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PubMed1996

Effects of open marsh water management on selected tidal marsh resources: a review.

Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) is a method of salt-marsh mosquito control that advocates source reduction and biological control through selective pond creation and ditching in mosquito breeding areas. This method has been used as an alternative to chemical insecticides in coastal wetlands for 30 years. This paper reviews the effects of OMWM on hydrology, topography, vegetation, mosquitoes, invertebrates, fishes, birds, mammals, and water quality. Other source reduction techniques and the economics of OMWM are also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Emergency mosquito aerial spray response to the 2004 Florida hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne: an overview of control results.

In total, 43 aerial spray missions were conducted in 26 Florida counties to control mosquito populations after each of the 4 hurricanes making landfall in Florida in 2004. Mosquitoes were trapped before and after each spray mission to determine the percentage (%) of control for the West Nile virus vector Culex nigripalpus (64.1%), the floodwater pest mosquito Psorophora columbiae (69.7%), and for all species combined (67.7%). A discussion on these results and suggestions for future efforts are presented.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1990

[The pathogens of Taiwan mosquitoes--Coelomomyces species].

A brief mention was made of the history of world studies on the Coelomomyces fungi, the life cycle of the fungi, their importance as biological agents for mosquito control, and the known ecological information concerning the Taiwan mosquitoes parasitized by the fungi. Special accounts were made of the results of experiments infecting four mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. triseriatus and Tripteroides aranoides with Coelomomyces stegomyiae var. chapmani, using the copepod, Phyllognathopus viguieri as an alternate host. The dead 4th instar larvae of Ae. albopictus containing sporangia were put together with healthy copepods for 10 days, then healthy 2nd instar mosquito larvae were added for a 1-day exposure. Then the larvae were transferred to clean water and subsequent examinations for signs of infection were made at 3-day intervals for a period of 21 days. The experiments demonstrated an infection rate of 59.7% and 90% respectively for Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in the first trial, 18.5% and 23.3% in the 2nd trial, and none in the 3rd trial. The low infection rate in the 2nd trial and no infection in the 3rd trial were thought to be due to the extensive contamination of test water with algae. Therefore, in the 4th trial the rearing water was renewed with dechlorinated tap water and new copepods instroduced. The infection rate again rose to 41.1% and 56% respectively for the two species. Experiments with Ae. triseriatus and Tp. aranoides failed to produce signs of infection. Experimental infection of susceptible Ae. albopictus larvae with the sporangia stored at 8 degrees C showed that storage for one month produced an infection rate of 38.2%. However, storage for two months or longer produced no infection in the larvae of the same mosquito species.

Aedes↗
PubMed1995

Global distribution and continuing spread of Aedes albopictus.

Aedes albopictus ranks second only to Ae. aegypti in importance to man as a vector of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) which viruses place at risk a potential population of 2 billion people living in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Due to its predilection for breeding in a plethora of habitat within urban and suburban environs as well as peri-rural areas it is spreading rapidly where suitable breeding is available. It exhibits strain differences ranging from the cold-hardy to tropic loving, yet despite limited flight range, it has spread beyond the Orient to China, the Pacific, the Indian Ocean islands, the Americas, parts of continental Africa and into southern Europe. This has been done principally by means of transport of eggs in used tyres via rapid air and sea transport. Egg positive used tyres, when shipped, and later rehydrated by rainfall, produce adult mosquitoes within a few days rapidly infesting new areas. Although dengue and other vector-borne arboviral diseases have not been in Europe in epidemic form for many decades, travelers do not infrequently return from dengue endemic areas with dengue and other similar infections. Aedes albopictus is a potential vector of a number of arboviruses and can transmit them in a vertical or transvenereal manner in nature, thereby providing a means for their maintenance and transmission. Where Ae. albopictus newly occurs, the affected populace immediately are aware of a new daytime, nuisance biting mosquito and complaints addressed to local mosquito control authorities increase significantly. The biological characteristics of the mosquito make its spread within Europe highly probable. The paper offers several avenues to be pursued to reduce the global spread of Ae. albopictus, when examined within the context of Europe and the wider world community.

Aedes↗
PubMed1995

Control of Aedes albopictus from the perspective of North America.

Aedes albopictus is a serious nuisance species and a potential vector of domestic arboviruses in the U.S. Public health and mosquito control agencies have taken numerous actions to address the problems posed by this species. Federally mandated programs of disinsection and inspection of tire casings imported into the U.S. are aimed at preventing additional introductions of this and other exotic mosquito species. Control programs, including the use of traditional chemical larvicides and adulticides, as well as the introduction of predatory copepods into larval habitats, have been developed and tested for population management. A few of the established populations in the northern areas of Ae. albopictus distribution in the continental U.S. have been successfully eradicated through source reduction and insecticide application.

Aedes↗
PubMed2002

Levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and deltamethrin in humans and environmental samples in malarious areas of Mexico.

Mexico used dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to control malaria until 1999, when it was replaced with deltamethrin for mosquito control. Thus, we performed environmental and exposure assessments to DDT and deltamethrin in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. In Chiapas, samples were obtained at the time when DDT was being used in the malaria control program, while in Oaxaca, samples were collected 2 years after the final spraying of DDT and 2 days after deltamethrin application. Mean concentrations of DDT and Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), as measured in whole blood, were 67.8 and 86.7 microg/L for children living in Chiapas and 27.1 and 60.8 microg/L for adults, respectively. As expected, DDT levels were lower 2 years after the final application in Oaxaca (20.4 and 13.2 microg/L for children and adults, respectively). Sprayers in Chiapas had the highest levels of exposure, with 165.5 and 188.4 microg/L of DDT and DDE, respectively. Women living in Chiapas and Oaxaca also had significantly higher blood levels of DDT and DDE than those women living in areas where less DDT had been used. Deltamethrin exposure was assessed only in children living in Oaxaca; 50% of the exposed group had urinary levels of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid above the limit of detection (LOD) and 6% had levels above 25 microg/L (five times the LOD), with a negative trend with age (r=-0.33). In Chiapas we found higher DDT and DDE levels in soil than in Oaxaca. In the latter location, large amounts of DDT and DDE were found in sediment samples and deltamethrin was detected in indoor soil samples. Considering the environmental data, the blood level results can be explained by soil/dust ingestion, human milk ingestion, and consumption of fish and other contaminated foods.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Integrated management of waste tire mosquitoes utilizing Mesocyclops longisetus (Copepoda: Cyclopidae), Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, and methoprene.

This study evaluated the compatibility and efficacy of using a predatory copepod, Mesocyclops longisetus in concert with 3 "biorational" compounds for mosquito control in waste tires. The toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i), Bacillus sphaericus, and methoprene to Mesocyclops longisetus was assessed in the laboratory using concentrations 10 times the maximum labeled or suggested rate and based on a water depth of 7.6 cm. Microbials were tested using mature copepods exposed for durations of 24, 48, and 72 h. Methoprene bioassays consisted of individually exposing newly hatched copepods (i.e., nauplius larvae) and monitoring their development to maturity. The toxicity tests indicated B.t.i., B. sphaericus, and methoprene were not deleterious to copepods at concentrations exceeding those expected in the field. Copepods exposed to methoprene matured normally, and when mated, 50% developed egg sacs. A 5-month field test, integrating the copepod and B.t.i., B. sphaericus, and methoprene provided better mosquito reduction together than either copepods or control agents alone. When copepods were combined with B.t.i. or methoprene, overall reduction of 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae during the 5-month interval was equal to or greater than 90%. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis alone temporarily produced a high degree of larval reduction (up to 100%), however reapplications were necessary to maintain that level of control. Of all the treatments, B. sphaericus alone produced the lowest degree of mosquito suppression due to lack of toxicity to Aedes albopictus, the predominant species during the study. It is recommended that mosquito control managers consider integrating M. longisetus and B.t.i. or methoprene against mosquitoes in waste tires.

Aedes↗
PubMed2000

Prevention versus treatment for malaria in pregnant women.

OBJECTIVES: Malaria contributes to antenatal anaemia and slowing of fetal growth, especially in first-time mothers. It is thought that these effects harm the mother and baby, and interventions to prevent or mitigate the effects of malaria are often recommended. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of anti-malarial interventions in pregnant women living in malarial areas on the mother and the infant. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase. We contacted researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials in pregnant women of interventions that aim to mitigate the effects of malaria in pregnancy, including drugs given routinely and mosquito control measures. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial quality was assessed. Data extraction was done by two reviewers using standard criteria. MAIN RESULTS: Fifteen trials were included. Drugs given regularly and routinely were associated with fewer episodes of fever in the mother, fewer women with severe anaemia antenatally, and higher average birthweight in infants. These effects appear to be greater in primigravidae. No difference in perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality were detected in studies of prophylaxis in all parity groups, or studies confined to women of low parity. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Drugs locally effective for malaria when given routinely for malaria during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of low birth weight and anaemia. This effect appears to be limited to low parity women. Given the costs and inputs required to effectively deliver widescale prophylaxis programmes, we believe a large simple placebo- controlled trial testing the impact of drugs given routinely on pregnancy outcome and neonatal/infant survival is warranted.

Antimalarials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

West Nile Virus: the buzz on Ottawa residents' awareness, attitudes and practices.

BACKGROUND: In 2002, the City of Ottawa was interested in the public perception of West Nile Virus (WNV) and mosquito control. Their objectives were to assess: awareness of WNV, practices to reduce mosquito sources, personal protective measures, and attitudes towards community-based insecticide programs. METHODS: In July 2002, we administered a telephone survey to a random, stratified sample of urban, suburban and rural Ottawa households. RESULTS: Surveys were completed for 491 households. Most (77.2%) respondents reported they had heard of WNV, and of these, 58.3% reported WNV was an important health issue. Mosquito repellent was the most common personal protective measure, reported among 72.5% of respondents, of whom 76.9% used DEET products. Multivariate regression analyses showed that age was a significant predictor of repellent use, with respondents aged less than 51 years more likely to use repellent than older respondents (ORadj =2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-2.3). This age group was also more likely to use at least one personal protective behaviour (ORadj = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.4-4.5). Of 315 people selecting a justified time to larvicide, 4.8% chose "larvicides should never be used in Ottawa"; 33.4% stated that larviciding would be appropriate "when WNV was detected in birds or mosquitoes"; one third "needed more information" on the health and environmental effects of insecticides, prior to selecting a response. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the need for public education reinforcing WNV importance, emphasizing the health and environmental effects of insecticides as well as appropriate personal protective behaviours. Such messages should target older and urban residents.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Mosquito production in a rotationally managed impoundment compared to other management techniques.

Mosquito production was monitored by larval dipping for 12 months in a 20.2 ha central east coast Florida salt marsh impoundment which was being managed under a rotational impoundment management (RIM) regime. This regime, implemented to provide mosquito control while retaining natural resource benefits, virtually eliminated salt-marsh Aedes mosquito production from late May through September when the marsh was closed to the estuary and flooded to approximately 1.0 ft NGVD. Anopheles spp. were collected only along the upland marsh edges in relatively low densities. Compared with the management methods of: 1) open to the estuary with culverts and, 2) passive retention of water with flapgate risers, RIM proved to be significantly more effective in reducing mosquito production.

Aedes↗
PubMed1991

[Breeding grass carp against mosquitoes in rice field].

In this experimental study, grass carp were bred in rice field (1.9 fish/m2) to control mosquito larvae. 78 days after treatment, the larvae population of An. sinensis and Cu. tritaeniorhynchus dropped down by 87.4% and 80% respectively. Newly hatched 1-2 instar larvae accounted for 73.3% of the larvae remained in rice field after treatment. Eighty-nine samples of fish feces taken from rice field and 10 fishes were examined for breathing syphons of mosquito larvae. Breathing syphons were found in 22 fecal samples (24.7% positive) and 3 fishes (30% positive). The average number of mosquito larvae devoured by one fish was 861.5 in 24 hours in tap water and 661 in 24 hours in water containing grass and aquatic plants. The simulated field test showed that the average number of mosquito larvae devoured by fish was 362 larvae in 24 hours. The field trial indicated that the grass carp could not only cut down the mosquito larvae population but also benefit the peasants by increasing the production of both fish and rice.

Animals↗