PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Models, Psychological”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Diversity and the state of sociological aging theory.

In the literature on aging there have been almost simultaneous calls for researchers to make more explicit links between theory and research and for researchers to incorporate diversity in their work. Although gerontologists have begun to document diversity, theory is often absent from this research. In this article, the author examines sociological aging theories of inequality and argues that this absence of theory may not be due to an oversight on the part of researchers. Rather, aging theories need to be rethought to be better suited for diversity research.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Self-reported long-term smoking cessation in patients with respiratory disease: prediction of success and perception of health effects.

Smoking status of 372 patients with respiratory disease, who had been advised to quit smoking by a respiratory specialist, was assessed six months after the advice. A multiple logistic regression model was developed for prediction of successful abstinence. The patients were again followed four to seven years later. Questionnaires were returned by 160 patients (43.0%). Of the remaining patients, 27 (7.3%) had died, 12 (3.2%) refused to participate, 53 (14.2%) had no current address available and 120 (32.3%) did not return questionnaires mailed to them. Among the respondents, 31.9% reported at least one year of abstinence from cigarettes, 63.1% were still smoking and 5.0% had quit smoking for periods of less than one year. While the original logistic model was not very useful for predicting long-term success (69.7% accuracy of classification), a model that included, as predictors, six-month smoking status and reasons for smoking other than addiction, was more useful (78.9% accuracy). At follow-up, successful abstainers reported improvement in their respiratory condition but no differences were found in reported symptoms or emotional well-being when they were compared to those who continued to smoke. Treatment implications of these results are discussed and include offers of alternative treatments if short-term abstinence is not achieved following physician advice.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1990

People are not passive acceptors of threats to health: endogeneity and its consequences.

The effect of behaviour on health is a major area of contemporary epidemiological enquiry. Most epidemiological studies of the effect of behaviour on health assume that the levels of the behaviour-related variables are determined by factors other than those under study. However, in many instances, obvious examples are breastfeeding and smoking, not only do behaviours affect health but, conversely, individuals take into account their (observable and non-observable) health conditions when making behavioural decisions. In models which allow for the joint determination of health and behaviour, both health and behavioural variables are 'endogenous', that is, determined by forces acting within the model. Through some simple didactic examples it is shown that estimates of the effect of behaviour on health are biased if endogeneity is ignored. Review of the small empirical literature on this subject shows perverse results, such as a negative relationship between the use of prenatal care and infant mortality, when endogeneity is ignored. Standard procedures for taking account of the effects of endogeneity are described briefly.

Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Methods and measures for the description of epidemiologic contact networks.

This article describes new methods to characterize epidemiologic contact networks that involve links that are being dynamically formed and dissolved. The new social network measures are designed with an epidemiologic interpretation in mind. These methods are intended to capture dynamic aspects of networks related to their potential to spread infection. This differs from many social network measures that are based on static networks. The networks are formulated as transmission graphs (TGs), in which nodes represent relationships between two individuals and directed edges (links) represent the potential of an individual in one relationship to carry infection to an individual in another relationship. Network measures derived from transmission graphs include "source counts," which are defined as the number of prior relationships that could potentially transmit infection to a particular node or individual.

Contact Tracing↗
PubMed2005

The research productivity of faculty in family medicine departments at U.S. medical schools: a national study.

PURPOSE: To determine the research productivity of faculty in family medicine departments at U.S. medical schools, as well as the individual and environmental characteristics and prior socializing experiences predictive of research productivity. METHOD: In 2000, a 43-item questionnaire was mailed to 796 faculty to obtain descriptive data toward formulating a conceptual model of the research productivity of family medicine faculty. Prior to model construction and testing through full-model regression, the model's factors were reduced through factor analysis. RESULTS: A total of 474 questionnaires (63%) were returned. Eighty-percent of respondents spent a half-day or less per week on research; on average they produced less than one scholarly product per year. Few had research experience, nor could identify a research agenda or current research project. Mixed messages were perceived related to research, both at institutional and disciplinary levels. In testing a conceptual model, psychological and cognitive characteristics were most predictive of research productivity, along with time spent on research. Psychological and cognitive factors included enhancing research skills, establishing a definable research agenda, fostering research networks, having multiple research projects underway, maintaining in-depth knowledge of a research area, and clearly understanding research expectations for promotion and tenure. CONCLUSION: The clinical and academic demands on family medicine faculty reduce the likelihood that they will engage in research. These demands prevent the development of a critical mass to provide mentorship and networking necessary for research productivity. Resources are needed to recruit faculty with an interest in research and to provide faculty development in research skills, mentorship, and networking.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Individual changes in clozapine levels after smoking cessation: results and a predictive model.

Published reports document 20-40% lower mean serum clozapine concentrations in smokers compared with nonsmokers due to enzyme induction. Despite the increase in nonsmoking psychiatric facilities in the United States, previous studies have not tracked individual changes in serum clozapine levels after smoking cessation. Clozapine level changes were analyzed in 11 patients at Oregon State Hospital who were on stable clozapine doses, before and after implementation of a hospital-wide nonsmoking policy. A mean increase in clozapine levels of 71.9% (442.4 ng/ml +/- 598.8 ng/ml) occurred upon smoking cessation (p < .034) from a baseline level of 550.2 ng/ml (+/- 160.18 ng/ml). One serious adverse event, aspiration pneumonia, was associated with a nonsmoking serum clozapine level of 3066 ng/ml. Elimination of statistically extreme results generated a mean increase of 57.4 % or 284.1 ng/ml (+/- 105.2 ng/ml) for the remaining cases (p < .001) and permitted construction of a linear model which explains 80.9% of changes in clozapine levels upon smoking cessation (F = 34.9;p = .001): clozapine level as nonsmoker = 45.3 + 1.474 (clozapine level as smoker). These findings suggest that significant increases in clozapine levels upon smoking cessation may be predicted by use of a model. Those with high baseline levels should be monitored for serious adverse events.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Anger in former East German political prisoners: relationship to posttraumatic stress reactions and social support.

Anger is a salient symptom of traumatized victims and a major sign for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the causes for the increased level of anger remain almost unknown. The present study investigates the interrelationship of anger, posttraumatic stress reactions, and social support in a group of former East German political prisoners (N = 91). Assessments included the German version of the Anxiety Disorders Schedule (DIPS) as well as measures of anger (STAXI), posttraumatic stress reactions (IES-R), and social support (SSQ). As expected, participants reported a high level of anger. Most measures of anger, posttraumatic stress reactions, and social support were significantly correlated. Within structural equation modeling, trait-anger was shown to be directly activated by the experience of chronic posttraumatic intrusions. Social support appeared to lessen the level of anger. The results confirm findings from studies on other traumatic events and provide additional information on the relationship between posttraumatic anger and social support. The findings indicate that treatments for PTSD might be effectively supplemented by addressing anger and social support.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Factor structure of the Multnomah Community Ability Scale.

More and more, Intensive Community Treatment programs in Canada use questionnaires to evaluate the health and social functioning of individuals suffering from a severe mental illness. However, seldom are these tools subject to psychometric analyses to establish their validity on independent samples. This article presents the results of the validation of the French version of the Multnomah Community Ability Scale. Confirmatory factor analyses were carried out to assess the factorial structure. The factor structure, four dimensions with three items, emerging from a first sample was replicated with data from a different sample of clients. Moreover, these four dimensions respect the initial factor solution of the Multnomah Community Ability Scale, which are a) interference with functioning, b) adjustment to living, c) social competence, and d) behavior problems. The study shows the structural validity of this brief questionnaire, which could be useful both for clinical and research settings to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Caring is more than kindness: modeling its complexities.

In today's competitive health care environment, the term "caring" is used to promote positive consumer response to services, but little attention is paid to its substantive nature. Today's nurse executives must be able to articulate the value of nursing to other decision makers as choices are made about where limited health care resources should be distributed. Managerial decision makers are familiar with analyzing problems aided by quantitative data. This presents a challenge to nurse executives because the professional practices of nursing do not always lend themselves well to quantification. Caring is a central focus of nursing practice which is difficult to advance because of problems with its definition and measurement. Presented here is a model of caring which illustrates its complex nature, and which is supported by both quantitative and qualitative data.

Holistic Health↗
PubMed1988

Explaining the declining rate of physician utilization among the oldest-old.

This article reports the results of a regression-based cohort analysis of physician utilization rates among eight 4-year cohorts of elderly Americans over an 8-year period. Data on 99,445 noninstitutionalized individuals aged 56-95 were taken from the pooled 1972-73, 1976-77, and 1980-81 Health Interview Surveys. The parameters of the behavioral model of health services utilization were then estimated separately for each cohort within each pooled survey. The partial unstandardized regression coefficients obtained were used to construct standard cohort tables, which were then visually and statistically compared to identify any changes due to aging, period, or cohort effects. The findings suggest that the declining rate of physician utilization among the oldest-old results from an accelerated decreased response to health-related limitations in activity. Six plausible explanations for this changing response are considered.

Aged↗