Newcastle disease vaccination with the V4 strain in Malawi: laboratory and field studies.
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Animals↗
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Topography and dynamics of synthesis of structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus.
Zhdanov, Victor M. (The D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, USSR), Nonna B. Azadova, and Leonid V. Uryvayev. Topography and dynamics of synthesis of structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1902-1906. 1966.-Newcastle disease virus S and V antigens are synthesized in the cytoplasm, as revealed by the immunofluorescence method. In some experiments, S antigen was found also in the nucleoli. Actinomycin D moderately decreased the titer of infectious virus and V antigen and accelerated the time of appearance of mature virus. Proflavine sharply decreased the synthesis of both antigens and the release of mature virus.
Antigens↗
Growth of Newcastle disease virus and rubella virus in rheumatoid and nonrehumatoid synovial cell cultures.
Rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial cell cultures were challenged with Newcastle disease virus and rubella virus in an attempt to confirm reports that rheumatoid synovial cells are relatively resistant to infection with these viruses. Newcastle disease virus caused complete cell destruction by day 7 in both rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid cultures, and peak virus titers were similar. Rubella virus replicated in both rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial cell cultures, and no consistent differences in virus titers were detected. Rubella-infected cell lines were observed for up to 28 days and no virus-specific cytopathic effect was seen.
Adolescent↗
[Detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus in wild birds].
262 samples from wild birds of 26 species were examined for antibodies against the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV). By using the haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) 22 serum samples showing positive antibody titers could be detected. The epidemiology and the significance of ND for wild birds and waterfowl in farms is discussed.
Animals↗
Genetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus strains isolated in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Yugoslavia, reveals the presence of only a single genotype, V, between 1979 and 2002.
Newcastle disease (ND) epizootics in some European countries after the World War II were caused by ND virus (NDV) of multiple genotypes (IV-VIIa) occurring sequentially and/or simultaneously. This study was carried out to characterise the genetic composition of NDV strains during the outbreaks in the territory of the former Yugoslavia in order to enhance our understanding of the relationships of past epizootics in Europe. Sixty-eight NDV strains isolated between 1979 and 2002 were analysed by restriction enzyme digestion and partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene. All isolates were placed in genotype V, an exotic type, that was introduced to western Europe in 1970. Residue substitution analysis has allowed the recognition of four genetic variants, Vb1-Vb4, and the tracing of their movements. Vb1, a dominant variant in Bulgaria from the late 1970s, was also wide spread in the former Yugoslavia throughout the period under investigation. Vb2, a variant occurring in the neighbouring countries in the early 1970s could be the founder of the epidemic in Yugoslavia and it was present up to the late 1980s. Variants Vb3 and Vb4 could be found only after 1987. In conclusion, the ND outbreaks in Yugoslavia were part of the epizootic wave due to genotype V viruses that started in western Europe in 1970 and became endemic in the region. Inter-country transmission occurred for all variants, and Vb3 and Vb4 might have evolved during the endemic period.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
The properdin system and immunity. VI. The inactivation of Newcastle disease virus by the properdin system.
Detailed experiments are presented which indicate that the properdin system is an inhibitor of Newcastle disease virus. Viral inhibition required all known components of the properdin system: properdin, all four components of complement and magnesium; the removal of any one constituent resulted in a loss of inhibition; the replacement of the constituent restored antiviral effect. The inhibition of virus was temperature-dependent. The process of inhibition by serum resulted in a decrease in the amount of properdin available in the serum without any measurable effect on the components of complement. The prolonged incubation of inactive serum-virus mixtures with cation-exchange resin resulted in the restoration of some, but not all, of the hemagglutinating activity of the virus. The requirements of the properdin system and the implication of these findings were discussed.
Animals↗
Characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from pigeons in Italy.
The authors report the results of characterization studies of three strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (two isolated from pigeons and one from chickens). The plaque cloning of the viruses, showed that each NDV strain consists of different clones of genetically mixed viral populations. The pigeon NDV isolates were classified as lentogenic using mean death time (MDT) determination; while the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) was the same as the velogenic NDV strain.
Animals↗
Reduced serologic response to Newcastle disease virus in broiler chickens exposed to a Chinese field strain of subgroup J avian leukosis virus.
In this study, a Chinese field strain of subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J), NX0101, was studied for its immunosuppressive effects in both commercial broilers and SPF white Leghorn chickens infected at 1 day of age. Our data demonstrated that NX0101 induced much more significant body and immune organ weight loss in the infected commercial broiler chickens in an earlier age than that in the SPF white Leghorn chickens. At the same time antibody responses to vaccinations of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV) in the NX0101-infected chickens were also evaluated and compared between the commercial broiler chickens and the SPF white Leghorn chickens. Compared with the control group of chickens, the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody response to NDV vaccines was significantly reduced in the NX0101-infected commercial broiler chickens from as early as 20 days after vaccination. However, no significant difference in HI antibody response was seen when HI titers reached their peaks in the NX0101-inoculated and control SPF white Leghorn chickens, except it declined significantly faster in infected birds. Neither of these two types of chickens showed significant decrease of antibody response to IBDV vaccination. Herein, we conclude that this NX0101 strain of ALV-J could selectively suppress humoral immune reactions to NDV, especially in broilers. But challenge experiments were not conducted and, therefore, it cannot be known if decreased antibody levels correlated with decreased protection against NDV in this case.
Animals↗
A mutant CHO-K1 strain with resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A is unable to process the precursor fusion glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus.
RPE.40, a mutant strain of CHO-K1 cells isolated for resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A and cross-resistant to alphaviruses, is also highly resistant to virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus. The resistance of RPE.40 cells to Newcastle disease virus results from the failure to cleave the viral envelope precursor glycoprotein Fo to fusion glycoprotein F1 at the consensus sequence (Lys/Arg)-Arg-Gln-(Lys/Arg)-Arg.
ADP Ribose Transferases↗
Effect of mixed infection of Mycoplasma gallinarum and Newcastle disease virus (F strain) on the tracheal epithelium of village chickens.
The effects of a mixed infection of Mycoplasma gallinarum and Newcastle disease virus (F strain) on the tracheal epithelium of village chickens were investigated and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Day-old village chicks were vaccinated intranasally with F strain Newcastle disease virus and inoculated intratracheally on the same day with 10(8) colony forming units of M gallinarum. In another study the chicks were vaccinated and then infected with M gallinarum seven days later. The first group of chicks was euthanased three, seven, 10, 14 and 21 days after vaccination and infection and the vaccinated chicks were euthanased three, seven, 10 and 14 days after infection. In the chicks vaccinated and infected on the same day, major alterations to the tracheal epithelium were visible three days later. There were fewer ciliated cells and the borders of the non-ciliated cells were prominent. Several depressions had formed in the epithelial surface. At higher magnification, clumps of microvilli were visible on some of the non-ciliated cells. Seven days after vaccination and infection, the tracheal epithelium appeared normal, with an increase in the numbers of ciliated cells, although raised borders were observed on the non-ciliated cells in some areas. No clumping of microvilli or depressions in the epithelial surface were observed. In the chicks infected seven days after vaccination, the tracheal epithelium appeared normal with no visible changes on its surface.
Animals↗
Characterization of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from apparently normal guinea fowl (Numida melagridis).
This report describes the isolation and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolated from an apparently normal guinea fowl (Numida melagridis). With a mean death time of 54 h and intracerebral pathogenicity index of 1.80, the isolate has been identified as velogenic by biological methods. Fusion protein cleavage site amino acid sequence analysis of the isolate indicated the presence of two pairs of basic amino acids at the C-terminus of the F2 region and phenylalanine at the N-terminus of the F1 region, confirming the velogenic nature of the isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolate revealed that this isolate is genotypically related to other neurotropic velogenic isolates like Iowa/Salsbury, Texas GB, Kansas/Manhattan and mesogenic Michigan.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Mucosal and systemic immunization elicited by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) transgenic plants as antigens.
As a step towards developing a safe and effective edible vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), we have explored the use of plants genetically engineered to express viral proteins. We report the construction of transgenic potato plants expressing the genes coding for immunogenic proteins of NDV under the regulation of CaMV 35S promoter and its immunogenicity in mice. All mice receiving transgenic plant extracts in incomplete Freund adjuvant produced specific anti-NDV antibodies. Animals fed with transgenic leaves showed a specific response against NDV. Detection of IgA released from in vitro-cultured intestinal tissue fragments indicated the presence of IgA-secreting cells in the gut.
Animals↗
Human conjunctivitis due to the Newcastle-disease virus of fowls.
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Animals↗
Infection of mice with Newcastle disease virus inhibits the T suppressor afferent cell circuit which regulates contact sensitivity to picryl chloride.
The interaction between Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the suppressor cell circuit which regulates the induction phase of contact sensitivity reaction to picryl chloride (Pcl) was investigated. NDV infection impairs the activity of the T suppressor afferent cells (Ts-aff) which inhibit DNA synthesis in the draining lymph nodes of mice specifically sensitized with Pcl and the development of contact sensitivity. The inhibitory effect of NDV was evident when the virus was administered up to 2 days before or at the same time as the injection of picrylsulfonic acid; this effect required infectious virus, as NDV inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation failed to inhibit Ts-aff activity. Taken together with the previous finding that the T suppressor efferent cell is unaffected by NDV, the present results support the view that contact sensitivity reaction to picryl chloride is regulated by two distinct T-suppressor-cell circuits.
Animals↗
Rapid detection and differentiation of Newcastle disease virus by real-time PCR with melting-curve analysis.
In order to rapidly detect and differentiate Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates, a method based on real-time PCR SYBR Green I melting-curve analysis of the fusion (F) protein gene was developed. The detection limit of real-time PCR was 9 x 10(2) plasmid copies and was 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. Thirty eight reference NDV strains were rapidly identified by their distinctive melting temperatures (T(m)s): 89.23 +/- 0.27 degrees C for velogenic strains, 90.17 +/- 0.35 degrees C for pigeon mesogenic strains, 91.25 +/- 0.14 degrees C for two lentogenic strains (B1 and Ishii). No amplification was detected from unrelated RNA samples by this method. This real-time PCR directly detected NDV from infected tissues and eliminated the gel electrophoretic step for analyzing PCR product using ethidium bromide. The total time for a PCR run was less than 1 hour. The results obtained in this study showed that the real-time PCR presented here is a good screening test for the identification of NDV.
Animals↗
Persistent Newcastle disease virus infection in embryonic chicken tracheal organ cultures.
The persistent infection of embryonic chicken tracheal organ cultures with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is described. Tracheal explants remained morphologically intact and were able to support the replication of NDV for 6 months. Peak titers of released virus occurred at 1 week postinfection, whereas maximal immunofluorescence was not observed until 30 days postinfection. The inoculum titer was not critical, and viral persistence resulted with either of two strains of NDV tested. Serum was not required in the medium for explant viability or to maintain the persistent infection. The presence of a contaminating virus morphologically resembling a leukovirus neither altered the course of infection nor affected the survivability of explants. Although interferon was not detected in the culture medium, persistently infected explants were resistant to heterologous viral challenge, and a similar resistant state could be induced in uninfected explants with exogenous interferon or ultraviolet light-inactivated NDV. No evidence was found to implicate antibody as a regulatory factor in the establishment or maintenance of persistence. The results from electron microscopy and immunofluorescence suggest the cells of the subepithelial connective tissue as the site of NDV persistence.
Animals↗
Newcastle disease virus in double-crested cormorants in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi.
In order to understand the epidemiology of Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), a study was conducted on wintering migratory cormorants (P. a. auritus) in Alabama and Mississippi (USA) and non-migratory cormorants (P. a. floridanus) that breed in Florida (USA). Antibodies against ND virus were detected by the hemagglutination-inhibition method in sera from 86 of 183 (47%) migratory cormorants over-wintering in eight roosting sites in Alabama and Mississippi between November, 1997 and April, 1999. Titers ranged from 5 to 40. Antibody prevalences in sera collected from females in early winter (November and December) (26%) and late winter (February and March) (56%) were significantly different (P = 0.0007). None of 45 serum samples from 1- to 7-wk-old nestlings from 11 colonies in Florida during the 1997-98 and 1998-99 breeding seasons was positive. However, antibodies were detected in yolk samples from 98 of 126 (78%) eggs collected in these same colonies. Titers ranged from 4 to 256. The prevalence of antibodies in eggs collected from fresh-water colonies (63% prevalence, n = 30) and salt-water colonies (82% prevalence, n = 96) was significantly different (P = 0.041). ND virus was not isolated from tissues of 18 cormorants and cloacal and tracheal swabs from 202 cormorants collected in Alabama and Mississippi; virus was also not isolated from cloacal and tracheal swabs from 51 nestlings from Florida.
Alabama↗
Effect of fusion protein cleavage site mutations on virulence of Newcastle disease virus: non-virulent cleavage site mutants revert to virulence after one passage in chicken brain.
Virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is mainly determined by the amino acid sequence of the fusion (F0) protein cleavage site. Full-length NDV cDNA clone pNDFL was used to generate infectious NDV with defined mutations in the F0 cleavage site (RRQRR downward arrow L, GRQGR downward arrow F, RRQGR downward arrow F, RGQRR downward arrow F and RKQKR downward arrow F). All the mutants were viable and the mutations were maintained after virus propagation in embryonated eggs. The mutants showed single-cell infections on chicken embryo fibroblasts, which suggested that they were non-virulent. However, virulence tests in 1-day-old chickens resulted in an intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) between 0 and 1.3. Moreover, virulent virus was isolated from chickens that had died in the virulence tests. Subsequent sequence analysis showed that the mutants RRQRR downward arrow L, RRQGR downward arrow F, RGQRR downward arrow F and RKQKR downward arrow F gave rise to the appearance of revertants containing the virulent cleavage site RRQ(K/R)R downward arrow F and an ICPI of 1.4 or higher. This indicated that reversion to virulence was caused by alteration of the amino acid sequence of the F0 cleavage site from a non-virulent to a virulent type. Furthermore, the ICPI of the revertants was higher than that of cDNA-derived strain NDFLtag, which has the same cleavage site, RRQRR downward arrow F (ICPI=1.3). NDFLtag(Pass), which was isolated from dead chickens after intracerebral inoculation of NDFLtag, also showed an increase in the ICPI from 1.3 to 1.5. This study proves that reversion to virulence occurs within non-virulent NDV populations and that the virulence may increase after one passage in chicken brain.
Animals↗