SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Pathologists”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

The speech-language pathologist's role in a writing lab approach.

In a writing lab approach, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work on collaborative teams with general and special educators to foster language growth using inclusive, curriculum-based, computer-supported writing process instruction. By engaging students in authentic writing projects using recursive writing processes--planning, organizing, drafting, revising, editing, publishing, presenting--and supporting them with instructional scaffolding, peer feedback, and computers, SLPs can address individualized needs while achieving goals of the general education curriculum. Case examples illustrate how intervention can be designed to meet the needs of students with diverse disabilities to interact socially and progress academically within the general education curriculum.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed2006

Preparing speech-language pathologists as family-centered practitioners in assessment and program planning for children with autism spectrum disorder.

Family-centered care is a practice model that has been described in the literature for the past two decades. The evidence shows that when family-centered care is practiced, outcomes are enhanced for children with autism and other disabilities and their families and teams. This article reviews two innovative programs that practiced family-centered care in assessment and program planning for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The research indicates that the essential training elements required to transform speech-language pathologists (SLPs) from understanding family-centered care to being family-centered practitioners includes a focus on technical and leadership skills as well as a variety of experiences with families who have children with ASD. Preservice programs preparing SLPs and other health professionals must incorporate these essential elements of family-centered care training into their curricula. SLPs who are already practicing can use these key elements as a guide in seeking professional development opportunities.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed2006

External peer review quality assurance testing in von Willebrand disease: the recent experience of the United States College of American Pathologists proficiency testing program.

The U.S. College of American Pathologists (CAP) has conducted a focused study of the proficiency testing for von Willebrand disease (vWD) analysis from 2003 to 2005. This report summarizes the findings regarding the accuracy and precision of the various assays at different analyte levels, as well as the influence of the reference material used to construct the assay standard curve. The results show that testing of von Willebrand factor (vWF):antigen (vWF:Ag) and ristocetin cofactor activity (vWF:RCo) is reasonably accurate, with all-method mean values falling within 3.2 and 5.6%, respectively, of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Secondary Coagulation Standard (lot 2) assigned values. vWF:Ag measurements are reasonably precise (all-method coefficients of variation [CVs] = 10.7 to 15.1%), even at lower levels of vWF. The highest precision was observed for immunoturbidometric assays (CVs, 6.3 to 9.7%). vWF:RCo measurements are less precise (all-method CVs, 23.3 to 30.9%). The reference materials used in the standard curves for immunoturbidometric vWF:Ag assays appear to have accurately assigned vWF values for the majority of commercial suppliers.

Antigens↗

PubMed1996

[Breast carcinoma and breast saving therapy--a critical comment from the viewpoint of the pathologist].

The pathologist's contribution to decision-making for or against breast conserving treatment is based on his examination of the specimen from primary tumour surgery. First-line criteria for the assessment of the specimen are completeness, contour and versus plurifocal/multicentric spread), intracanalicular tumour components, lymphangiosis and haemangiosis. Second-line criteria are the histological and cytological grade of malignancy, preconditions for breast conserving treatment are favorable in consolidated in situ carcinomas up to 25 mm in diameter and in unifocal invasive carcinomas up to stage pT2 with low grade malignancy and without additional intraductal spread or angiosis. Breast conserving treatment is not indicated for multifocal or pT4 carcinomas and for carcinomas with extensive intraductal components or angiosis. When considering an unselected group of breast cancer patients, the pathological anatomic preconditions for breast conserving treatment will be very favourable in one-quarter of the cases. This approach will be feasible with limitations only in another one-fourth of the cases, whereas in about 50% of the patients, breast conserving treatment is dubious or should be rejected.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed1996

Formulating a functional model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder for the practicing speech-language pathologist.

Speech-language pathologists need to embrace new models of service delivery if their work with children having ADHD is to be successful. Old models that are oriented toward deficits have proven to be ineffective, but application of a systems-theory approach from the social sciences to ADHD, together with support from recent educational research, provides a contextually-related model of service delivery. This model is discussed in terms of three major issues--identifying and describing students with ADHD, helping them overcome their problems, and meeting the needs of their teachers and parents--and how it may guide more effective assessment and intervention of ADHD students in educational settings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Lung cancer: the pathologist's role in management.

The prognosis of lung cancer is poor, although there is hope for improvement based on early detection through cytologic screening and the use of newer treatment protocols. Although there are difficulties inherent in classifying tumors by type on the basis of very small samples of lesions that are not necessarily homogeneous, the pathologist should use a standard classification that sets forth definite criteria for the differentiated types. Among the common tumors, a small, well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma with no evidence of lymph node involvement has the most favorable prognosis, and a small-cell anaplastic or oat cell carcinoma the worst. Results of therapy for tumors of other types show much variation. Future studies of lung cancer should include careful clinical staging and, when resection is done, pathologic staging. More study of the immunomorphology of lymph nodes is needed, as this may provide highly useful prognostic information.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The Trp53 hemizygous mouse in pharmaceutical development: points to consider for pathologists.

ILSI-HESI sponsored an international consortium for the evaluation of alternative models, including the TrpS3+/- mouse. for use in short-term carcinogenicity testing of pharmaceuticals. Products of the ILSI evaluation included guidance for protocol design and assay interpretation, spontaneous tumor incidences, diagnostic criteria for common proliferative lesions, and results of assays for pharmaceutical agents that are known human and/or rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens. Based on the ILSI evaluation, recommended protocol elements for this model include: 26-week study duration, groups > or = 15/sex/dose, a positive control group (benzene or p-cresidine), a negative control group and 3 dose groups, the high dose set at MTD or MFD, routine in-life evaluations, and complete necropsies with microscopic evaluation of tissues. Favored statistical analyses are trend tests or pair-wise comparisons, with no adjustments for survival. For an assay to be valid, positive control groups must demonstrate an effect, and the MTD or MFD must be reached in both sexes. Criteria for a negative response include a valid assay, no statistical increase in common tumors, no biologically significant numerical increase in rare tumors, and no tumor incidence above that of historical controls. Positive responses can consist of statistically significant increases in the incidence of a common tumor or numerical increases in a rare tumor, which may not be statistically significant. In either case, the incidence should be clearly above historical control values. Evidence of a dose response or occurrence of hyperplasia in a tissue with a neoplastic response can support interpreting an assay as positive. The two most common spontaneous tumors (> 1 %) in Trp53+/- mice are malignant thymic lymphomas and subcutaneous sarcomas. Use of implanted electronic transponders can increase the incidence of sarcomas. Important rare spontaneous tumors (incidence < or = 1%) are osteosarcomas and pulmonary adenomas. Many other tumor types have been reported to occur sporadically in Trp53+/- mice. Diagnostic challenges for this model include differentiating lymphoma from atypical thymic hyperplasia and recognizing the variable histopathology of subcutaneous sarcomas. In reported bioassays, Trp53+/- mice responded positively to genotoxic carcinogens, negatively to non-genotoxic rodent carcinogens, and negatively to noncarcinogens, indicating that unlike the 2-year mouse assay, this short-term assay is not overly sensitive. Positive responses often elicited an increase in tumors that occur spontaneously. To successfully use this model, pathologists must understand the biology of the Trp53 tumor suppressor gene and the principles of protocol design and data interpretation for short-term bioassays. They must also know the historical response pattern of Trp53+/- mice to test agents and be able to accurately diagnose tumors in this model. Use of the Trp53+/- mouse presents the pharmaceutical industry with several challenges, one of which is managing the uncertainty created by a lack of precedents for regulatory decisions about some possible outcomes for short-term carcinogenicity assays.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

TBI knowledge and pragmatic assessment among Connecticut school speech-language pathologists.

School-based speech-language pathologists from Connecticut responded to a random survey which had a twofold purpose, (1) to replicate a previous conclusion that clinicians' specific experience with traumatic brain injury (TBI) influences their knowledge of this subject, and (2) to explore the topic of pragmatic assessment and whether it is also influenced by specific TBI experience. Results indicate that Connecticut school clinicians favourably regard both their own knowledge of TBI and the contemporary issue of pragmatic assessment. Connecticut clinicians also report a relatively low degree of prior TBI training and clinical experience. Clinicians' degree of TBI training and clinical experience did not appear directly related to their reported competence in TBI knowledge and pragmatic assessment.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI): assessment and treatment procedures used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs).

The purposes of this study were to identify how individuals with MTBI are assessed, to determine the referral process to and from speech-language pathologists (SLPs), to describe the frequency, structure, and nature of treatment, to identify how individuals with MTBI and their families are educated about the injury and counselled, and to assess current follow-up procedures. One-hundred and forty-three hospital and rehabilitation centre based SLPs from North Carolina and Illinois responded to a survey developed to address these areas of interest. Findings indicated current diagnostic tools used by SLPs lack the sensitivity to detect the subtle cognitive communication deficits associated with MTBI, referral and follow-up procedures are not sufficiently implemented in facilities to meet the growing needs of individuals with MTBI, and SLPs would benefit from increased training regarding the management of individuals with MTBI including educating and counselling patients and their families.

Brain Injuries↗

PubMed2006

Perspectives of speech language pathologists regarding success versus abandonment of AAC.

This three-phase investigation used focus groups and a survey to identify factors that perceived by speech language pathologists as being related to long-term success versus inappropriate abandonment of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Factors deemed most important by six focus groups were included in a 106-question survey that was returned by 275 ASHA Special Interest Division #12 (AAC) members. Factor analysis indicated the constructs of Support, Attitude, and System characteristics and Fit as most important to the long-term success of AAC systems. The constructs of Not Maintaining/Adjusting the System, Attitude, Lack of Training, Lack of Support, and Poor Fit were most often related to inappropriate abandonment of AAC systems. Systematic implementation of intervention targeting the constructs is recommended.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2002

Main diagnosis and cause of death in a neonatal intensive care unit: do clinicians and pathologists agree?

AIM: To determine the agreement rates between clinical and autopsy diagnoses in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), distinguishing between the main diagnosis and cause of death. METHODS: Clinical and autopsy records of 75 infants who died in two consecutive years in the NICU (autopsy rate 42.6%) of a pediatric hospital in Mexico City were reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of main clinical diagnoses were confirmed by autopsy. Four conditions (congenital cardiopathy, prematurity, specific congenital syndromes and hyaline membrane disease) accounted for more than two-thirds of diagnoses. However, for cause of death, the global agreement was only 50%. The most common conditions considered by clinicians (77%) and pathologists (56%) to be the causes of death were cardiogenic, septic or mixed shocks. Additionally, clinicians omitted 34 relevant conditions in 30 (40.0%) patients, and 21 of these conditions possibly played a role in the deaths of 17 (22.7%) patients. The most frequently omitted diagnosis was pneumonia, in 9 (26.5%) patients. Omissions were not related to gestational age, age at death, days as an inpatient, or gender. CONCLUSION: Despite a high agreement rate in the main diagnoses, notable imprecisions were present regarding cause of death and antemortem overlooking of potentially fatal conditions, confirming the useful role of autopsy to verify clinical diagnoses and suggesting that differentiation between the main diagnosis and cause of death should be carried out in future studies.

Autopsy↗

PubMed2003

Self-perceptions of speech language pathologists-in-training before and after pseudostuttering experiences on the telephone.

PURPOSE: This survey investigated the effect of 'pseudostuttering' experiences on self-perceptions of 29 female, graduate students enrolled in a graduate seminar in stuttering while in a programme of study to become professional speech language pathologists. METHOD: Perceptions of self prior to, and immediately after, participation in five scripted telephone calls that contained pseudostuttering were measured via a 25-item semantic differential scale. RESULTS: Participants perceived themselves as significantly more (p < 0.002) withdrawn, tense, avoiding, afraid, introverted, nervous, self-conscious, anxious, quiet, inflexible, fearful, shy, careless, hesitant, uncooperative, dull, passive, unpleasant, insecure, unfriendly, guarded, and reticent after their pseudostuttering telephone call experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggests that the pseudostuttering experiences have an impact on self-perceptions and that the experience of 'adopting the disability of a person who stutters' may provide insight as to the social and emotional impact of communicative failure. It is suggested that pseudostuttering exercises may be a valuable teaching tool for the graduate students, especially for those who do not stutter.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Theoretical risk for occupational blood-borne infections in forensic pathologists.

Using a cumulative probability analysis and published data, we calculated the theoretical career risk of occupational HIV (2.4%) and HCV (39%; possible range, 13% to 94%) infections for forensic pathologists. Serologic studies of these physicians are needed to clarify occupational exposure and infection risks. Autopsy personnel should wear cut-resistant undergloves to decrease percutaneous injuries.

Autopsy↗

PubMed1994

Surgical pathology examination of the prostate gland. Practice survey by American society of clinical pathologists.

The American Society of Clinical Pathologists surveyed 395 members who represented the spectrum of anatomic pathology practice among the membership. The results of how respondents fix, section, process, and report radical prostatectomy specimens, transurethral prostatectomy specimens, and needle biopsy specimens is presented, with a commentary based on the current medical literature.

Biopsy, Needle↗

PubMed1996

American Society of Clinical Pathologists--Resident Physician Section. Results of autopsy survey (Winter 1994-1995)

The recent debate on autopsy and the role of this unique doctor-patient relationship in the modern medical profession prompted the Resident Physician Section of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists to conduct a survey on postmortem practice as it relates to pathology residents. A total of 102 of 176 (58%) Resident Physician Section (RPS) liaisons from pathology residency programs in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico responded to a survey that consisted of 30 questions. The findings of the survey confirm the decrease in autopsy numbers, highlighting the problem of providing sufficient autopsy training to pathology residents. Interestingly, the majority of programs showed a striking similarity with regard to basic autopsy protocol procedures. Liaisons identified incorporation of clinical pathology, basic science, and clinicopathologic interaction as areas of weakness. In the final analysis, the majority of liaisons had a favorable opinion of their autopsy experience.

Autopsy↗

PubMed1996

Prevention of transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infection. Practice parameter. American Society of Clinical Pathologists.

This practice guideline represents the opinions and recommendations of the author(s), the American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP) Practice Parameters Committee and the ASCP Board of Directors regarding the appropriate strategies for each clinical condition or laboratory test discussed in this guideline. This guideline is designed primarily as an educational resource for physicians in the provision of quality medical services. Adherence to this guideline is completely voluntary and does not necessarily assure a successful medical treatment or result. This practice guideline should not be considered inclusive of all proper procedures and tests or exclusive of other procedures or tests that are reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. The physician should apply his or her own professional judgment to the unique clinical circumstances presented by the particular procedure or test. Physicians are encouraged to document the reasons for whatever procedure or test they use (whether or not in conformance with this guideline). Physicians should also take care to consider other medical and scientific advances that are available after the date of adoption of this guideline. This practice guideline was developed exclusively for the purposes set forth above and not for use in connection with matters involving reimbursement, credentialing, or utilization review.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Current practices in clinical flow cytometry. A practice survey by the American Society of Clinical Pathologists.

The American Society of Clinical Pathologists surveyed 136 laboratories actively engaged in performing clinical flow cytometric testing to determine the demographics of these laboratories, the credentials of the personnel involved with testing, the volume and types of tests performed, and how data are analyzed and interpreted. These results are reported with commentary based on previous surveys and recommended practice guidelines.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1975

Impersonal medical care. Role of the pathologist in its evolution.

An evaluation of the change in the former close relationship between the patient and his physician, and the contribution of the pathologist to its development, is presented. The effect of these changes on the interest in and care of the patient by all in the hospital in this changing medical scene is decried; the patient loses much. The problem of impersonal care now involves all hospital care and all fields of medicine. The decline of interest in the autopsy and the formalization of this denigration of the autopsy by the Accreditation Commission has done harm to pathology and the care of the patient; the autopsy is still an important quality control of such care. Further, this change in the medical scene has promoted the development of the employee status of the doctor, with its further loss of independence, individual interest, and personalized care by all in the hospital, even the physician, and inevitably has led to his loss of the protection of due process. Seven recommendations are offered to recapture the old one-to-one doctor-patient arrangement, to yield a combination of tender loving and scientific care for the patient. An active effort must be made to reverse the influence of some of the forces working to the disadvantage of doctor and patient in the changing medical scene.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗