes, namely 1% povidone iodine and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. In a group of 10 subjects after a single rinse with povidone iodine, an immediate mean fall in total salivary aerobes and anaerobes occurred, followed by a return to normal levels by 1-hour postrinsing. With chlorhexidine gluconate a similar but greater reduction in salivary bacterial counts was observed, which was still present up to the 7-h postrinsing period. Saliva samples obtained from the subjects 2 min after rinsing with providone iodine produced little or no inhibition to the growth of a test organism in vitro, whereas following chlorhexidine gluconate, antibacterial activity was present in the saliva specimens up to the 3-h sampling time. Using culture media containing comparable levels of soluble protein to saliva, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of povidone iodine against several standard test organisms were much higher than those of chlorhexidine gluconate. The results suggest that povidone iodine, as a mouthwash, exerts only an immediate antibacterial effect and unlike chlorhexidine, is not retained at antibacterial levels within the oral cavity after expectoration. This lack of prolonged action of povidone iodine in the oral cavity would appear to be relevant to its reported lack of antiplaque activity.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1986

The effect of mouthrinses on parameters characterizing human periodontal disease.

The objective of the present clinical trial was to assess the efficacy of mouthwashes containing antiseptic agents on established and developing plaque and periodontal disease in adult subjects using a newly described clinical research model. The study was carried out in 21 patients with periodontal disease. At the baseline examination, all tooth surfaces-sites were studied with regard to dental plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing to the base of the pocket and probing pocket depths. The patients were subsequently randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups, each consisting of 7 individuals. Group A rinsed with a 0.01% solution of Sanguinarine, group B rinsed with a 0.2% solution of chlorhexidine and group C rinsed with a placebo solution. No instructions regarding mechanical plaque control measures or information regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease were given to any of the patients during the course of the 6-weeks of trial. The clinical examination was repeated after 2 weeks use of the mouthwash preparations. Following the re-examination, all patients were subjected to scaling and root planing in 2 jaw quadrants chosen at random. After another 2 weeks, the 2nd re-examination was performed and the teeth in the 2 remaining jaw quadrants were thoroughly scaled. The final examination was performed 2 weeks later. During the 4 weeks of rinsing, without adjunctive professional mechanical debridement, the frequency distribution of plaque Index scores 2 + 3 did not change in the group of patients using the placebo solution, but was significantly reduced in both the chlorhexidine and the Sanguinarine groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Efficacy of mouthrinses in inhibiting dental plaque and gingivitis in man.

The aim of the present trial was to determine the effect of different mouthwash preparations used as supplements to regular oral hygiene measures on dental plaque and gingivitis in humans. 96 volunteers were recruited for the study. Following a baseline examination, each subject was given a careful prophylaxis, following which the mouthrinse regimens were initiated. During the 6 weeks of trial, the subjects continued to exercise their regular non-supervised, self-performed plaque control measures. The 96 volunteers were assigned either to 1 or 3 different treatment groups or to a control group according to a randomized code. The members of the control group and the listerine group rinsed with 20 ml of the mouthrinse for 30 s, twice daily, while the members of the chlorhexidine groups (using either a 0.2% or a 0.1% solution) rinsed with 10 ml of the antiseptic solution for 60 s twice daily. Examinations regarding extrinsic stain and plaque were performed at baseline and after 3 and 6 weeks, while the conditions of the gingiva were examined at baseline and after 6 weeks. Extrinsic stain was evaluated using the Lobene index, plaque was assessed by the Turesky modification of Quigley-Hein index and the gingival condition was examined using the gingival index system of Loe & Silness. The results of the trial demonstrated that the 3 active mouthwash preparations used as supplements to regular tooth cleaning measures markedly improved both the oral hygiene status and the gingival conditions of the participating human volunteers, compared to the control rinse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗