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PubMed1984

Physical exercise inducing electrophysiological changes in the atria: sympathetic-mediated effects?

Rats were subjected to long-term physical exercise by swimming and their hearts were examined electrophysiologically in order to identify relevant factors as mechanisms of protection from rhythm disturbances. The role of catecholamines was also studied using a chronically applied beta-adrenergic blocking drug, Practolol, or a catecholamine depleting drug, Reserpine. The results were compared with those obtained in rats similarly injected but kept in sedentary life. Action potential duration was found to be prolonged in trained animals regardless of the drug employed. Trained animals showed increments in the myocardial mass. Prolongation of the action potential coincided with lower values for maximum follow frequencies. It is suggested that the effects elicited could protect the heart against rhythm disturbances. The sympathetic nervous system seemed to play no important role.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Thermoregulation in hyperhydrated men during physical exercise.

The influence of hyperhydration on thermoregulatory function was tested in 8 male volunteers. The subjects performed cycle exercise in the upright position at 52% Vo2max for 45 min in a thermoneutral (Ta = 23 degrees C) environment. The day after the control exercise the subjects were hyperhydrated with tap water (35 ml X kg-1 of body weight) and then performed the same physical exercise as before. Total body weight loss was lower after hyperhydration (329 +/- 85 g) than during the control exercise (442 +/- 132 g), p less than 0.05. The decrease in weight loss after hyperhydration was probably due to a decrease in dripped sweat (58 +/- 64 and 157 +/- 101 g, p less than 0.05). With hyperhydration delay in onset of sweating was reduced from 5.8 +/- 3.2 to 3.7 +/- 2.0 min (p less than 0.05), and rectal temperature increased less (0.80 +/- 0.20 and 0.60 +/- 0.10 degrees C, p less than 0.01). The efficiency of sweating was higher in hyperhydrated (81.4%) than in euhydrated subjects (57.1%), p less than 0.01. It is concluded that hyperhydration influences thermoregulatory function in exercising men by shortening the delay in onset of sweating and by decreasing the quantity of dripped sweat. As a result, the increases in body temperature in hyperhydrated exercising men are lower than in normally hydrated individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Thiol homeostasis and supplements in physical exercise.

Thiols are a class of organic sulfur derivatives (mercaptans) characterized by the presence of sulfhydryl residues. In biological systems, thiols have numerous functions, including a central role in coordinating the antioxidant defense network. Physical exercise may induce oxidative stress. In humans, a consistent marker of exercise-induced oxidative stress is blood glutathione oxidation. Physical training programs have specific effects on tissue glutathione metabolism that depend on the work program and the type of tissue. Experimental studies show that glutathione metabolism in several tissues sensitively responds to an exhaustive bout of exercise. Study of glutathione-deficient animals clearly indicates the central importance of having adequate tissue glutathione to protect against exercise-induced oxidative stress. Among the various thiol supplements studied, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and alpha-lipoic acid hold the most promise. These agents may have antioxidant effects at the biochemical level but are also known to influence redox-sensitive cell signaling.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1993

[Fitness symbols: the physical exercise programmes for health and beauty by famous actresses].

In recent years we have seen the proliferation of books on some kinds of physical exercise whose supposed belief is that staying healthy is directly related to a socially acceptable physique. Health and beauty go hand in hand in these books, and they are presented as being a result of practising a technique which is advocted by some successful figure in society such as a film actress. Four different models are analysed, each one of which corresponds to a value set by western society--beauty, competitiveness ...--or other values such as --serenity and harmony--the perceived lack of which is both sought and taken from other cultures.

Beauty↗
PubMed2006

A distributional analysis of the effect of physical exercise on a choice reaction time task.

The aim of this study was to examine the facilitating effects of physical exercise on the reaction process. Eleven participants with specific expertise in decision-making sports performed a choice reaction time task during moderate sub-maximal exercise (90% of their ventilatory threshold power). Participants were tested at rest and while cycling. During exercise, the participants were faster, without being more variable. We suggest that the effect of exercise on cognitive performance was due to a major generalized improvement of the whole distribution of response time and, although the benefit effect was small, it was consistent throughout the entire range of reaction times.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Physical exercise and experienced bodily changes: the emergence of benefits and limits on benefits.

Self-reports of levels of physical exercise, experienced bodily changes, and attitudinal and well-being variables were obtained from 407 adults, aged 26 to 95 years. The purpose was to assess the relative magnitudes of the experienced benefits of exercise across the exercise continuum. Cluster analyses identified three groups at each of four age levels: a) sedentary people who experienced negative bodily changes; b) modest exercisers who reported the most positive bodily changes; and c) high exercisers who reported only minimal bodily changes. Psychological barriers to exercise among sedentary people included negative exercise attitudes, attributions of negative bodily changes to aging, and low levels of exercise motivation and self-efficacy. Modest and high exercisers both scored high on attitude and well-being variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Incidence rate of injuries during sport activity and physical exercise in a rural Swedish municipality: incidence rates in 17 sports.

A prospective study of acute injuries from sports and physical exercise was carried out during 1 year in a total population of a municipality with 31,620 inhabitants. Data on exposure were collected: the number of participants in each sport, the hours of participation, and number of weeks in the season per year. The number of injuries was used as numerator and the exposure data as denominator in a formula modified from Chambers for the calculation of population at risk in sports. A total of 571 injuries occurred in 28 different sports: 65% of the injured were males. The majority of the injuries were from soccer: 50% of the males and 27% of the females. Incidence rates in 17 sports are presented. The ranking order differs, when calculating not only the number, but also the exposure. Ice hockey and handball were then found to have the highest risk followed by soccer. Team and contact sports on the whole had the highest rates in both genders. As a group, intercompany players had the highest rate, especially in soccer. The lowest rates were found in individual sports such as downhill skiing, horseback riding, racket sports, and running. Gymnastics, except in school physical education, had no injuries at all. Sprains and strains were diagnosed in nearly half of the cases and the foot and ankle were the most frequent sites. Preventive measures are proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effect of potassium and calcium loading on healthy subjects under hypokinesia and physical exercise with fluid and salt supplements.

The objective of this investigation was to determine the acute responses to the electrolyte challenges under hypokinesia and physical exercise (PE) of different intensities with fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The studies were performed on 12 physically healthy male volunteers aged 19-24 years under 364 days of hypokinesia (decreased number of steps per day) with a set of PE with FSS. The volunteers were divided into two equal groups. The first group was subjected to a set of intensive PE and the second group was submitted to a set of moderate PE. Both groups of subjects consumed daily water and salt supplements that aimed to increase the body hydration level. For simulation of the hypokinetic effect all subjects were kept under an average of 3000 steps per day. Functional tests with a potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium lactate (Cal) load were performed during the hypokinetic period of 364 days and the 60-day, prehypokinetic period that served as control, while both groups of subjects consumed daily calcium and potassium supplements. The concentration of electrolyte and hormone levels in the blood and their excretion rate in urine were determined. Renal excretion of calcium and potassium and the blood concentration thereof increased markedly in both groups of subjects. With the potassium chloride load tests the increased potassium excretion was accompanied by higher aldosterone and insulin blood levels, and with the calcium lactate load tests the increased calcium excretion was accompanied by a decreased parathyroid content in the blood. FSS and PE, regardless of intensity, failed to attenuate calcium and potassium losses. Additional intake of KCl and Cal also failed to normalize potassium and calcium abnormalities. It was concluded that during the KCl and Cal loading tests, the increased losses of potassium and calcium in the hypokinetic subjects were due to the inability of their bodies to retain these electrolytes, and that electrolyte abnormalities could not be reversed by PE or rehydration in individuals subjected to prolonged restriction of motor activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The role of exercise physical activity in varying the total energy expenditure in healthy Japanese men 30 to 69 years of age.

This study was designed to examine 1) the role of exercise physical activity (EPA), and then 2) physical fitness and body composition upon variation of the total energy expenditure (TEE) in healthy Japanese men aged 30 to 69 y (n = 40). EPA and TEE were assessed over 14 d using an accelerometer and a doubly labeled water (DLW) method, respectively. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured after 10 h fasting on the morning of the day of DLW dosing. Physical activity-induced energy expenditure (PAEE) was calculated by subtracting BMR and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT = 101 TEE) from TEE. EPA was subdivided into three intensities: low, moderate and high and the accumulated duration (time expressed in minutes) of each of these was calculated. Body composition and physical fitness (VO2max) were determined using an underwater weighing method and a treadmill exercise test, respectively. BMR (mean +/- SD: 1,459 +/- 181 kcal/d) declined significantly with age (r = -0.37. p < 0.05), but PAEE (946 +/- 320 kcal/d) and TEE (2,672 +/- 369 kcal/d) did not. A multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to develop an empirical model that relates energy expenditure measured by the DLW (TEE) to age, height, body mass index, FM, FFM, percentage body fat, VO2max, and accumulated duration spent for low-, moderate-, and high-intensity EPA. The results revealed that FFM and high-intensity EPA were identified as important determinants of TEE and accounted for 51%. We may therefore conclude that 1) high-intensity EPA appears to be relevant in determining TEE, especially among active individuals, and 2) body composition was more important than physical fitness in determining TEE in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Physical exercise rehabilitation: long-term dropout rate in cardiac patients.

The long-term dropout rate was examined in a physical exercise rehabilitation program in which 203 cardiac patients were followed for 40 months. The dropout curve was found to be downward-sloping and negatively accelerated with most of the dropouts occurring during the first 3 months. This dropout rate appeared to resemble the group release curve previously found in the treatment of addictive behaviors. Implications of the present findings are discussed in terms of the development of strategies to facilitate long-term compliance.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Plasma concentration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide during prolonged physical exercise, calorie supply deficiency, and sleep deprivation.

Twenty-four military cadets went through a 5-day period of heavy physical exercise (35% of max O2 uptake), severe calorie supply deficiency (about 36,000 kJ/24 h), and sleep deprivation (2 h of sleep as a total during 5 days). Some cadets compensated for the caloric deficiency, whereas others partly compensated for the sleep deprivation. Fasting and meal- and glucose-induced changes in the plasma concentration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were measured on separate days during the course and 8 h after the course was finished (day 6). Fasting plasma concentration of VIP increased two- to five-fold during the course, with the highest increase on day 2. The calorie-compensated subjects showed a smaller increase than those who did not receive any calorie or sleep compensation. Intake of a meal or glucose solution lowered the VIP concentration in plasma within 30-60 min to the concentrations found in the control experiments performed several weeks after the course. The results indicate a role of VIP as 'a polypeptide of substrate need'.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effect of physical exercise on blood lipids and adipose tissue composition in young healthy men.

In a prospective, controlled study, the influence of strenuous physical exercise on plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, total triglycerides and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue was studied during 7 months of training in 15 senior oarsmen and 21 controls matched for age, smoking and drinking habits. Dietary intake was monitored. At the start of the study there were no differences in lipid parameters and adipose tissue composition between oarsmen and controls. A significant decrease in total cholesterol and total triglycerides and an increase in HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I was noted in the oarsmen after only 2 weeks of training. Body weight remained stable but skin-fold thickness decreased. Food consumption increased considerably but diet composition remained unchanged. Nevertheless the fatty acid pattern of adipose tissue changed significantly, as a result of altered preferential endogenous fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid oxidation. Since lipid parameters and adipose tissue composition were equal in oarsmen and controls before the start of the training, it is concluded that the changes induced by exercise only last for the duration of the training period.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

Effect of physical exercise on indentation stiffness of articular cartilage in the canine knee.

Using the indentation method, we investigated the effects of physical exercise (treadmill running 4 km/day for 15 weeks) on stiffness of the articular cartilage in the canine knee. Considering cartilage to be an elastic material with homogeneity and isotropy, we calculated elastic moduli for femoral, tibial, and patellar cartilages using instant and 15-s deformations after load application. Although the elastic moduli do not represent, because of the non-equilibrium condition, true elastic properties of articular cartilage, they characterize, together with the retardation time spectrum, the integrated response of articular cartilage during the first 15 s after load application. The moderate loading used in our training program caused no macroscopic changes on the articular surface. In running dogs, the mean stiffness of articular cartilage increased by 6% as compared with the controls. Stiffening, which was attributed to the decreased fluid flow in the cartilage, was significant (P less than 0.05) on the patellar surface of the femur and on the tibial condyles. In general, stiffness increased more (approximately 10%) in the cartilage areas, which were repeatedly heavily loaded during running exercise. This alteration in the biomechanical property as well as an increase (approximately 11%) in thickness were considered to be typical responses of articular cartilage to an increased, but physiologic loading pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A prospective study of work related factors and physical exercise as predictors of shoulder pain.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of work related and individual factors as well as physical activity and sports on the incidence and persistence of shoulder pain among forestry workers. METHODS: Workers in a large Finnish forestry company replied to a questionnaire (a modified version of the Nordic questionnaire) on musculoskeletal pain and its possible risk factors for 4 consecutive years 1992-5. This 1 year follow up study covers the time 1994-5. Year 1994 was chosen as baseline because in that year the questionnaire contained for the first time more detailed questions about different sports. The response rate in 1995 was 90%. The effects of the predictors on 1 year incidence and persistence of shoulder pain were studied with multivariate logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: At baseline, 2094 subjects had been free of shoulder pain during the preceding 12 months. After 1 year, 14% (n=285) reported having mild or severe shoulder pain. Higher age, obesity, and mental stress as well as physically strenuous work and working with trunk forward flexed or with a hand above shoulder level increased the risk of incident shoulder pain. Of the different sports activities, dancing increased the risk of incident pain whereas jogging decreased the risk significantly. Of those 419 workers who had severe shoulder pain at baseline, 55% (n=230) still had severe pain 1 year later. Higher age, overload at work, and working with a hand above shoulder level increased the risk of persistent severe shoulder pain whereas cross country skiing and general sports activity decreased the risk. CONCLUSION: Our results support the current view that shoulder pain is the result of many factors, including occupational and individual factors. In this longitudinal study, physical work with a heavy load, awkward work postures, mental stress, and obesity were the risk factors at which preventive measures could be aimed. As a new finding, physical exercise had more protective than impairing effects on the shoulders.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of nutritional support and physical exercise in the dyslipidemia of renal transplantation].

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of diet and physical exercise on the dyslipemia of renal transplant (RT) patients 52 pts, transplanted between 12/85 and 4/87, subdivided into 2 groups (A and B), were studied. Characteristics of the diet adopted in patients in group A are: low carbohydrates, moderate animal protein, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fat in high rate. The second group had a lower animal protein and more fiber rich diet than the first one and a program of PE. By comparing A and B1 we noticed and increase in body weight, more slight in the group B, at the 24 months (56 +/- 8 59 +/- 10 vs 59 +/- 10 61 +/- 10). The study of lipid behaviour has showed a trend to normalization of triglycerides at 24 months in A (189 +/- 88 106 +/- 33) and in B1 (173 +/- 81 103 +/- 40), more evident normalization of cholesterol in group B1 (195 +/- 72 185 +/- 42), and increase of CT-HDL in A (42 +/- 12 63 +/- 17) and in B1 (44 +/- 10 61 +/- 14, p less than 0.05). It should be noted that CT-LDL increase in A (100 +/- 34 131 +/- 40) but not in B1 (103 +/- 35 111 +/- 33). With the aim of this program we obtained a positive effect on DL with a slight increase in body weight, a significant increase in CT-HDL without variation of total CT and CT-LDL levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Physical exercise and serum lipids].

The physical activity shows an inverse correlation with Ischaemic Cardiopathy, with evidence that lipids and lipoproteins blood levels are favourably modified by exercise. In this way, this study compared the different degrees of physical activity and the levels of blood lipids/lipoproteins, as well as the anthropometric and physiological variants. One hundred fifty seven non smoking males, aged 15 to 31 years old, average 21 years, were divided in two groups: G1 comprises 88 athletes individuals and G2, 69 non-athletes. The G1 individuals showed less corporal fat and better aerobic capacity than the G2 individuals. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and the VLDL/cholesterol ratio were lower in the G1 individuals, as well as the risk rate 1 and 2, respectively the ratio of cholesterol/HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol. There was no difference in both groups regarding the LDL and HDL cholesterol. In the G2 individuals the percentage of corporal fat had a direct correlation to the blood levels of triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol, and an inverse correlation to the HDL cholesterol blood level. Also, in this group there was a significative correlation to the risk rate 1 and 2. However, in G1 individuals the lipidic/lipoprotein levels were more favourable, which suggests a lower risk of developing Ischaemic Cardiopathy. Statistical analysis was obtained through "t"-Student, X2 and Spearman methods, with significance level of 0.05.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effects of habitual physical exercise on physiological age in men aged 20-85 years as estimated using principal component analysis.

A population of 221 healthy adult men (aged 20-85 years) was studied to determine whether those who exercised regularly were in good biological condition, and also whether those who were in a state of high physical fitness were in a good state biologically, in terms of physiological age (PA) and physical fitness age (FA) as estimated by principal component analysis. A group of 17 physiological function tests and 5 physical fitness tests were employed to estimate PA and FA, respectively. The results of this study indicated that those who maintained high physical fitness at all age decade groups from 20 to 79 years had a trend towards maintaining a relatively lower PA (physiologically younger). Mean PA and FA of the trained group were younger by 4.7 and 7.3 years, respectively than those of the untrained group. In addition, the slope of regression line of PA on chronological age was more gentle in the trained group than that in the untrained group. These results would suggest that those who are in a state of high physical fitness maintain a relatively good physiological condition, and that regular physical exercise may delay physiological changes normally seen with aging, and consequently may increase the life span.

Adult↗